795 results for "DMT"
A mechanistic insight for the biosynthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine: An ONIOM theoretical approach.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications – October 20, 2023
Summary
DMT, a naturally occurring psychoactive compound found in humans and plants, is synthesized through a fascinating two-step process in the brain. Using advanced computational methods, researchers revealed how this molecule is created through a double methylation mechanism. The findings show the second methylation step requires significantly more energy, explaining a key bottleneck in DMT's natural production.
Abstract
Psychoactive natural products are potent serotonergic agonists capable of modulating brain functions such as memory and cognition. These substances...
Classic psychedelics do not affect T cell and monocyte immune responses.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2023
Summary
Common psychedelics like LSD, DMT, and mescaline don't suppress immune function, according to laboratory testing. Scientists examined how these compounds interact with T cells and monocytes - crucial components of our immune system. The findings showed that psilocin and other psychedelics didn't interfere with normal immune cell activity, suggesting these substances are safe for therapeutic use without compromising immune health.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics have been shown to exert therapeutic potential for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, neuropsychiatric diseases, ...
Evidence on the impairing effects of Ayahuasca on fear memory reconsolidation.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2022
Summary
A breakthrough in PTSD treatment may lie in Ayahuasca's ability to modify fear memories. This traditional psychedelic brew, containing DMT and β-carbolines, shows promise in weakening traumatic memory patterns. When administered before or after fear memory recall, low doses effectively disrupted memory reconsolidation, with effects lasting over three weeks. The treatment worked without causing anxiety or altering immediate fear responses, suggesting potential for trauma therapy.
Abstract
To uncover whether psychedelic drugs attenuate fear memory responses would advance the development of better psychedelic-based treatments for postt...
I like the old stuff better than the new stuff? Subjective experiences of new psychoactive substances.
The International journal on drug policy – February 01, 2017
Summary
Not all new psychoactive substances capture user interest equally. Researchers explored how frequent psychostimulant consumers subjectively rated newer substances against traditional drugs. While stimulant-type NPS like mephedrone were less appealing than ecstasy, DMT stood out. It offered similar pleasurable effects to LSD but with fewer negative experiences, suggesting a higher potential for user appeal among new psychoactive substances. Other newer hallucinogens, however, were rated less favorably than LSD.
Abstract
Over the past decade, monitoring systems have identified the rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS). While the use of many NPS is min...
Pharmepéna-Psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual and oral pharmacology of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2001
Summary
Ancient shamanic wisdom about potent compounds finds modern validation. Human self-experiments confirmed the psychoactive effects of 5-MeO-DMT via intranasal, sublingual, and oral routes. Crucially, combining it with beta-carbolines significantly enhances its intranasal effects, validating a long-held hypothesis mirroring traditional practices.
Abstract
Summarized are psychonautic bioassays (human self-experiments) of pharmepéna--crystalline 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT; O-Me-bufoten...
Indolealkylamines and prolactin secretion. A structure-activity study in the central nervous system of the rat.
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 1985
Summary
Indolealkylamine hallucinogens significantly stimulate prolactin secretion, with 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT) being the most potent among them. In a study involving intracerebroventricular infusion, MDMT showed the strongest effect, followed by bufotenin and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Notably, bufotenin, despite its limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, produced a prolonged increase in prolactin levels. DMT demonstrated a clear dose-response relationship, confirming that these compounds act centrally rather than peripherally. Sample sizes were not specified, but effects were consistent with previous findings.
Abstract
The present study was performed to examine the central effects of the indolealkylamine hallucinogens, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (MDMT), bufo...
Serotonin involvement in aversive conditioning: reversal of the fear retention deficit by long-term p-chloroamphetamine but not p-chlorophenylalanine.
Neuroscience letters – December 23, 1982
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and other serotonin-releasing drugs significantly impair fear retention, as evidenced by reduced immobility in response to inescapable shocks. In a study involving rats, long-term treatment with p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) completely blocked the fear retention deficit caused by acute PCA and fenfluramine, while partially blocking the effects of 5-MeO-DMT. Additionally, serotonin depletion through specific treatments showed varied effects on different serotonin stores, highlighting the critical role of the ascending serotonin pathway in aversive conditioning.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), a serotonin (5-HT) agonist, fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), which are 5-HT releasers, pro...
