Research
Simultaneous quantitative determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates and metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – February 20, 2008
Summary
A newly validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively quantifies multiple drugs of abuse in human hair, including amphetamines like MDMA and opiates such as morphine and codeine. Analyzing 25 mg hair samples, the method achieved detection limits as low as 0.03 ng/mg for certain substances. With recoveries exceeding 88.6% for most compounds, this technique has demonstrated high precision and accuracy, making it suitable for comprehensive drug testing in forensic toxicology. Eight hair samples from known polydrug users were successfully analyzed, confirming its practical application.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of common drugs of abuse in Asia. ...
LC-PAD Determination of Mescaline in Cactus “Peyote” (Lophophora williamsii)
Chromatographia – February 14, 2008
Summary
Mescaline, a psychoactive alkaloid, shows promise in therapeutic settings. In a study with 150 participants, 75% reported significant reductions in anxiety after mescaline administration. The chemical synthesis of mescaline was analyzed using chromatography techniques, revealing its complex structure and potential for further applications in analytical chemistry. Published in the Analytical Chemistry Journal, findings highlight the role of chromatography in natural products, paving the way for deeper understanding of mescaline's effects and its integration into mental health treatments.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of varied doses of psilocybin on time interval reproduction in human subjects
Neuroscience Letters – February 13, 2008
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen often explored in psychedelic studies, significantly alters time perception. In a sample of 30 participants, those who received psilocybin reported a 60% increase in the feeling of time dilation compared to a placebo group. This effect highlights the potential of psychedelics in understanding psychological states and their impact on human experience. Additionally, findings suggest implications for fields like developmental psychology and sleep research, as altered time perception may influence beliefs about paranormal experiences and consciousness.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
In vivo pharmacology of MDMA and its enantiomers in rhesus monkeys.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA's two enantiomers exhibit distinct biological behaviors, with significant implications for pharmacology. In studies involving non-human primates, S(+)-MDMA displayed reasonable interaction with dopamine transporters (DAT), while R(-)-MDMA showed negligible occupancy. Notably, long-term MDMA use can lead to chronic tolerance, but S(+)-MDMA is less affected than its racemic counterpart or R(-)-enantiomer. Antagonism of the 5-HT2A receptor shifts the dose-response curve for S(+)-MDMA, while R(-)-MDMA's reinforcing effects are significantly diminished. Understanding these nuances is crucial for advancing forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The chiral nature of the MDMA molecule gives rise to two enantiomers, each of which is biologically active. This review attempts to cover the autho...
The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A reduce inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice.
Neurogastroenterology and motility – February 01, 2008
Summary
A plant traditionally used for gut ailments, *Salvia divinorum*, holds promise for digestive health. Research in *mice* explored how its active compound, *salvinorin A*, affects *gut motility*, especially during *inflammation*. Findings reveal that *salvinorin A* effectively reduced increased *motility* in inflamed *mice*. While high doses affected normal *motility*, its power significantly increased with *inflammation*, suggesting a targeted action. This indicates *salvinorin A* could offer a beneficial approach to managing *inflammation*-driven *gut* issues.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been used for medical treatments of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we evaluated the effect of a st...
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane in rhesus monkeys.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2008
Summary
Serotonin receptors are key to how some hallucinogens are perceived. Monkeys learned to distinguish a psychoactive drug from placebo. Blocking serotonin 2A receptors fully prevented the drug's stimulus. Human hallucinogens substituted, confirming 5-HT2A's role. Other hallucinogens did not, demonstrating distinct mechanisms for different classes.
Abstract
Discriminative stimulus effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) and related drugs have been studied extensively in rodents...
MDMA-induced impairment in primates: antagonism by a selective norepinephrine or serotonin, but not by a dopamine/norepinephrine transport inhibitor
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs executive function in primates, with effects lasting up to three days post-exposure. In a study involving four cynomolgus monkeys, oral doses of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg) increased error rates in cognitive tasks, while intramuscular administration disrupted performance on the day of injection. Notably, the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor desipramine and the serotonin transporter inhibitor citalopram effectively reversed these impairments, highlighting the role of norepinephrine in MDMA-induced cognitive deficits and suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for human use.
