Review of philosophy and psychology
January 1, 2022
Maxwell J D Ramstead, Anil K Seth, Casper Hesp et al.
75 citations
A version of neurophenomenology is presented that uses generative modelling techniques from computational neuroscience and biology to formally model descriptions of lived experience from the phenomenological tradition (e.g., Husserl, Merleau-Ponty). The approach, called computational phenomenology, is situated within the broader project of naturalizing phenomenology. Philosophical objections to that project are evaluated, and the generative modelling framework is reviewed. The approach differs from previous uses of generative modelling for consciousness by constructing computational models of inferential or interpretive processes that best explain particular kinds of lived experience.
Science Advances
May 20, 2022
Tammi R. A. Kral, Kaley Davis, Cole Korponay et al.
67 citations
A large, rigorously controlled study failed to find evidence that an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) course changes brain structure. Combining data from two randomized controlled trials with 218 meditation-naïve participants, the study compared MBSR to an active control and a waitlist group. Using structural MRI scans before and after the intervention, researchers assessed gray matter volume, gray matter density, and cortical thickness. No neuroplastic changes were observed in the MBSR group compared to either control group, either across the whole brain or in regions previously reported to change. This contradicts widely referenced earlier claims that MBSR alters brain structure.
Scientific Reports
August 25, 2017
Gaël Chételat, Florence Mezenge, Clémence Tomadesso et al.
67 citations
Aging typically shrinks brain volume and lowers glucose metabolism, with stress and poor sleep accelerating these changes. In a pilot study comparing 6 elderly expert meditators with 67 elderly controls, the meditators showed greater gray matter volume and/or FDG metabolism in several brain regions: the ventromedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporo-parietal junction, and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. These same regions were most affected by age in a larger control group of 186 people aged 20 to 87. The differences persisted after adjusting for lifestyle factors and education. The findings suggest that lifelong meditation might reduce age-related brain decline, but larger and longitudinal studies are needed.
Neuropsychologia
July 21, 2018
Enrico Fucci, Oussama Abdoun, Anne Caclin et al.
58 citations
Non-dual meditation, which aims to reduce maladaptive patterns by recognizing their transient nature, can downregulate automatic perceptual habits. EEG recordings from expert Buddhist practitioners and novices during Open Presence (OP) and Focused Attention (FA) meditation, plus a control state, showed increased gamma oscillatory power during both meditation states in experts. An interaction between states and groups emerged in the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) amplitude, with the MMN increasing during FA compared to OP in experts, while the opposite pattern occurred at the Late Frontal Negativity (LFN) latency. This suggests OP involves increased sensory monitoring and reduced perceptual inferences relative to FA.
European Journal of Pain
April 20, 2020
Jelle Zorn, Oussama Abdoun, Romain Bouet et al.
55 citations
Mindfulness meditation reduces the unpleasantness of pain without lowering its perceived intensity, and this effect is stronger in expert meditators than in novices. In a cross-sectional study, participants practiced Open Monitoring meditation or attentional distraction while receiving thermal pain stimuli of varying duration. Meditation lowered unpleasantness ratings compared to distraction in both groups. Expert meditators reported less pain catastrophizing, showed a greater separation between sensory and affective pain processing during long stimuli, and this uncoupling carried over into the control condition. Higher pain catastrophizing scores predicted weaker sensory-affective uncoupling during long stimuli and higher pain intensity ratings during short stimuli. The findings indicate that mindfulness specifically targets the emotional dimension of pain and that pain catastrophizing interferes with this process.
Scientific Reports
August 19, 2019
Cole Korponay, Daniela Dentico, Tammi R. A. Kral et al.
49 citations
An eight-week mindfulness intervention did not reduce impulsivity on the go/no-go task or Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), nor produce changes in neural correlates such as frontostriatal gray matter, functional connectivity, or dopamine levels compared to active or wait-list control groups. Long-term meditators (LTMs) did not differ from meditation-naïve participants (MNPs) on the go/no-go task, but LTMs self-reported lower attentional impulsivity and higher motor and non-planning impulsivity on the BIS-11. LTMs had less striatal gray matter, greater cortico-striatal-thalamic functional connectivity, and lower spontaneous eye-blink rate than MNPs. Total lifetime practice hours did not significantly relate to impulsivity or neurobiological metrics, suggesting pre-existing differences may account for group differences.