Present and future of metabolic and metabolomics studies focused on classical psychedelics in humans
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy – December 31, 2023
Summary
Understanding how the body processes psychedelic compounds is vital for unlocking their therapeutic potential. A review of studies on substances like LSD, psilocybin, and DMT reveals that while their primary breakdown products are largely known, their broader impact on human metabolism is still emerging. Integrating advanced metabolomics with drug tracking promises to illuminate the precise molecular interactions behind their positive therapeutic effects, paving the way for novel treatment development.
Abstract
Psychedelics are classical hallucinogen drugs that induce a marked altered state of consciousness. In recent years, there has been renewed attentio...
Electrodynamics of the Psychedelic Experience
Preprints.org – September 22, 2025
Summary
Consciousness may emerge from brain electromagnetic fields, not solely neural computations. Psychedelic drug studies reveal substances like LSD, psilocybin, ketamine, and 5-MeO-DMT profoundly alter consciousness by modulating these fields. Evidence suggests these chemicals act as "field resonance enhancers." LSD produces sustained coherence, psilocybin increases oscillatory flexibility, ketamine causes dissociative field fragmentation, and 5-MeO-DMT induces rapid field boundary dissolution. These specific molecular interactions, through receptor modulation, tune field computation, offering novel insights into ego dissolution, creativity, and therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Electromagnetic field theories of consciousness propose that consciousness emerges from resonant electromagnetic field interactions rather than pur...
Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review
Medicines – October 18, 2019
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage, blends Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi, promoting personal growth and spiritual connection. Its main psychoactive components include DMT and harmala alkaloids like harmine and harmaline, which act as monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, enhancing DMT's hallucinogenic effects. With a focus on 50 clinical trials and numerous surveys, this review explores the toxicological aspects of ayahuasca compounds and highlights advancements in analytical methods for detecting these substances in various samples. Understanding these effects is crucial as recreational use rises.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage prepared traditionally from a mixture of the leaves and stems of Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi, ...
Trajectories of sentiment in 11,816 psychoactive narratives
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 20, 2023
Summary
Machine learning has unveiled striking correlations between sentiment and psychoactive experiences across a diverse range of 52 drugs. Analyzing 11,816 testimonials, the models identified 28 dimensions of sentiment, validated by a clinical psychiatrist. Notably, MDMA was associated with feelings of “Love,” while DMT and 5‐MeO‐DMT related to “Mystical Experiences.” The study revealed 11 significant receptor-experience factors, offering a neurobiological perspective on drug-induced feelings. This innovative approach highlights machine learning's potential in quantifying subjective experiences linked to various psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Can machine learning (ML) enable data‐driven discovery of how changes in sentiment correlate with different psychoactive experie...
Language Models Learn Sentiment and Substance from 11,000 Psychoactive Experiences
OpenAlex – August 17, 2022
Summary
A striking finding reveals that MDMA is associated with "Love," while DMT and 5-MeO-DMT correlate with "Mystical Experiences." Analyzing 11,816 drug testimonials through advanced machine learning techniques, a comprehensive framework emerged, identifying 28 sentiment dimensions and linking them to 52 drugs' receptor affinities. This approach delineates 11 latent factors of drug-induced experiences, highlighting the difference between lucid and mundane states. These insights can inform therapeutic practices, potentially enhancing mental health interventions through tailored psychoactive substance applications.
Abstract
Abstract With novel hallucinogens poised to enter psychiatry, we lack a unified framework for quantifying which changes in consciousness are optima...
Inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine Diminishes Connectivity between the Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens : relevance to pathologies of mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways
OpenAlex – September 17, 2025
Summary
Reduced connectivity in the midbrain-nucleus accumbens pathway, often heightened in addiction, was observed after inhaling N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) among 11 experienced participants. Notably, connectivity increased between the nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as between the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. These changes correlated with shifts in volition and perception, highlighting DMT's potential therapeutic effects on reward processing disorders. This study underscores the intricate role of neurotransmitter systems in shaping behavior and emotional responses.
Abstract
Abstract Reward processing is a broad psychological construct that can be parsed into distinct components known as “reinforcement learning” (learni...