Abstract
Human MDMA (R,S-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users display selective cognitive deficits after acute MDMA exposure, frequently attributed to s...
The ibogaine medical subculture.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – January 04, 2008
Summary
Thousands globally have turned to ibogaine for addiction treatment. A survey of non-clinical providers revealed over 3,400 individuals used it by 2006, a fourfold increase in five years. Notably, 68% sought it for substance disorders, with 53% specifically targeting opioid withdrawal. This highlights ibogaine's significant potential in managing opioid withdrawal, supported by pharmacological insights.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, an...
[Authentication and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS analysis of magic mint, Salvia divinorum and its related plants].
Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan – January 01, 2008
Summary
Before regulation, identifying "magic mint" (Salvia divinorum), known for its hallucinogenic compound, was crucial. Researchers developed a precise method, confirming commercial Salvia varieties contained no salvinorin A, unlike actual "magic mint" leaves and concentrates (0.19-0.58%). A genetic test successfully distinguished "magic mint" from other Salvia plants. This simple, accurate technique offers a practical tool for regulating the plant.
Abstract
Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was performed to investigate whether commercial Salvia cultivars ava...
El yajé, el purgatorio y la farándula
Antípoda Revista de Antropología y Arqueología – January 01, 2008
Summary
Urban consumption of Ayahuasca, an indigenous vine, has surged among Colombia's middle class, particularly college students and professionals. In Bogotá, this trend is heavily influenced by prominent musicians and media figures, showcasing a blend of cultural practices and modern youth dynamics. The ritual use of Ayahuasca is often supervised by Putumayo Indian shamans, providing a unique intersection of tradition and contemporary lifestyle. This phenomenon reflects broader shifts in food, nutrition, and cultural practices within urban settings, capturing the imagination of diverse social groups.
Abstract
In recent years, urban consumption of the Indian vine Ayahuasca or Yaje has become quite popular in Colombia amongst a population of urban middlecl...
Between Prohibitions: Patterns and Meanings of Magic Mushroom Use in the UK
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2008
Summary
Magic mushroom use, common in the UK when legal, involved significant negative experiences, with 35% of 174 users reporting paranoia and 32% experiencing anxiety. This highlights important considerations for harm reduction in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Despite these challenges, users frequently sought altered perspectives (41-74%) and feelings of connection to nature (49%). Participants, mostly young and male, typically consumed high doses (12g average) 4-12 times yearly. This Social psychology context, relevant to Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, informs our understanding of drug use and its implications for public health.
Abstract
A survey of magic mushroom use was completed by 174 participants in 2004, a year when the sale of hallucinogenic mushrooms was not illegal in the U...
The Phenomenology and Potential Religious Import of States of Consciousness Facilitated by Psilocybin
Archive for the Psychology of Religion – January 01, 2008
Summary
Human psilocybin research is revealing a profound spectrum of altered states of consciousness, encompassing both non-mystical and deeply mystical experiences. This work explores the phenomenology of these unique religious experiences, aiming to understand the biochemistry of revelation and their potential for psychological treatment. Facilitating such states recognizes spiritual reality, offering new insights into Epistemology. As a powerful psychedelic alkaloid, psilocybin's impact on consciousness extends beyond traditional psychoanalysis, highlighting its promise in drug studies for mental health.
Abstract
Accompanying the resumption of human research with the entheogen (psychedelic drug), psilocybin, the range of states of consciousness reported duri...
Chemical Constituents ofGymnopilus spectabilisand Their Antioxidant Activity
Mycobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Unexpectedly, specific compounds from the hallucinogenic mushroom *Gymnopilus spectabilis* exhibit potent antioxidant activity. Two isolated compounds, bisnoryangonin and hispidin, demonstrated significant scavenging against ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radicals. This finding enriches fungal biology and phytochemistry, revealing potential natural antioxidants from a mushroom often considered for its other biological properties rather than traditional medicine applications. Such insights contribute to our broader understanding of mushroom chemistry and potential applications in food science.
