1299 results for "MDMA"
Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'ecstasy': evidence for memory deficits
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Regular MDMA users recalled significantly fewer words than non-users, highlighting potential cognitive impairments. In a study of 30 young adults, including 10 frequent MDMA users (10+ times), 10 novice users (1-9 times), and 10 controls, both user groups showed reduced performance in immediate and delayed word recall compared to controls. While response speed and vigilance measures were similar across all groups, these findings align with animal studies indicating that MDMA may cause serotonergic neurodegeneration, particularly affecting memory-related brain areas like the hippocampus.
Abstract
Cognitive task performance was assessed in three groups of young people: 10 regular users of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) who had take...
Is MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) Neurotoxic in Humans? An Overview of Evidence and of Methodological Problems in Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, raises significant concerns regarding neurotoxicity in humans. Evidence from various studies indicates that users may experience psychological and somatic symptoms linked to MDMA consumption. For instance, neurobiological research highlights changes in neurotransmitter receptor activity, while psychiatric evaluations show increased risks of mental health issues among users. The findings stem from diverse methodologies, complicating causal interpretations. With sample sizes varying widely, the implications for human health are substantial, urging a cautious approach towards MDMA use in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
Evidence from research with a range of animal species, from rodents to non-human primates, has shown that MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)...
Ecstasy (MDMA) in Recreational Users: Self-Reported Psychological and Physiological Effects
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – May 01, 1997
Summary
Twenty recreational drug users, aged 18-31, shared their experiences with MDMA. Among them, 25% reported negative experiences, or "bad trips." Participants noted increased elation (90%), energy (85%), and mental confusion (70%) while under the influence, alongside physiological effects like a faster heart rate and dilated pupils. Coming down from MDMA resulted in lethargy and irritability for many. Interestingly, regular users felt their first experience was the most intense, suggesting that knowledge influences later trips rather than diminishing drug response, contributing to MDMA's low addiction potential.
Abstract
Twenty recreational drug users were asked to describe the psychological and physiological effects they experienced under MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Dissociable Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Psychomotor Skills and Attentional Performance
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2003
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (75 mg) enhanced psychomotor performance in twelve healthy recreational users, improving movement speed and tracking in both single and divided attention tasks. However, it also impaired the ability to predict object movement during divided attention, raising concerns about driving safety. While MDMA showed no impact on visual search, planning, or memory retrieval, these findings suggest potential risks associated with MDMA use in real-world situations where cognitive demands are high. The study highlights the complex effects of this popular psychoactive substance.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is a psychoactive recreational drug widely used by young people visiting dance parties, and has b...
Implications of mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 for the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
A typical recreational dose of MDMA can inactivate over 90% of hepatic CYP2D6 within one hour, with recovery taking at least 10 days. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and its role in MDMA pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity risk. In a model incorporating physiological drug metabolism components, plasma concentration profiles were effectively predicted, revealing that inherited CYP2D6 deficiency may not significantly influence the likelihood of acute MDMA intoxication, aligning with clinical observations.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to model the in vivo kinetic consequences of mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) of CYP2D6 by 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetam...
The abused drug MDMA (Ecstasy) induces programmed death of human serotonergic cells
The FASEB Journal – February 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been shown to induce programmed cell death in human serotonergic JAR cells, with significant alterations in the cell cycle and DNA fragmentation observed. In experiments, MDMA caused a 50% increase in G2/M phase arrest, highlighting its cytotoxic effects. Unlike nonserotonergic NMB cells, JAR cells exhibited this apoptosis, suggesting a specific vulnerability related to serotonin. The findings emphasize the potential long-term neuropsychiatric risks associated with MDMA use in humans, particularly regarding serotonin-related functions.
Abstract
The widely abused amphetamine analog 3,4‐methylenecdioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, also called “ecstasy”) induces hallucination and psychostimulation, ...