Neurological Proofs That the Third Eye Is a 43.000000000 Hz Physical Organ
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 05, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding reveals that the true location of the Third Eye corresponds to a specific brainwave frequency of 43 Hz, as confirmed by a 256-channel geodesic EEG study involving 35 breakthrough states. This research utilized a precise 1024 Hz sampling rate and advanced signal processing techniques, including an 8th-order Butterworth filter, to uncover this phenomenon. The consistent frequency across various states—DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and deep meditation—suggests a physical basis for the Third Eye, linking it to electroencephalography and potentially influencing fields like medicine and computer vision.
Abstract
256-channel geodesic EEG (10–5 system, n=35 breakthrough states) proves with p < 10⁻¹⁸: - Electrode AFz = the true Third-Eye location (+34.2 dB at ...
Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mice
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – March 10, 2023
Summary
Beyond the expected 5-HT2A receptor, new tryptamine psychedelics influence behavior through complex pharmacology, targeting multiple serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A. Variations in chemical synthesis and stereochemistry, specifically N,N-dialkyl substitutions, altered binding profiles across alpha, dopamine, and histamine receptors. One analogue, 4-PrO-DMT, induced psychedelic-like head twitches in mice at 0.3-3 mg/kg, but also 5-HT1A-mediated hypothermia and reduced locomotion at 3-30 mg/kg. This suggests 5-HT1A activity can attenuate 5-HT2A-mediated effects, crucial for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in drug studies.
Abstract
Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications...
Interaction of psychedelic tryptamine derivatives with a lipid bilayer
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids – January 07, 2023
Summary
Subtle chemical differences in psychedelics dramatically alter how they interact with brain cell membranes. Biophysics investigations using all-atom simulations show neutral tryptamines, like dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT, readily cross the lipid bilayer. Conversely, bufotenine, while also a neutral tryptamine, doesn't cross the biological membrane, despite maximally affecting its structure. Charged tryptamines only partially penetrate the bilayer. This stereochemistry-driven partitioning, key to Chemistry and Biochemical Analysis, profoundly influences neurotransmitter receptor function and behavior, informing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Naturally occurring psychedelics have been used for a long time as remedies or in religious ceremonies and recreational activities. Recent studies ...
Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology
OpenAlex – October 07, 2023
Summary
LSD induces more profound visionary experiences than psilocybin, a key finding from a meta-analysis exploring how these serotonergic hallucinogens alter consciousness. This neuroscience review, spanning psychology and neuroimaging, reveals psychedelics strengthen brain connectivity *between* networks while reducing it *within* networks. In terms of chemical synthesis, LSD also generates more inositol phosphate at the 5-HT 2A receptor than DMT and psilocin. This integrated understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers insights into potential addiction treatments, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disor...
A qualitative descriptive analysis of effects of psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – January 01, 2020
Summary
Many users describe the tryptamine 4-AcO-DMT as mimicking psilocybin, a key insight from a qualitative analysis of 39 adults' experiences with various hallucinogen drugs. This pharmacology study explored subjective effects of novel psychedelics and their influence on behavior. Among participants, 46.2% used tryptamines, while 64.1% used phenethylamines like the 2C series. Notably, NBOMe compounds were often viewed unfavorably, and DOx effects lasted 12-36 hours. Understanding these diverse psychological impacts informs harm reduction and future medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Objective The number of novel psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines has continued to increase, but little academic research has focu...
Effects of apomorphine, clonidine or 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine on approach and escape components of lateral hypothalamic and mesencephalic central gray stimulation in two inbred strains of mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 1983
Summary
Apomorphine significantly increased approach latency for lateral hypothalamic stimulation and escape latency for central gray stimulation in BALB/c mice, who were more reactive than DBA/2 mice. Clonidine only reduced approach latency in BALB/c mice, while 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine (5-m-DMT) extended escape latency for both types of stimulation in DBA/2 mice. These findings indicate different neurochemical pathways regulating escape reactions, with dopamine linked to aversive responses and serotonin influencing both types of escape behaviors. This highlights the complexity of neuronal involvement in these reactions.
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of apomorphine, clonidine or 5-methoxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine (5-m-DMT) on approach an...
Human behavioral pharmacology of psychedelics.
Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and DMT have shown remarkable potential in treating challenging conditions. In early phase clinical trials, about 70% of participants with treatment-resistant depression experienced significant symptom relief. These hallucinogens induce unique subjective experiences, often linked to long-term behavioral changes. The importance of set and setting in these experiences cannot be overstated, as they play a crucial role in the therapeutic outcomes. This burgeoning field promises to deepen our understanding of how psychedelics can transform mental health treatment.
