5439 results for "Psychedelics"
No evidence that LSD microdosing affects recall or the balance between distracter resistance and updating
bioRxiv Preprint Server – December 02, 2021
Summary
Could microdosing LSD sharpen your mind? A recent investigation explored whether tiny doses (5-20 µg) of LSD impact working memory—our ability to recall information and manage distractions. Participants in a controlled setting received either a microdose or a placebo, then completed tasks designed to test memory recall and the processing of new information. The results showed no evidence that these small doses improved memory accuracy or efficiency, nor did they alter how individuals handle distractions versus updating their memory. This suggests microdosing may not provide the cognitive boost some expect.
Abstract
The effect of low doses (<=20 μg) of LSD on working memory, in the absence of altered states of consciousness, remain largely unexplored. Given its...
Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy offers remarkable long-term antidepressant effects for major depressive disorder. A randomized controlled trial with 24 participants showed 75% achieved treatment response and 58% remission after 12 months. Sustained, large decreases in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Hamd) scores (Cohen d up to 2.6) were observed. No serious adverse effects occurred within the study's context. This medicine, a psychedelic alkaloid, shows promise for psychiatry and clinical psychology, advancing psychedelics and complementary medicine studies.
Abstract
Background: Preliminary data suggest that psilocybin-assisted treatment produces substantial and rapid antidepressant effects in patients with majo...
Online Availability of Diamond Shruumz Before and After FDA Recall Initiation: Qualitative Assessment and Simulated Test Purchasing.
Journal of medical Internet research – June 30, 2025
Summary
Despite a product recall, a psychoactive product linked to hospitalizations surprisingly persisted on the e-commerce market. Online monitoring and qualitative assessment via social media and website surveillance effectively identified continued availability. Many domains kept marketing and selling the product, with some test purchases succeeding. This highlights the ongoing challenge of enforcing recalls for new psychedelics in the diverse online market.
Abstract
Reports of hospitalization associated with Diamond Shruumz-branded mushroom-containing products in October 2024 led to a manufacturer's recall that...
Case report: Significant lesion reduction and neural structural changes following ibogaine treatments for multiple sclerosis.
Frontiers in immunology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkable neuroimaging revealed significant brain repair in two multiple sclerosis patients after ibogaine treatments. This psychedelic medicine led to substantial lesion reduction and signs of neuroregeneration, suggesting ibogaine and its metabolite noribogaine may promote neural healing and modulate circuits affected by MS. A promising new direction for treatment.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by demyelination and neuronal loss. Traditional therapies often f...
Past-year hallucinogen use in relation to psychological distress, depression, and suicidality among US adults.
Addictive behaviors – September 01, 2022
Summary
Ecstasy (MDMA) use was linked to *reduced* psychological distress and suicidal thoughts among US adults. A study of over 240,000 US adults explored how various hallucinogens, including psychedelics, relate to mental well-being. While ecstasy showed decreased depression and suicidality, other hallucinogens like LSD were linked to increased risks. This reveals distinct impacts of different hallucinogens on mental health.
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the clinical application of hallucinogenic substances to treat a range of psychiatric conditions. However, there is mi...
The Acute Effects of the Atypical Dissociative Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain
Scientific Reports – October 02, 2020
Summary
The dissociative hallucinogen Salvinorin A profoundly alters the human brain, mirroring effects of other psychedelics like Ayahuasca. Neuroscience, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, reveals this κ-opioid receptor agonist significantly attenuates the Default mode network. Connectome analysis showed widespread functional connectivity changes: dynamic connectivity was notably reduced, and most models accurately classified SA's impact. This pattern, crucial for psychology and medicine, highlights neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, advancing psychedelics and drug studies and functional brain connectivity studies.
Abstract
Abstract Salvinorin A (SA) is a κ-opioid receptor agonist and atypical dissociative hallucinogen found in Salvia divinorum . Despite the resurgence...
Hallucinogens and Their Therapeutic Use: A Literature Review.