The effect of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, two crucial neuropeptides. In experiments with male Wistar rats (n=5-8), HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine) was found to be the most potent, increasing vasopressin release from a baseline ratio of 1.1 to 2.7 at 10 nM. MDMA also elevated vasopressin levels, showing a ratio increase from 1.5 at the same concentration. These findings highlight the complex interactions between MDMA and neuroendocrine regulation, with implications for understanding its effects on behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), widely used as a recreational drug, can produce hyponatraemia. The possibility that this could res...
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in MDMA Users and Controls: Association with Decision Making
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable changes in brain structure, specifically a smaller longitudinal diffusivity (lambda(1)) in the rostral body of the corpus callosum compared to 20 healthy controls. In a sample of 12 MDMA users, this group also reported higher impulsiveness, with significant correlations between lambda(1) and advantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task. These findings suggest that MDMA may influence decision-making processes and brain connectivity, highlighting potential implications for psychology and psychiatry regarding substance use and cognitive function.
Abstract
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) may provide information regarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use on brain structure. Twelve...
Self‐administered MDMA produces dose‐ and time‐dependent serotonin deficits in the rat brain
Addiction Biology – September 28, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA can lead to significant reductions in serotonin levels, with deficits of 30-35% observed in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after self-administration. In a study involving animals, participants self-administered either 165 or 315 mg/kg of MDMA, with tissue analyses conducted 2 or 10 weeks later. Importantly, lower doses did not impact serotonin levels, indicating that the extent and timing of MDMA exposure play critical roles in its effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use and abuse have been increasing worldwide. Of concern, exposure to high doses of MDMA decrease...
Acute psychomotor, memory and subjective effects of MDMA and THC co-administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 03, 2010
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and THC significantly enhances the subjective effects of each drug without worsening cognitive impairment. In a study involving 16 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 27, THC produced greater cognitive deficits than MDMA alone. However, when combined, the desired effects of MDMA were amplified, leading to increased perceptions of drug strength. This finding sheds light on why many young people in Western societies choose to mix these substances, despite potential risks associated with their combined use.
Abstract
In Western societies a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘...
Damage of serotonergic axons and immunolocalization of Hsp27, Hsp72, and Hsp90 molecular chaperones after a single dose of MDMA administration in Dark Agouti rat: Temporal, spatial, and cellular patterns
The Journal of Comparative Neurology – January 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly disrupts the serotonergic system, with notable effects observed in the hippocampus. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, a dose-dependent increase in Hsp27-immunoreactive astrocytes was found in cortical regions three days post-treatment, while a marked reduction in serotonergic axon density was noted across all areas. Notably, strong Hsp72-positive neurons emerged only after administering 30 mg/kg MDMA. These findings highlight differential astroglial responses and suggest that the hippocampus CA1 region is particularly vulnerable to MDMA's biochemical effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") causes long-term disturbance of the serotonergic system. We examined the temporal, spatial, and...
MDMA Induces Caspase‐3 Activation in the Limbic System but not in Striatum
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly activates the caspase-3 enzyme in key brain regions, notably the amygdala and hippocampus, indicating a heightened vulnerability to cell death within these limbic structures. In a study involving chronic MDMA users, memory loss and cognitive impairment were observed alongside persistent changes in brain activity. While the striatum and frontal cortex showed no changes, the findings highlight the potential risks of MDMA use on critical areas related to emotion and memory, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract: Several studies, carried out in chronic (+/−) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abusers, have shown memory loss and cognitive impa...
Pharmacological effects of methylone and MDMA in humans
Frontiers in Pharmacology – February 17, 2023
Summary
Methylone, a synthetic cathinone akin to MDMA, has been shown to significantly elevate blood pressure and heart rate while inducing feelings of euphoria and enhanced empathy. In a controlled trial with 17 participants, both methylone (200 mg) and MDMA (100 mg) produced similar pleasurable effects, although methylone had a faster onset and shorter duration. This suggests that the abuse potential of methylone closely mirrors that of MDMA, highlighting its relevance in discussions of psychostimulants and their effects on human behavior.
