1299 results for "MDMA"
Studies on the effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on the body temperature of rats housed at different ambient room temperatures
British Journal of Pharmacology – July 04, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause hyperthermia in rats at normal temperatures (20°C) but induces hypothermia when temperatures drop to 15°C. In a study with 40 rats, administering MDMA (5 mg/kg) led to a significant drop in rectal temperature at 15°C, which was blocked by a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Notably, neurotoxic doses of MDMA reduced serotonin levels by about 30% after seven days. These findings highlight how MDMA affects thermoregulation and heat loss mechanisms in different temperatures.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats produces hyperthermia if they are housed in normal or warm ambient room ...
Differential effects of cathinone compounds andMDMAon body temperature in the rat, and pharmacological characterization of mephedrone‐induced hypothermia
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 08, 2012
Summary
Mephedrone induces a transient decrease in body temperature, unlike MDMA, which causes sustained reductions. In a study involving 40 individually housed rats, mephedrone's impact on rectal temperature was enhanced by blocking specific receptors, while cathinone and methcathinone led to sustained increases in temperature. Notably, MDMA reduced key brain metabolites like homovanillic acid, whereas cathinones increased them. These findings highlight distinct thermoregulatory effects and neurochemical profiles between MDMA and cathinones, emphasizing that adverse effects of synthetic drugs cannot be inferred from MDMA data alone.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Recreational users report that mephedrone has similar psychoactive effects to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ). MD...
Sex‐dependent long‐term effects of adolescent exposure to THC and/or MDMA on neuroinflammation and serotoninergic and cannabinoid systems in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 15, 2013
Summary
Adolescent exposure to THC and MDMA leads to significant long-term neurochemical changes in male and female rats. In males, both drugs increased reactive microglia cells by 41%, while in females, MDMA reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) positive fibers by 25%. Interestingly, the combination of THC and MDMA normalized this effect in females. THC also decreased cannabinoid receptor CB1 immunostaining by 30% in females, exacerbated when combined with MDMA. These findings highlight the complex interplay between these substances and their sex-dependent effects on neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Many young people consume ecstasy as a recreational drug and often in combination with cannabis. In this study, we aimed to ...
Cerebral 1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users show a notable 16.3% increase in myo-inositol concentration in parietal white matter compared to non-users, indicating potential neurochemical changes. A sample of 22 MDMA users and 37 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, revealing normal N-acetyl compounds across brain regions, suggesting minimal neuronal injury. However, the elevated myo-inositol levels imply increased glial cell activity linked to MDMA exposure. This highlights the complex effects of MDMA on brain chemistry, even at recreational doses.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Application of the Syva EMIT and Abbott TDx Amphetamine Immunoassays to the Detection of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA) in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 1990
Summary
MDMA and MDEA show significant cross-reactivity in urine testing, highlighting the complexities of monitoring these popular hallucinogenic amphetamines. In a comprehensive analysis involving 60 spiked urine samples, the Syva EMIT-d.a.u. assay only detected MDMA and MDEA at high concentrations (10.0 micrograms/mL), while the Abbott TDx assay demonstrated cross-reactivity rates of 18% to 118% for MDMA and 12% to 47% for MDEA at lower concentrations. Precision was strong, with coefficients of variation below 6% for MDMA and below 16% for MDEA across multiple testing days.
Abstract
MDMA and MDEA are hallucinogenic analogs of amphetamine. The need for laboratory monitoring of these substances has developed as a result of their ...
Acute Effects of Dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) before and after Short‐Course, High‐Dose Treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
High-dose MDMA exposure in rhesus monkeys led to a notable behavioral tolerance to the acute effects of both MDMA and dexfenfluramine (d-FEN). In a study involving nine monkeys, those treated with MDMA showed reduced sensitivity to behavioral disruptions on specific tasks, while d-FEN did not produce the same effect. Despite similar neurochemical impacts—around 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas—only the MDMA group exhibited this residual tolerance, highlighting its unique influence on behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The acute behavioral effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) were assessed in six rhesus monkeys usin...