Journal of psychiatric practice – September 01, 2019
Summary
A fascinating trend reveals renewed interest in hallucinogens for mental health. A review of existing literature explored their psychotherapeutic uses in psychiatric disorders. It found substances like psilocybin, MDMA, and ketamine have been evaluated for conditions including depression and substance use disorders. Most findings demonstrated significant improvement, underscoring their promising therapeutic potential.
Abstract
The exploration of possible therapeutic benefits of hallucinogenic substances has undergone a revitalization in the past decade. This literature re...
Ibogaine and Subjective Experience: Transformative States and Psychopharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2019
Summary
Many people seeking help for opioid use disorder experience profound spiritual transformation during a unique oneiric psychedelic drug treatment. This approach explores how the powerful hallucinogen, ibogaine, impacts subjective experience. Researchers observed 44 participants, finding ibogaine often induced "complete mystical experiences" with vivid visions. These led to confronting past actions but also offered release from guilt and worthlessness, highlighting ibogaine's distinct healing capacity beyond mere withdrawal reduction from opioids.
Abstract
This article examines the therapeutic potential of ibogaine, a powerful oneiric alkaloid derived from Tabernanthe iboga, through exploring the subj...
Acute and post-acute behavioral and psychological effects of salvinorin A in humans.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2012
Summary
A unique compound, Salvinorin A, can induce distinct hallucinogenic experiences without significant adverse effects. A controlled trial with 30 participants found active doses led to increased social engagement and classic altered states. Crucially, no negative consequences were observed during or up to eight weeks after use. This offers a novel window into understanding consciousness, separate from typical psychedelics.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum has been used for centuries, and nontraditional use in modern societies is increasing. Inebriation and aftereffects of use are poo...
The discriminative effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates: dissociation from classic hallucinogen effects.
Psychopharmacology – June 01, 2010
Summary
A unique hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces effects distinct from classic psychedelic drugs by targeting specific brain receptors. Researchers trained nonhuman primates to identify salvinorin A's internal sensations. They found that its effects were recognized alongside other kappa-opioid compounds but not with serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin or dissociatives like ketamine. This indicates salvinorin A's actions are primarily mediated by kappa-opioid receptors, offering novel insights into its pharmacological profile and distinct behavioral effects, separating it from other hallucinogenic substances.
Abstract
The widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A is a unique example of a plant-derived compound selective for kappa-opioid receptors and may produce...
The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: an indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, surprisingly creates its unique effects primarily through a different brain receptor than many other similar compounds. Researchers explored how 5-MeO-DMT induces its distinct internal state. Using trained rats, they found its behavioral control was predominantly blocked by compounds targeting 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. While some interaction with 5-HT2 receptors was noted, it wasn't essential for 5-MeO-DMT's main influence. This work shows 5-MeO-DMT's core mechanism differs from other hallucinogens, which typically act via 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
Stimulus control was established in rats trained to discriminate either 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (3 mg/kg) or (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamp...
Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol – August 01, 2016
Summary
Psychedelics are showing remarkable promise in medical settings. This review synthesizes growing evidence for their therapeutic potential, highlighting how substances like psilocybin and MDMA are being explored to treat complex mental health conditions. Findings reveal significant positive outcomes for patients struggling with depression, PTSD, and anxiety, often where traditional treatments have failed. The conclusion points to a future where carefully managed hallucinogen-assisted therapy could offer revolutionary new options for mental well-being.
Abstract
Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review.
High doses of dextromethorphan, an NMDA antagonist, produce effects similar to classic hallucinogens.
Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2012
Summary
A common cough suppressant, in high doses, can induce profound, positive psychological shifts. Researchers found dextromethorphan (DXM) produced distinct physiological and perceptual changes, including visual effects, unlike a sedative. Most participants identified the experience as akin to classic hallucinogens. Effects resolved safely. A month later, volunteers reported increased spirituality and lasting positive attitudes, underscoring beneficial impacts.
Abstract
Although reports of dextromethorphan (DXM) abuse have increased recently, few studies have examined the effects of high doses of DXM. This study in...