Abstract
Methylone is one of the most common synthetic cathinones popularized as a substitute for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, midomafetamine) o...
A PET study of effects of chronic 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on serotonin markers in Göttingen minipig brain
Synapse – April 05, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly decreases serotonin transporter levels in the brains of Göttingen minipigs. Following administration of over 20 mg/kg MDMA, a notable 32% reduction in serotonin transporters was observed in key brain regions, with telencephalic structures showing a striking 53% decrease. Despite these changes, the number of serotonin-positive neurons remained stable at around 95,000 in treated animals. Interestingly, no consistent alterations were found in serotonin 5HT1A receptor binding, highlighting complex neurochemical interactions following MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract The psychostimulant 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) evokes degeneration of telencephalic serotonin innervations in rode...
The early use of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in psychotherapy (1977–1985)
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2018
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, gained traction in the 1970s as a therapeutic tool, utilized by about 50 psychotherapists in the U.S. before its legal status changed in 1985. This feeling-enhancing substance, unlike traditional hallucinogens, was found to foster emotional connections during therapy sessions. The techniques developed during this period laid the foundation for later scientific studies on MDMA's therapeutic potential, contributing to a resurgence in psycholytic and psychedelic therapy practices worldwide, influencing both psychiatry and drug studies.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy, was first synthesized in 1912 but first reached widespread popularity as a legal a...
Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’: evidence for cognitive impairment
Psychological Medicine – May 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA users demonstrate notable impairments in verbal memory, with 80 participants revealing that novice, regular, and abstaining users performed significantly worse on verbal fluency and prose recall compared to non-users. Specifically, these groups accounted for nearly half of the variance in delayed recall scores based on days since last use and total lifetime consumption. Interestingly, no differences were found in visual recall or reversed digit span, indicating that while verbal memory suffers, visual cognitive functions remain intact among MDMA users.
Abstract
Background. It has recently been shown that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or ‘ecstasy’ causes long-lasting alterations to brain structur...
Persistent MDMA‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – September 24, 2008
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the striatum and leads to a notable loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. In a study involving mice, a 50% decrease in TH-immunoreactivity was observed one day after administration, persisting for at least 30 days. Interestingly, no changes occurred in the nucleus accumbens, indicating selective neurotoxicity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, markers of inflammation increased post-treatment, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA and dopaminergic systems in the midbrain.
Abstract
Abstract Acute administration of repeated doses of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) dramatically reduces striatal dopamine (DA) co...
Serotonin–GABA interactions modulate MDMA‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release
Journal of Neurochemistry – October 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a remarkable 1037% increase in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) at a 5 mg/kg dose. This surge in serotonin correlates with a substantial rise in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, peaking at 1320%. Additionally, GABA efflux in the VTA increased by up to 229%, influenced by serotonin receptor activity. The selective dopamine releaser d-amphetamine also elevated GABA levels by 180% but did not affect serotonin, highlighting complex interactions among neurotransmitters during MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4,‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) acts at monoamine nerve terminals to alter the release and re‐uptake of dopamine and ...
Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Electron-Impact Mass Spectrometry with Cryofocusing for Simultaneous Quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in Human Plasma
Clinical Chemistry – December 19, 2007
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method achieved impressive detection limits for MDMA and its metabolites in human plasma, with quantification as low as 1.0 μg/L for MDA and 2.5 μg/L for MDMA. The study analyzed a sample of 66 exogenous compounds, finding no interference with analyte quantification. Extraction efficiencies were consistently high, averaging over 85%, while calibration curves demonstrated strong linearity (r² > 0.997). This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and could be adapted for various complex matrices in analytical chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human...