The Acute Effect in Rats of 3, 4‐Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, “Eve”) on Body Temperature and Long Term Degeneration of 5‐HT Neurones in Brain: A Comparison with MDMA (“Ecstasy”)
Pharmacology & Toxicology – June 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDEA, a recreational drug, caused a significant hyperthermic response in Dark Agouti rats, peaking at 35 mg/kg, comparable to MDMA's 15 mg/kg. Seven days post-administration, MDMA led to a drastic 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas, while MDEA only caused a 20% decrease. MDEA demonstrated about half the potency of MDMA for hyperthermia and only 25% for serotonin degeneration. These findings suggest that MDEA is not a safer alternative to MDMA regarding acute toxicity or long-term neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Abstract: Administration of a single dose of the recreationally used drug 3, 4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA or “eve”) to Dark Agouti rats res...
Mood, cognition and serotonin transporter availability in current and former ecstasy (MDMA) users: the longitudinal perspective
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Ex-ecstasy users displayed significant psychological challenges, with the highest symptom scores in anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. A study involving 46 participants (11 current users, 10 ex-users, 11 polydrug users, and 15 drug-naive controls) revealed that verbal memory was notably impaired in ex-users. Despite a transient recovery of serotonin transporter availability in current users, their cognitive performance did not decline over time. In contrast, ex-users showed no improvement even after 2.5 years of abstinence, suggesting potential long-lasting effects of MDMA on cognition and mood.
Abstract
Although 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a known serotonergic neurotoxin in different animal species, there is to date no conc...
'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'. A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and MDMA
JAMA – March 27, 1987
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has sparked significant discussion regarding its safety and therapeutic potential. While many users perceive it as safe, five reported deaths linked to MDMA or its legal substitute, MDEA, reveal a darker reality. In three cases, these substances potentially triggered fatal arrhythmias in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions. Additionally, one user exhibited dangerous behavior leading to accidental death. Although fatalities from MDMA are infrequent, they highlight risks, particularly for those with underlying cardiac issues.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), a synthetic analogue of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, has been the center of recent debate ov...
Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine by HPLC-DAD and GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1996
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows significant presence in the illicit drug scene, especially at techno parties. In a controlled clinical study involving two patients, peak plasma levels reached 331 ng/mL for MDMA and 15 ng/mL for MDA after a single oral dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Urine analysis revealed peak concentrations of 28.1 µg/mL MDMA after 21.5 hours, alongside notable metabolites: up to 35.1 µg/mL HMMA and 2.3 µg/mL MDA detected within 16-21.5 hours post-administration.
Abstract
In Europe, the compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy, Adam), in addition to cannabis, is the most abused illicit drug at all-ni...
MDMA and MDA Concentrations in Antemortem and Postmortem Specimens in Fatalities Following Hospital Admission
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA concentrations can spike significantly after death, complicating interpretations of toxicity. In a review of five fatalities, antemortem MDMA levels ranged from 0.55 to 4.33 mg/L, while postmortem levels soared between 0.47 and 28.39 mg/L. All cases showed higher postmortem concentrations, with ratios for MDMA varying from 1.1 to 6.6 compared to antemortem samples. Notably, central anatomical sites like the heart exhibited much greater concentrations than peripheral sites, highlighting the critical impact of postmortem redistribution on forensic toxicology assessments.
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, numerous deaths involving "Ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) have been reported and described in the liter...
Brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA (‘ecstasy’): modulation by environmental conditions
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates brain temperatures, with increases of 89% during social interactions and a staggering 268% at elevated ambient temperatures. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (9 mg/kg) led to hyperthermia that exceeded 41 °C, resulting in fatalities for 83% of subjects when jugular veins were occluded, limiting heat dissipation. This indicates that the combination of metabolic activation and restricted blood flow amplifies the risk of neurotoxicity under conditions mimicking human recreational use, highlighting the dangers of MDMA in party environments.
Abstract
Abstract Drugs of abuse, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), often have more powerful effects during states of increased activation a...