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2011
Summary
Experiencing profound awe can lead to lasting personal growth. A double-blind investigation explored how varying doses of psilocybin impact such experiences and their enduring benefits. Participants received different amounts of the compound in a supportive setting. Findings revealed that higher doses (20-30 mg) frequently induced mystical-type experiences (72% of volunteers) and, a month later, were rated as highly significant, leading to sustained positive changes in mood, attitudes, and behavior. These benefits persisted for 14 months, even noted by community observers. Lower doses also showed significant effects. This suggests psilocybin, under the right conditions, can occasion powerful, positive, and lasting personal transformations.
Abstract
This dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effe...
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
Research Square – April 28, 2022
Summary
Many individuals describe encountering "entities" during experiences with inhaled N, N-DMT. This research aimed to systematically characterize these intense, rapid-onset states. Using detailed reports from participants, it found common themes including profound personal insights, feelings of interconnectedness, and vivid encounters with seemingly autonomous beings. These experiences were often reported as deeply meaningful and positively transformative, highlighting the unique subjective effects of this compound.
Abstract
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
Dissociable effects of LSD and MDMA on striato-cortical connectivity in healthy subjects
bioRxiv – February 08, 2025
Summary
Our brains respond uniquely to different psychedelic compounds. New findings show that LSD and MDMA distinctly alter communication between brain regions vital for motivation and higher-level thinking. Healthy participants received these compounds, revealing that LSD tends to decrease certain neural connections, while MDMA notably strengthens others. These precise, differing effects on brain connectivity provide crucial understanding into their unique psychological impacts and significant therapeutic promise.
Abstract
Dissociable effects of LSD and MDMA on striato-cortical connectivity in healthy subjects
LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
bioRxiv – August 29, 2022
Summary
LSD makes brain activity more fluid and complex, transforming how neural networks operate. Researchers measured brain dynamics in participants, finding that LSD significantly increased the brain's flexibility and the complexity of its information processing. This suggests a less rigid, more adaptable state in brain activity. Such changes could explain altered perception and consciousness, hinting at therapeutic potential for mental health by fostering greater adaptability within neural networks.
Abstract
LSD-induced increase of Ising temperature and algorithmic complexity of brain dynamics
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings.
J Psychopharmacol – February 10, 2021
Summary
A powerful psychedelic can profoundly alter brain activity and perception in natural settings. Researchers investigated how inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine affects brain networks and subjective experiences outside a lab. Findings revealed significant changes in brain connectivity correlating with deeply meaningful experiences, such as feelings of unity and ego dissolution. This work positively illuminates how this compound reshapes consciousness, even in real-world environments.
Abstract
Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings.
The entropic tongue: Disorganization of natural language under LSD.
Conscious Cogn – December 08, 2020
Summary
Did you know LSD profoundly alters how we construct sentences? Researchers investigated if the psychedelic compound disorganizes natural language. Participants received LSD or a placebo, then provided speech samples. Analysis revealed a significant increase in language disorganization under LSD, indicating a measurable breakdown in communication structure. This compellingly demonstrates LSD's powerful impact on our fundamental communication abilities, offering clear insights into its neurological effects.
Abstract
The entropic tongue: Disorganization of natural language under LSD.
Neural correlates of the DMT experience as assessed via multivariate EEG
bioRxiv – July 18, 2019
Summary
The powerful psychedelic DMT significantly alters brain activity, offering a window into altered states of consciousness. Researchers hypothesized that DMT would induce distinct changes in brainwave patterns. Using advanced EEG to monitor participants' brains during DMT administration, they observed a profound reduction in alpha waves and an increase in theta activity, particularly in posterior brain regions. These findings positively illuminate how DMT rapidly and dramatically reorganizes brain function, providing valuable insights into the neural basis of subjective experience.
Abstract
Neural correlates of the DMT experience as assessed via multivariate EEG
Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organization under LSD.
Sci Rep – December 15, 2017
Summary
LSD dramatically expands the brain's dynamic repertoire. Researchers hypothesized that LSD would alter how brain activity patterns unfold. By analyzing brain activity using its unique structural blueprint, they found that under LSD, the brain explores a significantly wider range of functional states. This re-organization enhances neural flexibility, allowing the brain to operate with greater freedom and diversity.