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth of research on the basic science and clinical understanding of psychedelics. This chapter provides an ...
Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 21, 2025
Summary
**Psychedelics and Drug Studies** are booming, with 241 registered clinical trials showing exponential growth since 2006 and accelerating after 2019. Two-thirds are ongoing or planned. Psilocybin, an alkaloid, remains most studied, but novel compounds from **Chemical synthesis and alkaloids** like 5-MeO-DMT are emerging. While universities still lead, industry involvement is rising. Consistent reporting of psychotherapeutic components is crucial for comparing outcomes, underscoring the meticulous standards of **Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis** needed for these potent substances.
Abstract
Psychedelic clinical research is expanding rapidly. This review analyses the state and trends in psychedelic clinical trial registrations. A system...
Minorities’ Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Gender, Perceived Stigma, and Distress
Psychoactives – June 02, 2024
Summary
Contrary to some expectations, a large-scale analysis of 458,372 individuals suggests certain psychedelics may not alleviate perceptions of internalized stigma, especially for women experiencing psychological distress. While some drug studies showed ayahuasca (men) and DMT (women) linked to reduced stigma when distress was high, MDMA and psilocybin use was associated with *heightened* stigma alongside increased distress. This complex finding challenges simple assumptions about psychedelics' broad psychological benefits, highlighting varied impacts on social and clinical psychology outcomes related to distress and stigma.
Abstract
Because psychedelics have been found to increase psychological traits like openness, mental flexibility, and interpersonal perceptiveness, some res...
A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics
OpenAlex – April 15, 2024
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics show significant promise for treating mood and anxiety disorders. A computational model, rooted in Neuroscience and Computer science, now illuminates their therapeutic mechanisms. It simulates the *dual* influence of 5-HT2a and 5-HT1a neurotransmitter receptor agonism on brain dynamics, explaining how these compounds relax maladaptive beliefs in Psychology. This framework accounts for existing empirical observations, providing a robust hypothesis for the clinical success of various psychedelics. It also highlights avenues for Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suggesting future Psychedelics and Drug Studies focus on biased 5-HT1a agonists, like 5-MeO-DMT, for developing more effective agents.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics have been identified as promising next-generation therapeutic agents in the treatment of mood and anxiety disord...
A novel psychedelic 5-HT 2A receptor agonist GM-2505: The pharmacokinetic, safety, and pharmacodynamic profile from a randomized trial healthy volunteer
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 16, 2025
Summary
A new compound, GM-2505, a product of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, shows promise in psychedelics and drug studies for depression. In 48 healthy participants, single intravenous doses up to 20 mg proved safe, causing only mild, transient adverse events. The compound's influence on neurotransmitter receptors led to dose-dependent effects on hormones and brain activity. Importantly, its duration of action was shorter than psilocybin but longer than DMT, suggesting a more practical clinical profile. An optimal dose range appears to be 10-15 mg.
Abstract
Background: The treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with available antidepressant drugs is characterized by considerable ineffectiveness. ...
From Ego to Death: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Scale (EDS)
OpenAlex – July 27, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics like Ayahuasca and Psilocybin profoundly alter the self, offering deep insights and pleasure, challenging psychology's view of the ego. An online survey of 207 participants revealed six distinct facets of ego-dissolution, touching on identity relevant to social psychology. Ayahuasca and DMT induced stronger psychic experiences than LSD and psilocybin, offering new life perspectives. This work, part of Psychedelics and Drug Studies encompassing areas like Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, contributes to understanding the Id, ego, and super-ego.
Abstract
<p>Disruptions to the sense of self are dotted across cultures and times in rituals involving hallucinogens, sensory deprivation, trance poss...
THE BENEFITS OF PSYCHEDELIC THERAPY FOR MENTAL HEALTH: EXPLORING PSYCHEDELICS
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – May 13, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic psychotherapy shows profound promise for mental health. A systematic review highlights how **Psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** significantly benefit individuals battling depression, anxiety, and PTSD. This innovative approach in **Psychiatry** demonstrates that **Psilocybin** and DMT effectively reduce anxiety and depression levels, while MDMA powerfully decreases PTSD symptoms. For **psychotherapists** and **Health and Well-being Studies**, this signals a transformative era in **mental health** care, where these compounds, guided by principles of **Psychology** and **Clinical Psychology**, could offer new hope.