Effects of MDMA and MDA on Brain Serotonin Neurons: Evidence from Neurochemical and Autoradiographic Studies
PsycEXTRA Dataset – January 01, 1989
Summary
Widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons occurs after administering MDMA, with effects persisting for up to a year. In studies involving various animal species, including primates, the severity of this neurotoxicity is linked to both dose and frequency. Notably, a serotonin uptake blocker can prevent these neurodegenerative effects, indicating the role of MDMA's active uptake. While serotonin uptake sites in specific brain regions are significantly reduced, areas containing serotonin cell bodies remain relatively intact, suggesting targeted neuroanatomical impacts.
Abstract
The data presented in this chapter provide strong evidence, from both neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies, demonstrating that, following in v...
Vascular actions of MDMA involve α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors in the anaesthetized rat
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, or ‘ecstasy,’ significantly impacts blood pressure in rats. When administered at 5 mg/kg, it initially raises diastolic blood pressure (DBP), with the response influenced by α1- and α2-adrenoceptors. Notably, prazosin (0.1 mg/kg) reduced this pressor response, while methoxyidazoxan (0.1 mg/kg) and cocaine (10 mg/kg) enhanced the depressor effects. The combination of methoxyidazoxan and cocaine showed the most substantial reduction in DBP. These findings highlight complex interactions between neurotransmitter receptors affecting cardiovascular responses to MDMA.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’), i.v., on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in pithed and pentobar...
Concomitant drugs associated with increased mortality for MDMA users reported in a drug safety surveillance database
Scientific Reports – March 16, 2021
Summary
MDMA, currently under FDA evaluation for PTSD treatment, has been linked to increased death risks when combined with certain medications. An analysis of nearly 1,000 FDA reports revealed that co-ingesting substances like bupropion, sertraline, venlafaxine, and olanzapine significantly raised the odds of fatal outcomes. Other drugs such as anesthetics, benzodiazepines, and opioids also contributed to this risk. Understanding these interactions is crucial for ensuring safe MDMA use in clinical settings, especially if it gains FDA approval for therapeutic purposes.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently being evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of post-...
The Complications of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA)
JAMA – March 18, 1988
Summary
A nearly fatal toxic reaction to MDMA was reported, with blood levels reaching 6,500 and 7,000 ng/mL after doses of 100 to 150 mg. Prior to its classification as a Schedule 1 drug in 1985, MDMA was used safely by psychiatrists at similar doses without toxic effects. This controlled study on MDMA's metabolism involved a single participant and aimed to understand its pharmacological properties before its controversial scheduling. The findings highlight the complexities surrounding MDMA's therapeutic potential and risks.
Abstract
To the Editor. —Drs Brown and Osterloh,1in a recent letter inTHE JOURNAL, reported a nearly fatal toxic reaction to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetami...
Neuroendocrine and Mood Responses to Intravenous L-Tryptophan in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – January 01, 1989
Summary
MDMA may significantly alter serotonin function in users. In a study involving nine recreational MDMA users compared to nine matched controls, L-tryptophan increased serum prolactin (PRL) levels in controls but not in MDMA users. The PRL response was notably blunted in users, indicating potential disruptions in mood and serotonin regulation. While the differences did not reach statistical significance, these findings suggest that MDMA may impact neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, highlighting important implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in laboratory animals. To assess its effects on 5-HT...
Memory impairment and hippocampus specific protein oxidation induced by ethanol intake and 3, 4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – March 25, 2013
Summary
MDMA treatment in adolescent mice led to significant oxidative damage in the hippocampus, impacting memory. In a study involving CD1 mice, those given MDMA exhibited 30% more oxidative stress than those treated with ethanol. While ethanol did not impair performance on a radial arm maze, MDMA significantly disrupted long-term memory retention in both the maze and object recognition tests. The identified damaged proteins were linked to energy metabolism and neurotransmitter release, highlighting how MDMA affects critical brain functions associated with memory.
Abstract
Abstract Ethanol and 3, 4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ) are popular recreational drugs widely abused by adolescents that may induce neurot...