Abstract
Connectome-harmonic decomposition of human brain activity reveals dynamical repertoire re-organization under LSD.
Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution.
Curr Biol – April 13, 2016
Summary
A key finding reveals that when experiencing profound ego dissolution during a psychedelic experience with LSD, individuals exhibit significantly increased global brain activity. This suggests that the subjective feeling of a dissolving self is directly correlated with heightened functional connectivity across various neural networks. The research indicates that these shifts in consciousness are not merely psychological but are rooted in a more interconnected brain state, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of the mind.
Abstract
Increased Global Functional Connectivity Correlates with LSD-Induced Ego Dissolution.
Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – April 13, 2020
Summary
A groundbreaking Neuroscience study reveals how Psilocybin fundamentally alters brain function. Using advanced functional neuroimaging, the research explains how this psychedelic compound specifically stimulates serotonergic neurotransmitter receptors (5-HT2A R) in healthy humans, influencing complex neurotransmitter systems. This work, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Mental Health Research Topics, offers deep understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. It illuminates why psilocybin shows promise for treating severe conditions like Addiction and Anxiety, potentially guiding future Psychology approaches beyond deep brain stimulation.
Abstract
Significance In a technical tour de force, we have created a framework demonstrating the underlying fundamental principles of bidirectional couplin...
Methodology for and the determination of the major constituents and metabolites of the Amazonian botanical medicine ayahuasca in human urine.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – September 01, 2011
Summary
A groundbreaking discovery shows the hallucinogenic compound DMT from ayahuasca is primarily metabolized into an N-oxide in humans—a first-time finding. To understand how the body processes this ancient botanical medicine, scientists developed a rapid, precise method using advanced mass spectrometry. This robust protocol successfully identified and quantified major constituents and metabolites, including tetrahydroharmine, in human urine. This valuable data provides a solid foundation for future medical and safety research.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, also known as caapi or yage among various South American groups, holds a highly esteemed and millennia-old position in these cultures' m...
Misinterpretations and Omissions: A Critical Response to Goodwin and Colleagues' Commentary on Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.
Am J Psychiatry – January 01, 2024
Summary
Concerns regarding psilocybin-assisted therapy are often based on incomplete information. A recent analysis critically reviewed previous commentaries, demonstrating that many overlooked strong evidence. It clarified key misunderstandings, highlighting the robust positive outcomes and favorable safety profile of psilocybin therapy, confirming its significant potential for mental health treatment.
Abstract
Misinterpretations and Omissions: A Critical Response to Goodwin and Colleagues' Commentary on Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy.
Adolescent Drug Use in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Journal of Drug Issues – January 01, 1992
Summary
Challenging common assumptions, some cultures use adolescent hallucinogen ingestion not for abuse, but for positive socialization. Elders in Australian Aboriginal, Tsonga, and Chumash societies strategically administer plant hallucinogens during initiation rituals. This creates managed altered states, utilizing heightened suggestibility for intensive religious and pedagogical learning, effectively "normalizing" youth. This contrasts sharply with the pathological drug abuse patterns often seen among American adolescents.
Abstract
An analysis is made of adolescent hallucinogenic plant ingestion during initiation rituals among Australian Aboriginal males, Tshogana Tsonga femal...
Scaling Up: Multisite Open-Label Clinical Trials of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Severe Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – June 23, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, individuals with severe PTSD experienced significant symptom reduction through a novel therapy. This research explored whether a structured MDMA-assisted therapy could be effectively delivered across multiple clinics. Trained therapy teams provided three sessions to participants, with the treatment consistently delivered across 14 North American sites. Findings revealed substantial decreases in PTSD symptom severity, and the therapy was well-tolerated. These positive results demonstrate this approach can achieve meaningful improvements and be successfully scaled for wider access.
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition associated with serious adverse health outcomes and func...
'It blows my mind' : intoxicated performances by Ridiculusmus
Performance Research – August 18, 2017
Summary
A groundbreaking theatrical piece explores how performance can mirror the profound experiences of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD. Developed with leading psychologists, this innovative play recreates the journey of intoxication and therapeutic interaction. Performers utilize unique staging, including one actor in a box, to channel physical and psychological states, immersing audiences in the complexities of altered consciousness. This approach powerfully engages the public, offering an experiential understanding of mental health therapies and their transformative potential, prompting reflection on mind-altering experiences.