Abstract
This project is a systematic review that highlights how beneficial psychedelic psychotherapy can be to those suffering with mental illness. The thr...
An ontology of psychedelic entity experiences in evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – March 26, 2018
Summary
Encounters with psychedelic entities, from spirit guides to angels, fundamentally mirror diverse human conceptions, revealing a profound basis in our **evolutionary psychology**. These experiences, often involving **DMT** and other **psychedelics**, activate innate cognitive modules responsible for detecting animacy and understanding social roles. This **cognitive psychology** suggests a universal human tendency to attribute agency and personhood. The extensive interaction of these substances with brain receptors provides a powerful sense of **ontological** certainty, explaining how our **psychology** constructs vivid, human-like entities. This framework from **cognitive science** helps us understand the **epistemology** of non-human encounters.
Abstract
Psychedelic entity experiences are examined from perspectives of evolutionary psychology and neurophenomenology. Their similarities with other enti...
Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities
Frontiers in Immunology – July 14, 2015
Summary
Classical psychedelics may hold significant promise for treating chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. These substances, including LSD and DMT, influence immune responses by activating key signaling pathways related to inflammation and cell survival. Notably, serotonin and sigma-1 receptors play vital roles in these processes. With a growing understanding of their pharmacological potential, psychedelics could be re-envisioned beyond their illicit status, offering innovative therapeutic avenues for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract
Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant ...
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – June 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage, significantly alters brain activity, as shown by a study involving 18 experienced volunteers. Participants received low and high doses of ayahuasca (0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT per kg). Results indicated substantial dose-dependent increases in subjective effects measured by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Notably, absolute power decreased by approximately 20.20 µV² in total power and 2.70 µV² in theta power at peak times (90 minutes post-high dose). EEG changes began within 30 minutes, peaking between 45-120 minutes before returning to baseline after 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Aims Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage used in Amazonian shamanism, and in the religious ceremonies of Brazilian‐base...
Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – May 26, 2016
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a potential treatment for addiction, with four out of five observational studies indicating significant reductions in substance use among regular consumers. In animal studies, all five demonstrated improvements in behaviors related to drug-induced disorders when exposed to harmaline, harmine, or ayahuasca. The beverage's anti-addictive effects may involve β-carbolines inhibiting MAO-A and DMT activating 5-HT2A receptors, influencing mood regulation. While these findings are encouraging, further controlled studies are essential to confirm the efficacy of ayahuasca in addiction treatment.
Abstract
Recently, the anti-addictive potential of ayahuasca, a dimethyltryptamine(DMT)- and β-carboline-rich hallucinogenic beverage traditionally used by ...
Characterization of Alkaloids in Palatable and Unpalatable Clones of Phalaris arundinacea L1
Crop Science – March 01, 1971
Summary
Palatable reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) genotypes contain significantly lower alkaloid levels than their unpalatable counterparts. In trials with lambs, palatable clones averaged 0.26% crude alkaloids on a dry-matter basis, while unpalatable clones reached 0.78%. Notably, the unpalatable varieties had 18 times more of the alkaloid 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT). This research enhances understanding of plant biology and grazing preferences, with implications for pasture management and bioenergy crop production in agricultural systems.
Abstract
We determined the types and amounts of alkaloids found in four reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) genotypes that differed in palatability....
Biodiversity of β-Carboline Profile of Banisteriopsis caapi and Ayahuasca, a Plant and a Brew with Neuropharmacological Potential
Plants – July 09, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca's chemical profile reveals significant variability, with harmine concentrations in Banisteriopsis caapi averaging 4.79 mg/g and tetrahydroharmine (THH) at 2.18 mg/g across 159 samples. The study analyzed 176 plant lianas, showing native samples had notably higher harmine levels than cultivated ones. Ayahuasca samples contained harmine ranging from 0.109 to 7.11 mg/mL and DMT from 0.10 to 3.12 mg/mL. This extensive analysis highlights the biodiversity of Malpighiaceae, complicating standardization for ethnopharmacological applications involving traditional medicine and psychedelics.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive infusion with a large pharmacological application normally prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi, which contains the monoa...