Cerebral1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users exhibit notable neurochemical changes, with myo-inositol levels increasing by 16.3% and the myo-inositol to creatine ratio rising by 14.1% in parietal white matter compared to 37 non-users. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed normal N-acetyl levels across brain regions, indicating no significant neuronal injury. However, the cumulative lifetime MDMA dose correlated with elevated myo-inositol concentrations in both the parietal white matter and occipital cortex, suggesting potential glial content increases linked to MDMA use.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Reinforcing Effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in Drug-Naive and Cocaine-Trained Rats
Pharmacology – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, demonstrated similar reinforcing effects in both drug-naive rats and those trained with cocaine, with doses ranging from 0.032 to 10 mg/(kg·injection). In this study involving a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, MDMA sensitized rats to its own effects without influencing their response to cocaine. Notably, when administered after cocaine, MDMA did not carry over any reinforcing effects from cocaine, indicating that these drugs produce distinct behavioral responses in the brain, highlighting important differences in addiction mechanisms.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) is one of the most prevalent illegal drugs of abuse among European adolescents, a population no...
MDMA and Sexual Behavior: Ecstasy Users' Perceptions About Sexuality and Sexual Risk
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly influences sexual behavior and risk-taking. Among 98 users interviewed, a notable portion reported using MDMA over 100 times. While many experienced emotional closeness without the urge for penetrative sex, others—particularly gay and bisexual females—found it enhanced sexual arousal. Those engaging in sex under the influence exhibited high-risk behaviors, such as multiple partners and unprotected intercourse. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and human sexuality, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between MDMA (Ecstasy), sexual behavior, and sexual risk taking. The sample consisted of 98 current and former...
Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of MDMA after a Single-Dose Administration*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA was detected in sweat as early as 1.5 hours after a single 100-mg dose, peaking at 24 hours. In a study involving nine healthy male subjects, sweat patches showed MDMA concentrations ranging from 3.2 to 1326.1 ng/patch, with variability among individuals reaching up to 30-fold. The onsite Drugwipe test was positive for all participants at 1.5 hours, although 18% experienced false negatives within the first six hours. These findings highlight the potential of sweat testing for noninvasive MDMA monitoring.
Abstract
Nine healthy male subjects and recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) participated in a study aimed to assess the usefulnes...
Sensitive determination of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – May 02, 2007
Summary
A new method effectively detects MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates, achieving detection limits as low as 1.2 ng/mL for MDA and 4.2 ng/mL for MDMA. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the calibration curves showed linearity from 2.5 to 500 ng/mL for MDA and 5.0 to 1000 ng/mL for MDMA. The method demonstrated impressive precision, with intra- and inter-assay variations below 5.6%. This advancement aids pharmacokinetic studies of these substances in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in rat blood and brain micr...
Stimulant effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) 75 mg and methylphenidate 20 mg on actual driving during intoxication and withdrawal
Addiction – August 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows mixed effects on driving performance. In a study involving 18 recreational users, MDMA improved road-tracking accuracy, reducing the standard deviation of lateral position by approximately 2 cm compared to placebo. However, it also impaired speed adaptation during car-following tests, leading to increased overshooting responses. Notably, driving performance returned to baseline levels during the withdrawal phase. These findings highlight MDMA's dual impact as a stimulant that can enhance some driving skills while compromising others, raising concerns about safety.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently one of the most popular drugs of abuse in Europe. Its increasing use over...
Repeated MDMA (“Ecstasy”) exposure in adolescent male rats alters temperature regulation, spontaneous motor activity, attention, and serotonin transporter binding
Developmental Psychobiology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Repeated exposure to MDMA in adolescent rats led to significant behavioral and physiological changes. In a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA every fifth day showed reduced body weight gain and altered anxiety responses. Notably, these rats exhibited increased locomotor activity and decreased attention in memory tests four days post-treatment. Additionally, there was a reduction in serotonin transporter binding in the neocortex, highlighting how moderate MDMA doses can impact neurochemistry and behavior during critical developmental stages.
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory found that repeated exposure of adolescent rats to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impaired working me...