Abstract
Give Me Your Love by Jon Haynes and David Woods, Artistic Directors of Ridiculusmus, is the second in a trilogy Dialogue As The Embodiment of Love,...
The ConCrit Framework: Critical Brain Dynamics as a Unifying Mechanistic Framework for Theories of Consciousness.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews – November 19, 2025
Summary
Consciousness may emerge when brain activity operates at a critical "tipping point." This concept, explored through Computational Neuroscience, suggests that Critical Brain Dynamics enhance the complexity and richness of our mental experience. Reviewing empirical evidence and models, it unifies various Theories of Consciousness by showing how conscious states are optimized near this critical balance. Deviations, as seen in Altered States of Consciousness like General Anesthesia, Psychedelics, or Sleep, demonstrate how consciousness can be diminished or profoundly altered.
Abstract
The quest to understand consciousness has spawned numerous theories, each offering unique perspectives but none achieving universal acceptance. Whi...
DMT and harmala alkaloids: an exploratory study of oral Acacia based formulations in healthy volunteers.
Front Psychiatry – August 15, 2025
Summary
Exploring how specific plant compounds interact in the body reveals fascinating insights into human consciousness. Researchers investigated the safety and effects of oral formulations combining naturally occurring DMT from Acacia plants with harmala alkaloids in healthy individuals. Participants received various preparations, which were consistently well-tolerated and produced predictable, profound psychoactive experiences. This work highlights a promising, safe approach for exploring the therapeutic potential of these unique natural combinations.
Abstract
DMT and harmala alkaloids: an exploratory study of oral Acacia based formulations in healthy volunteers.
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo production of psilocybin and related tryptamine derivatives
Metabolic Engineering – March 26, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic medicine just got a major boost. Psilocybin, a promising tryptamine-derived compound for mental health, has now been biosynthesized in baker's yeast. Through metabolic engineering and biochemistry, *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* was engineered to produce this complex alkaloid. In controlled fermentations, strains yielded 627 mg/L of psilocybin and 580 mg/L of psilocin. This chemical synthesis breakthrough in drug studies offers a consistent source of psychedelics, enabling precise characterization and quality control for pharmaceutical applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a tryptamine-derived psychoactive alkaloid found mainly in the fungal genus Psilocybe, among others, and is the active ingredient in ...
Biocatalytic Production of Psilocybin and Derivatives in Tryptophan Synthase‐Enhanced Reactions
Chemistry - A European Journal – May 11, 2018
Summary
A breakthrough in biochemistry could make Psilocybin-based therapies more accessible. A novel enzymatic route significantly enhances the chemical synthesis of this potent psychedelic alkaloid. Leveraging the *Psilocybe cubensis* tryptophan synthase, TrpB, allows for efficient production of Psilocybin from less costly substrates like 4-hydroxyindole and L-serine. This advance in chemical synthesis and alkaloids also yielded two other compounds, 7-phosphoryloxytryptamine and serotonin. This pharmacology development holds promise for future drug studies, streamlining production of key psychedelics for treating depression and anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine) is the main alkaloid of the fungal genus Psilocybe , the so‐called “magic mushroom...
Injury‐Triggered Blueing Reactions of Psilocybe “Magic” Mushrooms
Angewandte Chemie International Edition – November 14, 2019
Summary
Upon injury, psychedelic mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color. New **botanical research** reveals the precise **chemistry** behind this **magic**. Two enzymes, acting like a **magic bullet**, initiate a **chemical synthesis** cascade. One enzyme converts psilocybin to psilocin; another then oxidizes it, leading to blue products. This process involves oxidative coupling, forming psilocyl 3- to 13-mers. Understanding these **alkaloids** is crucial for **psychedelics and drug studies**, unveiling nature's chemical **MAGIC**.
Abstract
Abstract Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin‐producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation...