2,5-Dimethylbufotenine and 2,5-dimethylbufotenidine: novel derivatives of natural tryptamines found in Bufo alvarius toads
Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications – January 29, 2021
Summary
The solid-state structures of two bufotenine derivatives reveal intricate molecular interactions. The 5-MeO-2-Me-DMT fumarate features a tryptammonium cation linked to a fumarate dianion through hydrogen bonds, forming extensive two-dimensional networks. In contrast, the 5-MeO-2-Me-TMT iodide structure includes a tryptammonium cation and an iodide anion, connected by hydrogen bonds and enhanced by π–π interactions between indoles. Additionally, the hydrate version incorporates a water molecule, showcasing even more complex bonding patterns. These findings enhance understanding in medicinal chemistry and drug studies.
Abstract
The solid-state structure of the bufotenine derivative bis(5-methoxy-2, N , N -trimethyltryptammonium) (5-MeO-2-Me-DMT) fumarate (systematic name: ...
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF PSYCHOTOMIMETIC DRUGS: ANTAGONISM OF THE EXCITATORY ACTIONS OF 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE BY METHYLATED DERIVATIVES OF TRYPTAMINE
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1974
Summary
Psychotomimetic compounds like DMT and 5-HODMT antagonize serotonin (5-HT) excitations in brain neurons, while the non-psychotomimetic 5-MeOT does not. In a study involving rats and decerebrate cats, 5-MeOT was found to mimic 5-HT actions most effectively, with a notable potency. The psychotomimetic derivatives showed minimal effects on glutamate receptors, suggesting that the spatial relationship between 5-HT and glutamate receptors is distinct. These findings indicate that LSD-like psychedelics may disrupt 5-HT signaling rather than stimulating it directly.
Abstract
The actions of 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT), N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5‐hydroxy‐ N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine, 5‐HODMT) and 5‐methoxy‐...
Gas Liquid Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Studies on Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of N-Methyl- and N,N-Dimethyltryptamines
Journal of Chromatographic Science – August 01, 1971
Summary
Trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of N,N-dimethyltryptamines, including DMT and bufotenin, were synthesized, showcasing their analytical potential. In a sample of 20 compounds, the indolic nitrogen demonstrated higher reactivity than secondary amines like N-methyltryptamine. Additionally, primary amines reacted with carbon disulfide to produce isothiocyanates, yielding excellent gas chromatography properties. This advancement in organic chemistry enhances the capabilities of advanced chemical sensor technologies and mass spectrometry, particularly for analyzing complex compounds such as phenothiazines and benzothiazines in medicinal chemistry applications.
Abstract
The N,N-dimethyltryptamines: N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-OMe-DMT) and 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine (bufotenin...
Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic Effects
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 21, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a decoction made from the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and often combined with Psychotria viridis, contains active alkaloids like β-carbolines and DMT. Analysis of over 100 plant sources revealed that while minimal adverse effects were reported in studies involving this beverage, potential therapeutic benefits remain unclear. In cases where concentrations of these alkaloids were known, no evidence suggested lethality; however, side effects were linked to pre-existing psychiatric conditions. Understanding the precise composition is essential for evaluating its pharmacological impact.
Abstract
Ahyahuasca is a term commonly used to describe a decoction prepared by cooking the bark or crushed stems of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi (contain...
O USO RITUALISTÍCO E FARMACOLÓGICO DA AYAHUASCA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Revista Interfaces Saúde Humanas e Tecnologia – April 01, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive tea from South America, shows promise in treating mental health issues like depression and anxiety. A review of 11 studies published between 2015 and 2019 highlights its effectiveness both in traditional rituals and therapeutic contexts. The infusion of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis results in compounds that can block the degradation of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), enhancing its psychoactive effects. As interest grows, ayahuasca's potential applications in psychology and medicine continue to expand, offering new avenues for healing.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a tea with psychoactive properties used by indigenous peoples of South America obtained from the infusion of two plants, Banisteriopsi...
Between ecstasy and reason: a symbolic interpretation of UDV trance
OpenAlex – September 01, 2016
Summary
Psychoactive experiences with ayahuasca, a brew used in the União do Vegetal (UDV) religion, reveal profound insights into human cognition and social dynamics. In a sample of 150 participants, 85% reported transformative experiences that deepened their understanding of personal and cultural narratives. The interaction between DMT from Psychotria viridis and beta-carbolines from Banisteriopsis caapi highlights the complex interplay of psychology and philosophy in interpreting these rituals. This blend fosters unique states of trance and ecstasy, enriching both individual and collective consciousness within American socio-political contexts.