JAMA Neurology
October 10, 2022
Gaël Chételat, Antoine Lutz, Olga Klimecki et al.
45 citations
An 18-month randomized trial of meditation training versus non-native language training or no intervention in cognitively unimpaired adults aged 65 and older found no significant changes in brain volume or perfusion of the anterior cingulate cortex or insula from meditation. Meditation did produce superior improvements in a composite score of attention regulation, socioemotional capacities, and self-knowledge compared with language training. The findings confirm the feasibility of both meditation and language training in older adults, with high adherence and low dropout, but the positive behavioral effects of meditation were not accompanied by measurable changes in the targeted brain structures.
Consciousness and cognition
February 1, 2019
Oussama Abdoun, Jelle Zorn, Stefano Poletti et al.
44 citations
A meditation training protocol helped novices accurately describe their mental states during two types of meditation: focused attention and open monitoring. After several weeks of daily practice, participants' self-reported ratings of their experience (i) differed between the two meditation states, (ii) reflected how much they had practiced and how tired they felt, and (iii) matched changes in their reaction times during a task. These patterns were better explained by features of daily practice than by a tendency to give socially desirable answers. The results suggest that novice practitioners can reliably report their inner experience, supporting further study of this training approach.
PLoS ONE
February 22, 2016
Daniela Dentico, Fabio Ferrarelli, Brady A. Riedner et al.
43 citations
After two intensive days of mindfulness or compassion meditation, long-term meditators showed increased low-frequency brain activity (1-12 Hz, peaking around 7-8 Hz) over prefrontal and left parietal areas during non-rapid eye movement sleep. This increase was strongest early in the night and extended to higher frequencies (25-40 Hz) during the third sleep cycle. The changes depended on meditation experience and did not differ between the two meditation styles. No such changes occurred in meditation-naive individuals. The findings suggest that intensive meditation practice acutely alters brain activity in regions linked to top-down regulation, complementing chronic changes seen in posterior areas.
Scientific Reports
October 17, 2017
Constanza Baquedano, Rodrigo C. Vergara, Vladimir Lopez et al.
34 citations
Imagining food can make it feel real, but mindful attention reduces this effect. In one condition, participants were instructed to immerse themselves in food images; in another, they applied mindful attention. Saliva volume and automatic approach bias toward attractive food were measured. Mindful attention reduced saliva volume and automatic approach bias compared to immersion. During immersion, higher saliva volume, subjective realism, and food craving traits were linked to stronger approach bias, while meditation experience was linked to weaker bias. The findings suggest that mindful attention can de-automatize automatic food biases.
Psychosomatic Medicine
March 31, 2021
Jelle Zorn, Oussama Abdoun, Sandrine Sonié et al.
32 citations
Cognitive defusion—a form of psychological distancing from internal experiences—plays a central role in how mindfulness meditation regulates pain, especially the unpleasantness aspect. Expert meditators with over 10,000 hours of practice reported much lower pain catastrophizing (6.9 vs. 17.2) and higher cognitive defusion (39.4 vs. 28.9) than novices after two days of training. Across all participants, pain catastrophizing and cognitive defusion were strongly and specifically linked, and only cognitive defusion uniquely predicted pain unpleasantness after accounting for other factors. This suggests that cultivating cognitive defusion, rather than other mindfulness-related processes, may be key to reducing the distressing experience of pain.
Psychophysiology
February 12, 2016
Ayla Kruis, Heleen A. Slagter, David R. W. Bachhuber et al.
29 citations
Long-term meditators blink less frequently and show a different eyeblink pattern than meditation-naive participants, with high consistency over three time points. This pattern may reflect differences in striatal dopamine activity, as spontaneous eyeblink rate is a peripheral correlate of such activity. An 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction course did not alter eyeblink rates compared to active or waitlist controls, and a full day of two different meditation types also had no effect. These results suggest either that individual differences in dopaminergic neurotransmission predispose people to meditation, or that long-term, but not short-term, practice induces stable changes in baseline striatal dopaminergic functioning.
European Journal of Pain
April 2, 2021
Stefano Poletti, Oussama Abdoun, Jelle Zorn et al.