One-Year Outcomes of Prenatal Exposure to MDMA and Other Recreational Drugs
PEDIATRICS – August 21, 2012
Summary
Heavier prenatal exposure to MDMA is linked to significant delays in motor development in infants. In a study involving 96 women, those with higher MDMA use during pregnancy had infants who scored lower on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, particularly in gross motor skills. Specifically, heavily exposed infants showed marked delays, while lighter-exposed infants performed similarly to non-exposed peers. These findings highlight the potential long-term neurotoxic effects of prenatal MDMA exposure on child development, underscoring concerns within clinical psychology and pediatrics.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: A widely used illicit recreational drug among young adults, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy, is an indirect monoamin...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms related to its use and misuse
Journal of Neurochemistry – March 12, 2021
Summary
MDMA, an amphetamine-like drug, primarily boosts serotonin (5HT) release while causing minor increases in dopamine (DA). The ratio of these neurotransmitters is crucial; higher DA to 5HT ratios indicate greater abuse potential. In studies with laboratory animals, repeated MDMA exposure led to neuroadaptive changes in both 5HT and DA systems, influencing self-administration behaviors. Specifically, 5HT appears to inhibit the acquisition of MDMA use, while DA plays a vital role in maintaining it, highlighting complex interactions within the brain's circuitry and receptor mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine analogue that preferentially stimulates the release of serotonin (5HT) and results ...
Development and Characterization of a Novel Animal Model of Intermittent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Exposure during Adolescence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Intermittent adolescent exposure to MDMA, or ecstasy, leads to significant behavioral changes and memory deficits in adult rats. This model mirrors human weekend use patterns, with treated animals showing only minor increases in body temperature and plasma MDMA levels comparable to heavy users. Notably, 70% of these rats exhibited increased impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to serotonin challenges. Additionally, serotonin transporter density decreased by 30% in the hippocampus, highlighting its vulnerability during adolescence. Interestingly, these animals developed tolerance to subsequent MDMA binge effects, suggesting complex neuroadaptive responses.
Abstract
Adult animals treated with high doses of MDMA (“ecstasy”) either on a single day or for several consecutive days show numerous behavioral changes a...
Relation of sex and estrous phase to deficits in prepulse inhibition of the startle response induced by ecstasy (MDMA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs sensorimotor gating, as evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease in prepulse inhibition (PPI) among male and female Wistar rats. Administered at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, MDMA heightened the acoustic startle response (ASR) more in males than females. Notably, female rats in the diestrous and metestrous phases exhibited greater sensitivity to MDMA's effects, with higher PPI deficits compared to those in proestrous and estrous phases. This highlights the influence of the estrous cycle on drug response.
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating is the ability of a weak sensory event to inhibit the motor response to an intense stimulus. Drugs that act as serotonin releas...
Acute psychomotor effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-) administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 22, 2009
Summary
Combining MDMA (100 mg) and ethanol significantly boosts psychomotor speed but impairs accuracy. In a crossover study with 16 healthy volunteers aged 18-29, MDMA enhanced subjective arousal while ethanol reduced both speed and accuracy, inducing sedation. When taken together, the substances improved speed but worsened accuracy compared to placebo. Maximal effects were observed 90-150 minutes post-MDMA administration, highlighting a disconnect between perceived performance and actual psychomotor functioning. These findings raise concerns about the cognitive risks associated with simultaneous use of these popular recreational drugs.
Abstract
In Western societies, a considerable percentage of young people use 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’). The use of alcohol (etha...
Metabolites of the ring-substituted stimulants MDMA, methylone and MDPV differentially affect human monoaminergic systems
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 30, 2019
Summary
MDMA and its analogs, like methylone and MDPV, exhibit significant interactions with human monoaminergic systems. In a study involving human embryonic kidney cells, MDMA and methylone demonstrated a 70% greater potency in inhibiting norepinephrine uptake compared to dopamine and serotonin. Interestingly, while N-demethylation of MDMA did not alter inhibition profiles, it reduced methylone's transporter inhibition. Additionally, O-demethylenation produced catechol metabolites that maintained norepinephrine and dopamine inhibition but decreased serotonin activity, highlighting the complex pharmacology of these substances and their metabolites.
Abstract
Background: Amphetamine analogs with a 3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substitution are among the most popular illicit drugs of abuse, exerting stimulant a...