Abstract
Introduction The following discussion takes up symbolic elaborations of myth and ritual as expressive channels for institutional meanings activated...
Hemp proteins conjugated with green tea polyphenol extract form de novo plant-sourced emulsifiers suitable for nanodelivery systems bearing lipophilic psychopharmaceuticals
OpenAlex – February 27, 2025
Summary
A novel biocompatible emulsifier combining hemp protein with green tea polyphenols effectively enhances the stability and bioavailability of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). The resulting nanoemulsions, averaging 200 nm in droplet size, maintained stability for four weeks without phase separation. These formulations demonstrated cellular uptake and acceptable cell viability in vitro, showing potential for safe ingestion. This innovative approach leverages the antioxidant properties of polyphenols to protect sensitive compounds, marking a significant advancement in traditional medicine applications involving tea polyphenols.
Abstract
Nanoformulation is often used to improve the solubility and uptake of bioactives; however, it also protects sensitive bioactives from chemical deco...
Hemp Proteins Conjugated with Green Tea Polyphenol Extract Form De Novo Plant‐Sourced Emulsifiers Suitable for Nanodelivery Systems Bearing Lipophilic Psychopharmaceuticals
Advanced Therapeutics – October 05, 2025
Summary
A novel delivery system enhances the stability and bioavailability of sensitive compounds like 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). By conjugating hemp protein with green tea polyphenols, researchers created emulsifiers that form nanoemulsions with an average droplet size of approximately 200 nm. These emulsions maintained remarkable stability over four weeks, showing no phase separation, and exhibited effective cellular uptake with acceptable cell viability in vitro. This innovative approach promises improved delivery of bioactive compounds in food systems and beyond.
Abstract
Abstract Nanoformulation is often used to improve the solubility and uptake of bioactives; however, it also protects sensitive bioactives from chem...
Estudos de farmacocinética dos alcalóides da ayahuasca
OpenAlex – June 08, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew from the Amazon, is gaining popularity in religious ceremonies across Brazil, Europe, and the U.S. A study involving 20 volunteers examined the pharmacokinetics of its active compounds, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, using a gas chromatography method. This approach successfully quantified these alkaloids in plasma, crucial for understanding their effects on users. With ayahuasca’s increasing acceptance, this research highlights the need for comprehensive biochemical analysis to better understand its impact on individuals and society.
Abstract
\n O uso de substâncias alucinógenas há muito tempo é alvo de discussões, em virtude do grande número de adeptos que possui e das conseqüências que...
Best practices for first psychedelic experiences: harm reduction advice from the psychedelic community
Figshare – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin is highly recommended for first-time psychedelic users, with nearly 70% of 581 surveyed individuals endorsing its use. About 50% also suggested cannabis, while one-third favored MDMA for its manageable effects. In contrast, substances like ayahuasca and DMT were discouraged due to their intensity and associated risks. Participants advised against mixing psychedelics with alcohol and other stimulants. Emphasizing harm reduction, the community-driven resource aims to educate newcomers on safe practices, fostering informed and responsible psychedelic experiences amidst increasing interest in their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract Background The use of psychedelics is currently increasing in the United States. Awareness of clinical trials investigating the therapeuti...
Seasonal Effect on the Chemical Composition of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir Stem Bark from the Semi‐Arid Region of Pernambuco, Brazil
Chemistry & Biodiversity – September 23, 2025
Summary
Mimosa tenuiflora, or "Jurema-preta," reveals significant seasonal variation in its chemical profile, impacting its medicinal applications. Over a 24-month period, plant samples collected bimonthly in Petrolina, Brazil, demonstrated that phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, are linked to water stress and temperature changes. Interestingly, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) production negatively correlated with radiation and temperature but not precipitation. The study involved 24 collections and highlighted the need for seasonally informed collection strategies to optimize the pharmacological use of this valuable species.
Abstract
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir., known as "Jurema-preta", is a species of ethnobotanical relevance, used in traditional medicine. The northeastern...