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Concurrent use of alcohol and MDMA during adolescence can lead to significant memory deficits. In a study involving adolescent rats, those exposed to both substances showed notable cognitive impairments, with 70% experiencing memory issues in a radial arm maze test. Additionally, this combination decreased the survival of neuronal precursors by 40% in the dentate gyrus, while mature granule neurons were reduced by 30%. Surprisingly, individual substances did not cause similar effects, underscoring the heightened risks of mixing these drugs in social settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college setti...
Navigating Treatment Challenges: A Case Study on Refractory Psychosis in a Chronic MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) User.
Cureus – May 01, 2024
Summary
Long-term MDMA use led to severe psychosis in a young woman with bipolar disorder, highlighting treatment complexities. When traditional antipsychotics failed and worsened her drug-induced catatonia, doctors successfully used electroconvulsive therapy. This case demonstrates how chronic MDMA use can complicate mental health treatment, while showing ECT's effectiveness as an alternative treatment for refractory psychosis.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), also known as Ecstasy, is a synthetic amphetamine with hallucinogenic and stimulant properties, which ha...
Evaluation of Two Spectroscopic Techniques to Estimate the MDMA Dose of Ecstasy-Like Tablets, an On-Site Approach.
Drug testing and analysis – July 22, 2025
Summary
Rapidly assessing the MDMA dose in seized tablets offers a critical public safety advantage. Researchers investigated two portable spectroscopic techniques for this on-site, rapid dose estimation. Using 98 illicit tablets, these methods were rigorously compared against laboratory gold standards. Both near-infrared and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic tools reliably predicted the MDMA dose, proving highly effective for rapid on-site application. This capability significantly aids public health and law enforcement efforts.
Abstract
MDMA, commonly known as "ecstasy," is widely used in clubs and at festivals, earning its reputation as a "party drug." The increasing demand for ra...
Development of enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and its phase-1 metabolites in human biological fluids.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – January 20, 2024
Summary
Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods successfully separated and quantified MDMA and its metabolites in human plasma, sweat, oral fluid, and urine. Utilizing two specialized chiral columns, the study achieved baseline separation of enantiomers for MDMA, HMMA, and MDA, with analysis times under 6 minutes. In total, 100 samples were analyzed, confirming enantioselective metabolism of MDMA. The innovative approach enhances understanding of drug metabolism and could improve detection strategies in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
In the present study enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were developed for the qua...
Chronic 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Use: Effects on Mood and Neuropsychological Function?
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 1992
Summary
Chronic MDMA use may lead to subtle cognitive impairments, with eight out of nine individuals exhibiting mild-to-moderate deficits on the Wechsler Memory Scale's Initial and Delayed Paragraph Tests. Despite these findings, none of the participants reported depressed mood or met criteria for an affective disorder. This suggests that while MDMA can impact neuropsychological function, it does not always correlate with mood disorders. These results emphasize the need for further exploration into how serotonin deficits from MDMA influence cognition and emotional well-being.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals. There is now preliminary evidence in hum...
MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Abuse and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors Among 169 Gay and Bisexual Men
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2000
Summary
One-third of gay and bisexual men surveyed at New York City dance clubs reported using MDMA, or “Ecstasy,” at least monthly. This substance was strongly linked to high-risk sexual behaviors, with those using MDMA significantly more likely to engage in recent unprotected anal intercourse. The association persisted regardless of age, ethnicity, or other drug use, highlighting a critical public health concern. Understanding the impact of MDMA on behavior could inform strategies for substance abuse prevention and sexual health education within this community.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors explored the association between abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “Ecstasy”) and high-risk sexual behavi...
Brain serotonin transporter binding in former users of MDMA (‘ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – March 31, 2009
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users show no signs of lasting damage to serotonin neurons, challenging concerns about the drug’s neurotoxicity. In a study involving 12 former MDMA users, 9 polydrug users, and 19 controls, researchers measured serotonin transporter (SERT) binding using PET scans. The results indicated no significant differences in SERT binding across the groups in any brain regions examined. This suggests that recreational MDMA use may not lead to persistent alterations in serotonin neuron integrity, offering insights into its pharmacological effects.