MDMA‐evoked changes in [11C]raclopride and [11C]NMSP binding in living pig brain
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly alters dopamine receptor availability, reducing binding potential by 35% and 22% in the striatum during PET scans at 45 and 165 minutes post-infusion, respectively. In contrast, the butyrophenone [11C]NMSP showed a striking 30% decrease in the first scan and 50% in the second. These findings highlight MDMA's unique ability to simultaneously release dopamine and serotonin, influencing neurotransmitter receptor dynamics and behavior. The study involved living pigs, providing insights into neuropharmacology and forensic toxicology related to MDMA effects.
Abstract
Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with radiolabeled dopamine D 2 ‐like receptor ligands reveal d ‐amphetamine‐evoked increases in...
Effects of acute social stress on the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA in adolescent and adult mice
Behavioural Pharmacology – September 01, 2014
Summary
Social defeat stress significantly reduces the rewarding effects of MDMA in adult male mice. In a study involving 80 mice, adults exposed to social defeat showed no preference for MDMA in a conditioned place preference test, unlike their adolescent counterparts. Adult mice also exhibited elevated corticosterone levels, indicating heightened stress response, while adolescents remained unaffected behaviorally. Interestingly, social defeat did not alter the anxiogenic or motor effects of MDMA. These findings highlight how social stress can influence drug reward sensitivity across developmental stages.
Abstract
Exposure to social defeat stress increases the rewarding effects of psychostimulants in animal models, but its effect on 3,4-methylenedioxymethylam...
Role of α1‐ and β3‐adrenoceptors in the modulation by SR59230A of the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse
British Journal of Pharmacology – April 30, 2009
Summary
MDMA can raise body temperature by 1.8°C in mice, but the β3-adrenoceptor antagonist SR59230A shows promise in moderating this effect. In a study with 20 mg/kg of MDMA, a low dose of SR59230A (0.5 mg/kg) reduced hyperthermia slightly, while a high dose (5 mg/kg) led to notable hypothermia. This hypothermic response mirrored that of the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, indicating that SR59230A primarily influences MDMA's temperature effects through α1-adrenoceptor antagonism, alongside potential β3-adrenoceptor involvement.
Abstract
Background and purpose: We have investigated the ability of the β 3 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist 1‐(2‐ethylphenoxy)‐3‐[[(1S)‐1,2,3,4,‐tetrahydro‐1‐naph...
Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychedelic research.
International review of neurobiology – January 01, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, psychedelic-assisted therapy is showing profound promise for individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) who haven't responded to traditional trauma-focused therapy. Research highlights MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as particularly effective, demonstrating substantial, sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms. This approach, also exploring psilocybin and ketamine, appears to enhance traumatic memory processing through specific neurobiological mechanisms. Positive results suggest MDMA-assisted therapy offers a powerful new avenue for healing.
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychiatric condition that develops after exposure to trauma such as combat, natural disasters, o...
Co-use of MDMA with psilocybin/LSD may buffer against challenging experiences and enhance positive experiences
Scientific Reports – August 22, 2023
Summary
Combining MDMA with the hallucinogens Psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may significantly reduce challenging experiences like grief. In a sample of 698 individuals, 27 co-used these psychedelics, reporting less intense fear and grief, alongside increased self-compassion, love, and gratitude, compared to using Psilocybin/LSD alone. This finding, relevant to clinical psychology and psychiatry, suggests MDMA, a product of chemical synthesis, could enhance therapeutic applications of these compounds. Such insights from drug studies could inform complementary medicine approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) experiences can range from very positive to highly challenging (e.g., fear, grief, and par...
A Multimodal Preclinical Assessment of MDMA in Female and Male Rats: Prohedonic, Cognition Disruptive, and Prosocial Effects.
Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) – June 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA shows promise in treating anhedonia - the reduced ability to feel pleasure - with interesting differences between male and female rats. The drug increased reward sensitivity and enhanced social behavior in males, while also temporarily affecting memory and attention when tested using touchscreen cognition tasks. These effects were short-lived, lasting less than 24 hours.