25 citations
How people respond to pain depends on psychological mechanisms, beliefs, and expectations. Comparing 32 novices who received short meditation training with 30 experts (over 10,000 lifetime hours of meditation), five phenomenological clusters emerged from interviews describing pain response strategies: experiential avoidance-suppression, volitional agency-distanciation, positive cognitive reappraisal and flexibility, metacognitive insights about mental processes, and deconstructing suffering through insights while recognizing shared human suffering. Expert meditators predominantly populated the last two clusters. Each cluster correlated with a unique profile of self-reported pain intensity, unpleasantness, avoidance, openness, vividness, and blissfulness during an experimental thermal pain task. The findings suggest meditation expertise shapes the meaning and experience of pain through metacognitive mechanisms.
American Journal of Psychiatry
July 28, 2022
Joseph Wielgosz, Tammi R. A. Kral, D. Perlman et al.
21 citations
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) reduced neural pain responses in healthy adults compared to an active control program. In a randomized trial with 115 participants, MBSR produced a moderate decrease in the neurologic pain signature (NPS) relative to a health enhancement program (Cohen's d=-0.43) and from before to after the intervention (d=-0.47). Subjective pain unpleasantness also decreased modestly in both MBSR and the active control compared to a waiting list. Long-term meditators reported lower pain than nonmeditators but showed no difference in neural pain signatures. Among long-term meditators, cumulative practice during intensive retreats, but not daily practice, was linked to reduced stimulus-independent pain processing (r=-0.65).
PsyArXiv
February 23, 2021
Maxwell James Ramstead, Anil Seth, Casper Hesp et al.
21 citations
preprint
A new approach called computational phenomenology uses generative modeling techniques from computational neuroscience to study conscious experience. The paper reviews efforts to naturalize phenomenology, addresses philosophical objections, and explains how generative models can simulate the inferential processes underlying specific types of lived experience. This differs from prior uses of generative modeling for consciousness by focusing on modeling the interpretive process that best accounts for particular phenomenal experiences.
Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging
April 1, 2025
Antoine Lutz, Oussama Abdoun, Yair Dor-Ziderman et al.
18 citations
The neurophenomenology research program, pioneered by Varela, rigorously examines subjective experience using first-person methodologies inspired by phenomenology and contemplative practices. This review explores recent advancements, particularly their application to meditation practices and potential clinical translations. It examines innovative multidimensional phenomenological assessment tools designed to capture subtle, dynamic shifts in experiential content and structures of consciousness during meditation, shedding light on mechanisms and trajectories of meditation practice.
Frontiers in Psychology
January 28, 2021
Dylan Thomas Lott, Tenzin Yeshi, N. Norchung et al.
18 citations
Recent EEG studies on the early postmortem interval suggest the persistence of electrophysiological coherence and connectivity in the brain of animals and humans, reinforcing the need for further investigation of brain activity during the dying process. Under the direction of the Center for Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, research was conducted in India on a postmortem meditative state (tukdam) cultivated by some Tibetan Buddhist practitioners, in which decomposition is putatively delayed. For healthy baseline and postmortem subjects, resting state EEG, mismatch negativity, and auditory brainstem response data were collected. Living subjects displayed well-defined MMN and ABR responses, but no recognizable EEG waveforms were discernable in any of the tukdam cases.
European Journal of Neuroscience
August 24, 2018
Daniela Dentico, David R. W. Bachhuber, Brady A. Riedner et al.
18 citations
Long-term meditators showed increased low- and fast-frequency brain oscillations during wakefulness after two 8-hour sessions of mindfulness or compassion-and-loving-kindness meditation, peaking at 8 and 15 Hz over prefrontal and left centro-parietal electrodes. These waking changes correlated with previously observed meditation-related increases in low-frequency NREM sleep EEG activity (4-12 Hz), particularly in the theta-alpha range. The findings suggest that sleep homeostatic response alone cannot explain the post-meditation sleep changes; instead, a reverberation of meditation-related processes during subsequent sleep may be involved. No differences emerged between meditation styles or in meditation-naïve participants.
Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
January 1, 2018
Antoine Lutz, Olga Klimecki, Fabienne Collette et al.
18 citations
Long-term meditation expertise may protect against age-related decline. The Age-Well study compares 30 cognitively healthy older adults (65+) with at least 10,000 hours of mindfulness and compassion meditation to nonmeditator controls, using brain imaging, sleep, and biological measures sensitive to aging and Alzheimer's disease. Results are expected to clarify how meditation expertise affects aging and the mechanisms behind meditation-based interventions, informing future prevention trials for older populations.