Abstract
Background Animal experimental studies have prompted concerns that widespread use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) by young p...
Neural correlates of working memory in pure and polyvalent ecstasy (MDMA) users
Neuroreport – October 01, 2003
Summary
Pure MDMA users exhibit significantly poorer cognitive performance compared to non-users and polyvalent users, with brain activation notably reduced in regions like the inferior temporal areas and angular gyrus. In a study involving eight abstinent pure MDMA users and two matched control groups, those who only used MDMA demonstrated lower cerebral activation during an n-back task, highlighting the lasting impact of ecstasy on cognition. Polyvalent users, however, showed no significant differences from controls, indicating that other substances may influence these effects.
Abstract
Poor cognitive performance in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users has been related to the well-recognized neurotoxic effects of...
MDMA and Seizures: A Dangerous Liaison?
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can significantly lower seizure thresholds, posing risks for users. In experiments with mice receiving small, repeated doses of MDMA, 70% displayed persistent pro-convulsant effects, leading to limbic seizures and heightened metabolic hyperexcitability. Unlike previous assumptions, short-term exposure did not result in mossy fiber sprouting, indicating immediate seizure susceptibility without structural brain changes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the growing MDMA abuse and its implications in medicine, psychology, and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract: In the past decades, there was a massive increase in the abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Western countries. Seizure ...
Recreational drugs, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and diphenylprolinol, inhibit neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2010
Summary
MDMA and similar recreational drugs significantly hinder nerve growth, posing risks to youth development. In a study involving PC12 cells, MDMA, MDA, and diphenylprolinol caused dose-dependent cell death, with IC(50) values of 4.11 mM for MDMA and as low as 0.77 mM for S-diphenylprolinol after 24 hours. When combined with nerve growth factor (NGF), these substances notably suppressed neurite outgrowth, suggesting their potential neurotoxic effects may disrupt critical biological processes linked to neuronal health and development.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused as a psychoactive recreational drug. It is well known that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage...
The rewarding properties of MDMA are preserved in mice lacking µ‐opioid receptors
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 15, 2004
Summary
MDMA produces significant rewarding effects regardless of µ-opioid receptor presence, as shown in a study involving both wild-type and µ-opioid receptor knockout mice (N=40). Administered at 10 mg/kg, MDMA triggered similar increases in dopamine levels within the nucleus accumbens across both groups. Additionally, it decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid similarly. These findings indicate that unlike other substances such as opioids or cannabis, µ-opioid receptors do not significantly influence the rewarding properties of MDMA, highlighting unique dopaminergic mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract The involvement of µ‐opioid receptors in the rewarding properties of MDMA was explored in µ‐opioid receptor knockout mice using the condit...
Attenuation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced rhabdomyolysis with α1‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor antagonists
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly raises body temperature in male Sprague-Dawley rats, with a notable 40 mg/kg dose causing hyperthermia. However, pretreatment with prazosin and SR59230A effectively reduced this temperature spike. Additionally, MDMA treatment led to a marked increase in creatine kinase levels, peaking at four hours, alongside elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, indicating potential kidney stress. The combination of these antagonists successfully mitigated both hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis effects, highlighting their critical role in managing MDMA's toxic consequences.
Abstract
Studies were designed to examine the effects of α 1 ( α 1 AR)‐ plus β 3 ‐adrenoreceptor ( β 3 AR) antagonists on 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ...
The effects of multitasking on psychological stress reactivity in recreational users of cannabis and MDMA
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – March 01, 2012
Summary
Recreational use of cannabis and MDMA significantly impacts psychological responses to multitasking stressors. In a study involving 63 participants (25 cannabis users, 38 MDMA users aged 18-20 and over), cannabis users reported decreased alertness and contentment, while MDMA users felt less calm after stress exposure. Interestingly, cannabis users rated their calmness higher despite the stress. Overall, drug users required more resources to manage tasks compared to non-users, highlighting potential real-life cognitive challenges stemming from recreational drug use.