Abstract
Frontline antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) leave many patients with unmet treatment needs. Moreover, even wh...
Cognitive functioning associated with acute and subacute effects of classic psychedelics and MDMA - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Scientific reports – June 26, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics and MDMA affect brain function differently: while psychedelics temporarily impact attention and decision-making, MDMA mainly affects memory. During the "afterglow" period following psychedelic use, people often experience enhanced creativity and mental clarity. These findings help explain how these substances work therapeutically and highlight their distinct cognitive effects.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics and MDMA have a colorful history of recreational use, and both have recently been re-evaluated as tools for the treatment of p...
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting
OpenAlex – June 23, 2015
Summary
MDMA profoundly alters social psychology, offering unique insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. A 1.5 mg/kg dose significantly increased feelings of authenticity and comfort in disclosing emotional memories, despite some self-reported anxiety. This prosocial effect, observed in a controlled setting, decreased concerns about negative social evaluation. Such changes in emotional processing and disclosure are relevant to developmental psychology and understanding socioemotional selectivity theory, as well as potential applications for mental health via writing. This distinct psychological profile sets MDMA apart from substances like cannabis.
Abstract
Abstract The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”, “molly”) is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychother...
MDMA and psilocybin regulate oligodendrocyte-lineage cell numbers and anxiety-like behaviors in a rat model of fear.
Biological psychiatry – February 03, 2026
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA significantly reduce fear-related behaviors, acting through brain changes. In a study with 210 rats, these compounds promoted oligodendrocyte plasticity and myelination, crucial for brain function. Psilocybin specifically induced oligodendrogenesis, while MDMA enhanced mature myelin markers. Disrupting myelin abolished the anxiety reduction, highlighting how these psychedelics remodel brain circuitry. This suggests enhancing myelination could boost their therapeutic power for conditions like PTSD.
Abstract
Psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produce rapid, enduring therapeutic effects in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); howev...
The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents*
Addiction – July 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was first synthesized at Merck in 1912 but was never intended as an appetite suppressant. An analysis of historical documents from Merck’s archives revealed that between 1900 and 1960, there were no plans for such a drug. MDMA was merely a precursor in synthesizing haemostatic substances, with its pharmacological effects studied in 1927 and 1959 but not on humans. This investigation highlights how misinformation can arise from uncritical repetition of claims in medical literature.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Little is known about the origin of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The most commonly repeated statement in the ...
Superoxide radicals mediate the biochemical effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Evidence from using CuZn‐superoxide dismutase transgenic mice
Synapse – October 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA significantly decreases dopamine levels in non-transgenic mice, with a 50 mg/kg dose leading to reductions in striatal dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by 24 hours and two weeks post-injection. In contrast, homozygous superoxide dismutase (SOD) transgenic mice showed no depletion at either time point. A three-dose schedule also reduced dopamine in non-transgenic females but not in SOD mice. These findings highlight the role of superoxide radicals in MDMA's neurotoxic effects, emphasizing the importance of genetic factors in drug response.
Abstract
Abstract The subacute and long‐term biochemical effects of methylenedioxymeth‐amphetamine (MDMA) were assessed in homozygous and heterozygous trans...
(+/–)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Dose-Dependently Impairs Spatial Learning in the Morris Water Maze after Exposure of Rats to Different Five-Day Intervals from Birth to Postnatal Day Twenty
Developmental Neuroscience – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA exposure during specific postnatal periods significantly impairs learning abilities in young animals. In a study with pups receiving doses of 10 to 25 mg/kg, those treated from postnatal days 11-20 exhibited reduced locomotor activity and impaired allocentric learning in the Morris water maze, affecting both acquisition and reversal tasks. Notably, the highest dose groups showed pronounced deficits. In contrast, no adverse effects were observed on anxiety or egocentric learning, highlighting distinct sensitivities to MDMA based on timing and type of learning.
Abstract
During postnatal days (PD) 11–20, (+/–)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment impairs egocentric and allocentric learning, and reduces ...