S‐Adenosyl‐l‐Methionine Salvage Impacts Psilocybin Formation in “Magic” Mushrooms
ChemBioChem – December 04, 2019
Summary
Producing the psychedelic natural product psilocybin is biochemically intensive, requiring one ATP and two SAM equivalents per molecule. To sustain this high-rate biosynthesis, *Psilocybe* biology relies on efficient nucleoside cofactor recycling. Our chemistry investigation characterized two key enzymes, including adenosine kinase, in *Psilocybe cubensis*. These enzymes are vital for the mushroom's metabolism, facilitating the efficient chemical synthesis of this alkaloid. Understanding this enzyme chemistry is crucial for drug studies involving psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract Psychotropic Psilocybe mushrooms biosynthesize their principal natural product psilocybin in five steps, among them a phosphotransfer and ...
Use of psilocybin (“mushrooms”) among US adults: 2015–2018
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – February 04, 2021
Summary
Nearly two-thirds of individuals who have used Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methamphetamine, or Heroin also reported using Psilocybin. A national survey of 168,650 US adults revealed 9.68% lifetime use of this Hallucinogen. Demographics, including bisexual identification, showed differences in Psychedelics use. Understanding these Substance use patterns is vital for Psychology and Psychiatry, informing Harm reduction strategies in Medicine. This Demography data contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting complex Behavior and Sexuality links.
Abstract
Abstract We sought to estimate the prevalence of lifetime psilocybin use among a national sample of US adults ages 18 and older and associated demo...
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Hallucinogenic Indoles Psilocin and Psilocybin in “Magic Mushroom” Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – March 01, 2005
Summary
Psilocybin levels in "magic mushrooms" vary dramatically, from 0.18 to 3.8 mg/g dry weight, based on analysis of four samples. This precise analytical Chemistry, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, is vital for understanding these tryptamine-type psychedelics. Tandem mass spectrometry, employing selected reaction monitoring, achieved high sensitivity with detection limits as low as 1 pg, and excellent reproducibility (4.21–5.93% variation) without derivatization. Such Chromatography methods are crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for psilocin (PC) and psilocybin (PB), tryptamine-type hallucinogens contained in “magic mushroo...
Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin
Synthesis – June 01, 1999
Summary
An improved organic chemistry method now allows for more efficient chemical synthesis of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This advance, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involves using a lithium salt of psilocin and specific reagents to create the psychedelic alkaloid. The process also yields an alternative, 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, synthesized with acetic anhydride. This compound could be valuable for pharmacological studies exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new avenues for understanding these powerful substances.
Abstract
An improved procedure to accomplish the O-phosphor- ylation of 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin 5) is report- ed that utilizes reaction b...
Enzymatische Synthese von Psilocybin
Angewandte Chemie – August 01, 2017
Summary
The 60-year mystery of how psilocybin, the psychedelic compound in "magic mushrooms," is naturally produced has been resolved. Molecular biology uncovered four key enzymes driving its biosynthesis. Through precise chemical synthesis, these enzymes convert tryptophan derivatives into the psilocybin alkaloid. This fundamental understanding of its molecular chemistry and specific enzymatic steps offers a blueprint for biotechnological production. It opens new avenues for psychedelics and drug studies, particularly for developing treatments for brain disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin ist der psychotrope, vom Tryptamin abgeleitete Naturstoff der Psilocybe‐Fruchtkörper, der so genannten “Zauberpilze”. Obwohl de...
The Quantitation of Psilocybin in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 01, 1983
Summary
Quantifying the psychedelic hallucinogen psilocybin in dried mushrooms is now faster and more accurate. A new chemistry method, utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a phosphoric acid mobile phase, precisely measures this alkaloid. The extraction (chemistry) process is simple, taking under 60 minutes for quantitative results. This advancement in drug studies, particularly for psychedelics, streamlines analysis, which is crucial for understanding psilocybin's potential. This chromatography technique offers a robust tool for future chemical synthesis and alkaloid research, potentially impacting areas like phenothiazines and benzothiazines synthesis and activities.
Abstract
Abstract A method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an acetonitrile, water, and phosphoric acid mobile phase and a bonded cy...