Abstract
Background Cannabis and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use is associated with psychobiological and neurocognitive deficits. Assessments o...
Evaluation of a Rapid Oral Fluid Point-of-Care Test for MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2007
Summary
An innovative lateral flow technology effectively detected MDMA in oral fluid samples, achieving a remarkable accuracy of 96.8% with a sample size of 370. Using the Cozart RapiScan System, 121 samples tested positive for MDMA or methamphetamine, although six were confirmed negative due to high amphetamine levels. When applying a higher confirmation cutoff of 50 ng/mL, sensitivity slightly improved to 98.3%. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances drug detection capabilities, particularly for substances like MDMA and methamphetamine, leveraging chromatographic techniques.
Abstract
Cozart Bioscience Limited has developed novel lateral flow technology that allows the detection of drugs of abuse in biological fluids and suspect ...
Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA.
Journal of affective disorders – November 15, 2024
Summary
A groundbreaking tool now helps track side effects of psychedelics and MDMA in therapy settings. The Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory (SPSI) standardizes how adverse effects are monitored, measuring their severity, duration, and impact. Tested with 145 participants, this 32-item assessment enhances patient safety and improves clinical decision-making in psychedelic medicine.
Abstract
Studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately assess side effec...
Altered States and Social Bonds: Effects of MDMA and Serotonergic Psychedelics on Social Behavior as a Mechanism Underlying Substance-Assisted Therapy
Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging – February 09, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal that MDMA and serotonergic hallucinogens uniquely foster prosocial behavior, crucial for mental health. Both compounds alter self-perception and consistently dampen reactivity to negative social input, like social defeat, a key insight for Psychology. Neuroscience indicates both induce social neuroplasticity, promoting adaptive neural rewiring. While MDMA enhances social reward responses, its altered self-image effects differ from serotonergic compounds. Understanding these neurotransmitter receptor influences on behavior is vital for therapeutic strategies, informing fields like Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis about their distinct mechanisms.
Abstract
There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple ...
Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 26, 2022
Summary
MDMA and other serotonergic hallucinogens are generally well tolerated in Psychology and Psychiatry treatments, a review of 44 articles encompassing 598 patients reveals. Despite inconsistent adverse effect reporting, common acute issues like nausea, headaches, and anxiety were noted. Crucially, only one serious adverse effect (a cardiac issue requiring brief hospitalization) occurred with MDMA. This highlights their potential as medicine, though robust pharmacology and drug studies are essential to fully define safety. Challenging experiences may even prove therapeutically beneficial.
Abstract
Introduction: Small-scale clinical studies with psychedelic drugs have shown promising results for the treatment of several mental disorders. Befor...
In Vivo Imaging of Cerebral Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin2A Receptor Binding in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) and Hallucinogen Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 06, 2011
Summary
Compellingly, MDMA (Ecstasy) use, not hallucinogen use, is associated with lasting changes in the brain's serotonin transporter system. This pharmacology indicates MDMA, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, directly impacts presynaptic serotonin levels, distinct from 5-HT receptor agonist actions of many psychedelics. These insights provide crucial context for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showing subcortical serotonin transporter receptor binding may recover after months of abstinence. This influences Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, though cortical psychology-relevant recovery was not observed.
Abstract
We found evidence that MDMA but not hallucinogen use is associated with changes in the cerebral presynaptic serotonergic transmitter system. Becaus...
Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can lead to severe long-term psychological and physiological effects. Among regular users, approximately 80% experience rebound depression and lethargy after use, linked to serotonin depletion. Chronic use may result in significant neurotoxicity; heavy users often show reduced serotonin levels and cognitive deficits. These issues are particularly pronounced in the frontal and temporal lobes, affecting memory, learning, and even sexual interest. The lasting impact of MDMA suggests potential permanent damage to serotonergic systems in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has in...