Treatment of neuropathic pain with repeated low-dose MDMA: a case report.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking case shows how MDMA microdosing provided lasting relief for severe chronic pain. After traditional treatments failed, doctors explored psychedelic-assisted therapy, first with LSD then with MDMA. Small, repeated doses of MDMA significantly reduced the patient's neuropathic pain, with benefits persisting even after treatment ended. This suggests promising limited medical use for MDMA in pain management.
Abstract
A 64-year-old male patient who suffered from traumatic life experiences and neuropathic pain after oncological chemotherapy was treated with medium...
Role of the endocannabinoid system in MDMA intracerebral self‐administration in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA self-administration in rats revealed compelling results, with lever pressings for MDMA increasing significantly, except at the highest dose. In a sample of 32 rats, combining CP 55,940 with MDMA reduced lever pressings by 30% compared to administering each drug alone. Notably, pre-treatment with SR 141716A boosted MDMA self-administration by 40%. These findings indicate that the endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating MDMA behavior, highlighting its potential implications for understanding drug interactions in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
I.c.v. self‐administration of MDMA (0.01–2 μg per infusion), alone and in combination with CP 55,940 (0.4 μg infusion −1 ), was studied on an opera...
Exploring the impact of MDMA and oxytocin ligands on anxiety and social responses: A comprehensive behavioural and molecular study in the zebrafish model.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for boosting social connection, shows promise in treating anxiety disorders through its interaction with the brain's oxytocin system. In zebrafish tests, low doses of MDMA reduced anxiety behavior and increased social interaction. The drug worked by adjusting key brain chemicals and hormones, particularly boosting oxytocin receptor activity while decreasing stress responses. These findings reveal how MDMA's unique effects could help people with social and anxiety challenges.
Abstract
Mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, impact nearly 1 billion people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the potential of cert...
Neuropsychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) in recreational users.
The Clinical neuropsychologist – November 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, recreational MDMA use may not broadly impair cognitive function. A comparison of users and non-users found no significant differences in overall thinking skills. However, the investigation revealed that individuals with more extensive MDMA exposure showed declines in nonverbal memory. Specifically, those using ecstasy 50 or more times exhibited lower scores on visual memory tests. This suggests that while many cognitive areas remain unaffected, heavy use may selectively impact visual recall.
Abstract
While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, p...
Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 26, 2011
Summary
Mephedrone dramatically boosts dopamine levels, increasing them by 496% in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats, surpassing MDMA's 235% and amphetamine's 412%. While mephedrone also elevates serotonin levels to 941%, MDMA closely follows at 911%. The elimination half-life for dopamine spikes is notably shorter for mephedrone (25 minutes) compared to MDMA (303 minutes) and amphetamine (51 minutes). Despite lower locomotor activity increases, mephedrone exhibits potent reinforcing properties akin to MDMA and amphetamine, highlighting its significant neurochemical impact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The designer drug 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (4-methylmethcathinone, mephedrone) is reported to possess p...
Mood and cognitive effects of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’): week‐end ‘high’ followed by mid‐week low
Addiction – July 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA users experienced a notable mood decline, with 58% scoring in the clinical depression range by day five after use. In a study of 24 participants, those who took MDMA reported elevated mood on the first day but significant low mood later, contrasting with alcohol users who exhibited less severe fluctuations. Additionally, MDMA users demonstrated impairments in attention and working memory compared to their alcohol-consuming counterparts. These findings highlight potential risks associated with recreational MDMA use, particularly regarding serotonin depletion and psychological effects.
Abstract
Abstract Aims. Recreational use of ± 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) is widespread. The present study aimed to examine both the...
Determination of MDMA and its Metabolites in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Analysis of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively quantified MDMA and its metabolites in plasma and urine after administering 100 mg of MDMA to healthy volunteers. Analytes were measured within ranges of 25-400 ng/mL for MDMA and HMMA, and 2.5-40 ng/mL for MDA and HMA. Additionally, a capillary electrophoresis method achieved enantiomeric resolution, with calibration curves showing linearity between 125-2000 ng/mL for MDMA. Stereoselective disposition was confirmed, revealing intriguing patterns in metabolite behavior, particularly HMMA’s consistent enantiomer ratio.
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used for the simultaneous quantitation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and th...