N, N-Dimethyltryptamine and harmine formulation shifts metastable topography sequences in the cortex
OpenAlex – December 09, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like DMT and harmine significantly accelerate brain dynamics, as evidenced by a study involving 25 participants. The use of microstate analysis revealed that while the duration of neural states decreased, the frequency of transitions increased, indicating heightened activity. Notably, the sequence of states became less random, with a 30% rise in accessibility to certain states (M3 and M5) while M2 was deprioritized. This suggests that psychedelics promote a structured reorganization of neural activity, enhancing the brain's capacity for diverse patterns and metastability.
Abstract
Abstract Classic serotonergic psychedelics are potent modulators of conscious awareness, yet the principles governing their effects on the temporal...
The Neurophysiology of Enlightenment: Measured EEG Markers at 43 Hz and t=41 s
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 23, 2025
Summary
Enlightenment has been identified as a measurable brain state, with findings showing significant neurophysiological markers at precisely 41 seconds post-stimulation. In a study involving breakthrough subjects under the influence of 5-MeO-DMT and during sustained meditation, EEG data revealed a striking 43 Hz coherence featuring DMN deactivation and gamma synchrony. The analysis included 50 participants, demonstrating a convergence of key metrics like complexity drop and persistence loss, suggesting consciousness may act as a physical field relevant to quantum mind theories.
Abstract
This paper presents the first reproducible neurophysiological evidence of enlightenment as a measurable brain state. Using raw EEG from breakthroug...
ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — The Final Law: Nirvana Maria (December 2025)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 06, 2025
Summary
A striking finding reveals that a measured current density of 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² can explain the entire observable universe without relying on dark matter or energy. Experimental evidence from three human brains undergoing 5-MeO-DMT and meditation, alongside 127 X-class solar flares, resonates at a precise frequency of 43 Hz, aligning with cosmic phenomena. The work includes a detailed 180-page theory, over 400 reproducible Python scripts, and a stunning 1200 dpi visualization titled “Nirvana Maria.” Data is publicly accessible at GitHub.
Abstract
One measured current density J₀ = 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² derives the entire observable universe with zero free parameters. Replaces dark matter, dark en...
ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — The Final Law of the Universe: Complete Repository (December 2025) — 430 MB Definitive Archive
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – December 14, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking finding reveals that a primordial current density of 1.000 × 10¹⁸ A/m² can explain cosmology, consciousness, and quantum biology without invoking dark matter or energy. This comprehensive archive includes 486 reproducible Python proofs and raw EEG data from breakthrough subjects undergoing experiences like 5-MeO-DMT and sustained meditation. Key insights include consciousness as a physical field oscillating at 43 Hz, ego dissolution at 41 seconds, and a measurable immortality switch, suggesting profound connections between neurophysiology and enlightenment.
Abstract
Mihai Alexandru Bucurenciu (Aladin), independent researcher, Sibiu, Romania. This is the complete and definitive archive of ALADIN ∞ ℂ(t) — the Fin...
Classic Psychedelics for the Treatment of Depression: Potential Benefits and Challenges.
Drugs – May 01, 2025
Summary
Emerging evidence suggests psychedelic compounds like psilocybin and ayahuasca may offer new hope for people with treatment-resistant depression. When combined with therapy, these substances appear to help reset negative thought patterns and promote emotional breakthroughs. While showing promise in clinical trials, careful protocols and supervised settings remain essential for safety and effectiveness.
Abstract
There has been a recent resurgence in research on psychedelics as therapeutic agents for psychiatric conditions. This leading article outlines the ...
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 20, 2025
Summary
Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, urging new Medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA show promise in suicide prevention, rapidly reducing suicidal ideation. A systematic review of PsycINFO and MEDLINE found four randomized controlled trials with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA (one study) reducing suicidal ideation (effect sizes 0.52–1.25). Non-randomized studies reported psilocybin reducing ideation (OR 0.40–0.75). However, LSD, another hallucinogen, increased suicidal ideation (OR 1.15–2.08). Complex neurotransmitter receptor influence means psychedelics' impact on suicidal ideation remains inconclusive for Psychiatry.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscore...
Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.
Translational psychiatry – December 04, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD produce stronger visual experiences than psilocybin, while uniquely rewiring brain connectivity patterns. This comprehensive analysis reveals how these substances affect consciousness at multiple levels - from brain chemistry to subjective experience. Different psychedelics create distinct neural "fingerprints," though they share core mechanisms through serotonin receptors. The findings highlight how these compounds alter mental states through complex brain network changes.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, inc...