The Psychological and Physiological Effects of MDMA on Normal Volunteers
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA appears to produce positive mood changes without significant harm, according to a study involving participants who were older and more educated than the general population. Out of 30 subjects, none reported psychological or physiological damage during a 24-hour observation period or a three-month follow-up. Biochemical and cardiovascular changes peaked within two hours but returned to baseline within 24 hours. While users felt MDMA was safe and beneficial, caution is warranted due to limited understanding of its long-term effects and potential risks.
Abstract
The experimental subjects were older than the average general population, more educated and considerably experienced in drug use. They considered t...
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RETRACTED: Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy")
Science – September 27, 2002
Summary
Recreational use of MDMA, or “ecstasy,” may pose serious risks, as nonhuman primates exposed to multiple doses showed significant brain dopaminergic neurotoxicity in 80% of cases, alongside serotonergic damage. This neurotoxicity led to increased vulnerability to motor dysfunction due to dopamine depletion. These findings suggest that individuals using MDMA recreationally might unknowingly increase their risk for neuropsychiatric disorders linked to deficiencies in dopamine and serotonin, impacting both young adults and their future health.
Abstract
The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”) is a selective serotonin neurot...
Who is ‘Molly’? MDMA adulterants by product name and the impact of harm-reduction services at raves
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 10, 2017
Summary
Only 60% of 529 samples tested from music festivals contained MDMA, challenging the belief that products labeled as 'Molly' are purer than those sold as 'Ecstasy.' Users were significantly less likely to intend to consume a product if it did not test positive for MDMA (relative risk = 0.56). This highlights the importance of pill-testing services, which can reduce the likelihood of using harmful substances. Such harm reduction strategies merit legal protection and further exploration in the context of psychedelics and drug safety.
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), often sold as ‘Ecstasy’ or ‘Molly’, is commonly used at music festivals and reported to be responsible for an...
MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity: long‐term effects on 5‐HT biosynthesis and the influence of ambient temperature
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 12, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts serotonin levels, reducing 5-HT content by 26-74% in rat brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus over time. In a study with male DA rats (sample size not specified), 5-HT binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activity were decreased up to 32 weeks post-administration. Remarkably, while serotonin synthesis rates remained unchanged, long-term neurotoxicity was evident. Housing temperature also influenced outcomes; colder conditions mitigated some biochemical changes, suggesting environmental factors play a role in MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) decreases the 5‐HT concentration, [ 3 H]‐paroxetine binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activi...
Differential toxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in multidrug-resistant (mdr1a) knockout mice
Brain Research – September 01, 1997
Summary
Methamphetamine (METH) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the brain, with knockout mice showing marked decreases even at low doses (2.5 mg/kg), while wild-type mice only exhibit small changes. At higher doses (5 and 10 mg/kg), both strains experience similar declines in dopamine transporters (DAT) within the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In contrast, MDMA leads to greater DAT reductions in wild-type mice, particularly at 5 mg/kg. These findings highlight the differential interactions of METH and MDMA with P-glycoproteins affecting drug entry into the brain.
Abstract
The toxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) on dopami...
Effect of Repeated (‘Binge’) Dosing of MDMA to Rats Housed at Normal and High Temperature on Neurotoxicdamage to Cerebral 5-Ht and Dopamine Neurones
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2004
Summary
Binge dosing of MDMA significantly heightens the risk of acute hyperthermia and long-term neurotoxicity. In a study with rats, administering three doses of 4 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg led to a striking 50% and 65% loss of serotonin in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. When exposed to higher temperatures (30 °C), rats showed an even greater hyperthermic response, peaking at 2.6 °C compared to 1.3 °C at normal temperatures. Notably, striatal dopamine levels remained unaffected, highlighting MDMA's selective neurotoxic effects on serotonin.
Abstract
The technique of ‘binge’ dosing (several doses in one session) by recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) requires ...