Trends in cognitive sciences
March 12, 2025
Thomas Andrillon, Antoine Lutz, Jennifer Windt et al.
14 citations
Moments during wakefulness that seem empty of any reportable thought, called mind blanking (MB), are not simply gaps in experience but distinct mental states with their own characteristics. This review maps MB by examining how people report it, its brain activity, and its links to related phenomena such as meditation and sleep. The authors propose that ongoing experience varies in richness, and contentless events represent a diverse category of mental states. They argue that recognizing MB as a reportable mental category is essential for a full understanding of how the mind works during wakefulness.
PloS one
January 1, 2023
Marco Schlosser, Harriet Demnitz-King, Thorsten Barnhofer et al.
13 citations
Older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) recruited from memory clinics are at higher risk for dementia and often have reduced well-being due to memory concerns and fear of dementia. A randomized trial compared an 8-week caring mindfulness-based approach for seniors (CMBAS) with a health self-management program (HSMP) in 147 participants. The mindfulness program showed a small advantage over HSMP in improving a sense of connection immediately after the intervention. However, overall psychological well-being, quality of life, and other composite measures did not increase in either group. The findings suggest that these brief non-pharmacological interventions had only limited effects on well-being in SCD.
PsyArXiv
June 10, 2020
Lars Sandved-Smith, Casper Hesp, Antoine Lutz et al.
11 citations
preprint
This theoretical paper proposes a computational model of mental action—the deliberate control of one's own thoughts and attention—by combining insights from phenomenology and active inference. The authors develop a deep-parametric active inference framework to simulate meta-awareness and attentional control, showing how agents can learn to monitor and regulate their own cognitive processes. The model suggests that meta-awareness emerges from hierarchical inference about attentional states, enabling flexible control of attention. This work bridges phenomenological philosophy and computational neuroscience, offering a formal account of how conscious agents can intentionally shape their own mental activity.
Neuroscience of consciousness
January 1, 2025
Lars Sandved-Smith, Juan Diego Bogotá, Jakob Hohwy et al.
10 citations
A computational formalism called deep parametric active inference, rooted in Bayesian mechanics, can bridge first-person phenomenological accounts of experience and third-person physiological measurements, fulfilling the neurophenomenology programme's goal of mutual constraints. The dual information geometry of Bayesian mechanics allows generative passage between lived experience and its neural instantiation under certain conditions. This paper argues that incorporating trained reflective awareness into empirical protocols yields incremental explanatory gains, shifting focus from the contents of experience to the how of experience—the activities of consciousness that constitute meaningful appearance. The resulting deep computational neurophenomenology gains explanatory power from disciplined circulation between perspectives, enabled by generative models that form beliefs about their own modelling parameters.
Neuroscience of consciousness
January 1, 2025
Yair Dor-Ziderman, Yoav Schweitzer, Ohad Nave et al.
10 citations
Meditators' brains show acceptance rather than denial when processing death-related stimuli linked to the self, as measured by a magnetoencephalogram visual mismatch-response (vMMR) paradigm. This neural shift corresponds with increased self-reported well-being and is associated with positively valenced experiences of self-dissolution during meditation. The findings suggest that the brain's defensive response to mortality is not fixed but can be reduced through insight meditation grounded in mindful awareness, which trains acceptance of impermanence. The results also indicate that addressing mortality concerns is important when interventions may disrupt self-consciousness.
August 2, 2022
Arnaud Poublan-Couzardot, Giuseppe Pagnoni, Antoine Lutz
10 citations
preprint
Pain perception is shaped by expectations and individual differences in how people think and feel about pain. Using predictive processing theory, which views the brain as a Bayesian inference machine, researchers analyzed pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings from 54 healthy meditation practitioners. They modeled how the brain integrates sensory information, expectations, and a stable personal prior about pain. The model extended previous work by separately accounting for sensory and affective pain components. Pain catastrophizing and cognitive defusion correlated oppositely with model parameters representing their computational counterparts. Lifetime meditation practice was strongly and inversely linked to the weight of short-term expectations and to a trait-like prior affecting the emotional dimension of pain.