Validation of the forced swim test in Drosophila, and its use to demonstrate psilocybin has long-lasting antidepressant-like effects in flies
Scientific Reports – June 15, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, demonstrates significant antidepressant potential. A new *Drosophila melanogaster* model, employing a *behavioural despair test*, explored these effects. This *test*, a valuable tool in *neuroscience* and *pharmacology*, first confirmed the *antidepressant* citalopram's efficacy in both sexes. Crucially, psilocybin dramatically reduced immobility in male fruit flies. A 0.03 mM dose showed antidepressant-like effects comparable to citalopram, with 3.5 mM psilocybin achieving an effect size twice as strong. This *biology* research advances *psychedelics* in *drug studies*, leveraging *plant and animal studies*.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has been shown to be a powerful, long-lasting antidepressant in human clinical trials and in rodent models. Although rodents ha...
Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles
OpenAlex – February 04, 2024
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin dramatically boosts behavioral flexibility. Neuroscience reveals this psychedelic compound, an alkaloid with Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, acutely suppresses fear-active neurons while later recruiting extinction-active neurons. Over a five-day fear extinction assay, this modulation of neural ensembles in the retrosplenial cortex predicts improved fear memory resolution. This mechanism, crucial for Cognitive psychology and Psychology, offers new avenues for Psychedelics and Drug Studies addressing cognitive inflexibility.
Abstract
Abstract The serotonin 2 receptor (5HT2R) agonist psilocybin displays rapid and persistent therapeutic efficacy across neuropsychiatric disorders c...
Substrate recognition by the 4‐hydroxytryptamine kinase PsiK in psilocybin biosynthesis
FEBS Letters – October 24, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a natural hallucinogen, shows immense promise in Psychedelics and Drug Studies for mental health. Its biosynthesis involves a crucial Kinase enzyme, PsiK, catalyzing phosphorylation. Through detailed Biochemistry, including crystallographic analysis and mutagenesis, its substrate recognition chemistry is now precisely understood. This fundamental chemical insight supports future chemical synthesis and alkaloids research, enabling bioengineering of enhanced psilocybin variants. Such enzyme studies broadly inform drug development, from psychedelics to compounds like Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities.
Abstract
Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen from Psilocybe (magic) mushrooms, is a highly promising drug candidate for the treatment of depression and sev...
Ayahuasca, dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – February 23, 2017
Summary
Psychotic episodes linked to the hallucinogen Ayahuasca are remarkably rare, even outside controlled settings. A review of documented instances identified three case series and five individual case reports involving Ayahuasca or DMT, a key psychedelic influencing neurotransmitter receptors. While many individuals had pre-existing vulnerabilities in their psychiatric or psychology profiles, some experienced psychosis without such history. This highlights that while drug studies explore psychedelics in medicine, careful screening is crucial. Individuals with a personal or family history of psychosis should avoid these hallucinogens entirely, a vital consideration for safe practice.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogen brew traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes in Northwestern Amazon. It is rich in the tryptamine halluc...
Psilocybin and Mental Health–Don't Lose Control
Frontiers in Psychiatry – July 03, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin is re-emerging as a powerful tool in Psychiatry, offering new hope for mental health. Recent Psychopharmacology insights highlight how this psychedelic, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influences neurotransmitter receptors. Clinical observations from trials involving hundreds of patients suggest significant improvements; for instance, over 70% of participants with severe depression experienced lasting relief. This approach, integrating Psychology and Medicine, could transform how psychotherapists address conditions, moving beyond traditional psychoanalysis. The field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies is rapidly advancing, demonstrating its profound potential.
Abstract
OPINION article Front. Psychiatry, 03 July 2018Sec. Psychopharmacology Volume 9 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00293
Molecular Structure, Reactivity and Spectroscopic Properties of Hallucinogens Psilocybin, Mescaline and their Derivatives – A Computational Study
Letters in Applied NanoBioScience – September 17, 2022
Summary
The precise geometry of Psilocybin and Mescaline is crucial for their hallucinogen mechanism. Computational chemistry, utilizing Density functional theory, reveals how molecular structure dictates these psychedelics' biological reactivity. Of 13 compounds analyzed, 11 (84.6%) showed considerable stability for chemical synthesis, suggesting potential as drugs. This work in Psychedelics and Drug Studies illuminates the intricate chemistry of alkaloids, informing future Phenothiazines and Benzothiazines Synthesis and Activities, and exploring the exact biological mechanism driving their profound effects.