Enantioselective degradation of amphetamine-like environmental micropollutants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA) in urban water
Environmental Pollution – May 13, 2016
Summary
Stereoselective degradation of amphetamine-based drugs during wastewater treatment reveals significant findings: in controlled experiments, 100% of MDMA and methamphetamine showed limited stereoselectivity, while S-(+)-enantiomers were preferentially biodegraded. Amphetamine was the most susceptible to degradation, followed by MDMA and methamphetamine. Notably, R-(-)-enantiomers proved more resistant. Activated sludge enriched racemic MDMA with R-(-)-enantiomer, leading to S-(+)-MDA formation. Environmental differences in microbial communities resulted in only mild stereoselectivity for MDMA degradation in rivers, highlighting the complexities of pharmaceutical impacts on ecosystems.
Abstract
This paper aims to understand enantioselective transformation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine) and MDA (3...
Concentrations and Ratios of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA Enantiomers Determined in Plasma Samples from Clinical Toxicology and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Cases by GC-NICI-MS*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 2003
Summary
Different enantiomers of drugs like MDMA and methamphetamine have distinct effects, impacting forensic toxicology interpretations. In a study analyzing plasma samples, 200 cases were examined, revealing that most enantiomer concentrations were significantly lower in screening samples compared to intoxication and driving under the influence (DUID) cases. Notably, DUID samples had higher levels of amphetamine. The elimination half-lives for MDMA were found to be 6.0 hours for R-(-)-MDMA and 4.1 hours for S-(+)-MDMA, indicating how quickly these substances leave the body.
Abstract
Enantiomers of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methy...
Early loss of dopaminergic terminals in striosomes after MDMA administration to mice
Synapse – October 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the brain's striatum, particularly affecting dopamine levels. In a study involving mice, those treated with MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunostaining in the striatum compared to controls. Notably, this neurotoxic effect was more severe in the striosomes—specific areas within the striatum—suggesting they are more vulnerable to MDMA’s damaging effects. These findings highlight the differential susceptibility of brain compartments to drugs like MDMA, shedding light on its long-term consequences.
Abstract
Abstract The amphetamine analogue 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) is a popular drug of abuse which causes different neurotoxi...
Recreational 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ and self-focused compassion: Preliminary steps in the development of a therapeutic psychopharmacology of contemplative practices
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 18, 2015
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances self-compassion and reduces self-criticism in users. In a study of 50 recreational users, those who took MDMA showed a 30% increase in self-compassion and a 25% decrease in self-criticism compared to non-users. Additionally, compassionate imagery techniques produced similar pro-social effects. Notably, individuals with higher avoidant attachment experienced even greater benefits from combining MDMA use with compassionate imagery. These findings align with MDMA's potential role in psychotherapy, particularly for fostering positive intrapersonal attitudes.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxy- N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) produces diverse pro-social effects. Cognitive training methods rooted in Eastern contemplative prac...
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration to rats decreases brain tissue serotonin but not serotonin transporter protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 50% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, and caudate of male rats. Interestingly, despite this drop in serotonin, there was no notable change in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a neurotoxicity marker. In contrast, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) resulted in over 90% depletion of serotonin and a 20-35% decrease in SERT levels, alongside a 30-39% increase in GFAP, indicating potential neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Previous experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that administration of high‐dose D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) and p‐chloroamphetamine (...
Adverse events associated with classic psychedelics and MDMA: a real-world population-based study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase)
Psychiatry Research – December 29, 2025
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and MDMA (Ecstasy) carry significant risks for substance abuse and addiction, a global pharmacovigilance analysis reveals. This exploratory research on 2056 adverse effect reports (1573 MDMA, 394 LSD, 56 Psilocybin, 15 Mescaline) found psychiatric issues most common. LSD showed 215-fold increased odds for substance dependence, and MDMA 129-fold for substance use disorder, versus acetaminophen. Overdoses were rare (1.1-1.7%). This informs medicine and psychiatry on recreational drug safety, particularly for hallucinogens.
Abstract
Psychedelic use has greatly increased within clinical and recreational settings over recent years. While demonstrating a favorable safety profile w...