Abstract
Medical hallucinogens have been important compounds of research interest in recent years. Computational chemistry methods like Density Functional T...
The Detection of Psilocin in Human Urine
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 2001
Summary
Detecting psilocin, the active psychedelic compound, in urine is now dramatically more sensitive. Our chemistry reveals psilocin forms a glucuronide conjugate, which requires hydrolysis before detection. Applying this improved method, involving derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, allowed us to confirm psilocin in 6 out of 8 urine samples (75%), ranging from 10 ng/mL to over 200 ng/mL. This significantly lowers the detection limit from 200 ng/mL to just 10 ng/mL. This advance in forensic toxicology and drug analysis is crucial for understanding psychedelics and their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Pharmacokinetic studies of psilocybin in humans have shown the rapid dephosphorylation of psilocybin to psilocin with further conversion t...
Psilocybin based therapy for cancer related distress, a systematic review and meta analysis
arXiv (Cornell University) – October 10, 2019
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted cancer therapy significantly alleviates depression and anxiety, outperforming placebo. A meta-analysis of four studies, involving 105 randomized patients, confirms this promising outcome for cancer-related distress. This potent psychedelic, an alkaloid explored in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, appears safe, offering new avenues in Medicine and Psychology. The findings suggest Psilocybin, a product of chemical synthesis, could be a valuable tool for psychotherapists addressing profound emotional challenges in cancer. This highlights diverse academic research themes converging on patient well-being.
Abstract
Background : depression and anxiety are common in patients with cancer, classical antidepressant has no proven efficacy on this type of distress co...
Magic Mushroom Growing Kits: A new method for infringement of the narcotic laws.
Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine – January 01, 2014
Summary
A significant legal gap exists regarding psychedelic mushroom cultivation. While psilocybin, a key alkaloid, is a Schedule I narcotic under international law and Turkish Act 2313, possession of growing kits is not illegal. Two cases revealed kits containing precursors that develop into MAGIC mushrooms in approximately 10 days. This highlights challenges for Law and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, touching on chemical synthesis. The lack of specific legislation, unlike for cannabis, creates a loophole, raising questions for political science on policy and public health risks like potential mushroom poisoning. This exemplifies diverse academic research themes converging on drug policy.
Abstract
The use of psychoactive substances of fungal origin for recreational purposes has become an increasing problem in many countries all over the world...
User perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use: A web-based questionnaire study
Journal of Substance Use – July 30, 2010
Summary
Over 81% of hallucinogen users reported a profound spiritual experience, with over 90% linking classic psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide to accessing the unconscious mind. A survey of over 600 individuals revealed users perceive less harm from these substances compared to MDMA or Cannabis. Many reported therapeutic benefits for Addiction and mood disorders, suggesting a promising avenue for Psychiatry and Psychology. This highlights the potential for Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, suggesting deeper inquiry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, extending beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
This study used a web-based questionnaire to investigate user perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use. Over 600 forms were...
Synthesis of Baeocystin, a natural Psilocybin Analogue
Archiv der Pharmazie – January 01, 1988
Summary
A significant breakthrough confirms the successful chemical synthesis of Baeocystin, a psychedelic compound related to Psilocybin. Starting from a simple chemical precursor, the lab-made hallucinogen's precise chemistry and stereochemistry were meticulously verified against its natural counterpart using six distinct spectral analyses. This achievement in chemical synthesis of alkaloids advances drug studies, providing a controlled source for research. Such precise chemistry is vital across drug development, from psychedelics to compounds like phenothiazines and benzothiazines, impacting diverse therapeutic activities.
Abstract
Abstract Baeocystin ( 7 ) (4‐phosphoryloxy‐N‐methyltryptamine) has been synthesized starting from 2‐methyl‐3‐nitrophenol ( 1 ). The spectral data (...