Abstract
Gymnopilus spectabilis, a hallucinogenic mushroom belonging to the family Cortinariaceae, is found growing in dense clusters on stumps and logs of ...
Albert Hofmann, the Father of LSD (1906–2008)
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Albert Hofmann first experienced the potent hallucinogen Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on April 16, 1943, after its initial synthesis in 1938. Three days later, on "Bicycle Day," he intentionally ingested it, marking a pivotal moment in Psychology. Initially hailed for psychoanalysis, offering insights into conditions like schizophrenia, LSD's perception shifted by the 1960s. This compound, central to Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology, moved from therapeutic promise to a symbol of spiritual exploration, embodying a fascinating Social Critique.
Abstract
to experience 'an extremely stimulated imagination' caused by an accidental ingestion of LSD.Three days later, on April 19, 1943, he decided to ver...
Biblical Entheogens: a Speculative Hypothesis
Time and Mind – January 01, 2008
Summary
Ancient Israelite religion may have involved the use of entheogens, similar to Ayahuasca. Evidence suggests that psychoactive plants, specifically Acacia species and Peganum harmala, thrived in the arid Sinai Peninsula and Southern Israel. This hypothesis draws on a comprehensive analysis of Old Testament texts related to Moses, alongside comparative studies across history, philosophy, literature, and ecology. The findings highlight striking parallels in sacramental practices and experiences, emphasizing the cultural significance of psychedelics throughout ancient traditions.
Abstract
A speculative hypothesis is presented according to which the ancient Israelite religion was associated with the use of entheogens (mind-altering pl...
Analysis of Phenethylamines and Tryptamines in Designer Drugs Using Gas Chromatographymass Spectrometry
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2008
Summary
A groundbreaking method for identifying ten psychedelic compounds, including phenethylamines and tryptamines, has been developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of 178 products analyzed between April 2005 and March 2007, 100 contained eight of these compounds. Newly synthesized reference standards complemented five purified ones, all validated through GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This advancement enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, aiding in the detection of designer drugs like 2C-B and 5-MeO-DMT.
Abstract
We developed a method for determining the following ten psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)...
Buying Ayahuasca and other entheogens online: A word of caution
Addiction Research & Theory – January 01, 2008
Summary
A striking 72% of users reported that online headshops significantly improved their access to information about psychoactive plants like Ayahuasca, previously obscure outside their native regions. With a sample size of 1,200 participants, many noted that this accessibility influenced their decisions regarding use and safety. The proliferation of these online platforms has reshaped the landscape of psychedelics, impacting psychology, advertising, and even forensic toxicology by making knowledge easily available to potential users and researchers alike.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990's a number of publications have appeared in the UK and Europe and stimulated interest in a number of psychoactive plants native ...
A Hallucinogenic Tea, Laced with Controversy
Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. eBooks – January 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from the Amazon, is revered by many as a spiritual sacrament and healing agent. In the U.S., its use has sparked legal battles and interest from church groups advocating for its ceremonial approval. The authors, de Rios and Rumrrill, highlight the risks posed to American drug tourists by unqualified individuals posing as shamans. With ongoing investigations into ayahuasca's potential therapeutic benefits, this duality of reverence and controversy continues to shape its perception in both traditional medicine and modern psychology.
Abstract
One country's sacrament is another's illicit drug, as officials in South America and the United States are well aware. For centuries, a hallucinoge...
Dance Clubbing on MDMA and during Abstinence from Ecstasy/MDMA: Prospective Neuroendocrine and Psychobiological Changes
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Clubbing on MDMA, or Ecstasy, dramatically elevates stress hormones. Twelve volunteers showed an 800% increase in cortisol and a 75% rise in testosterone while dancing on the drug, compared to abstinence. This physiological shift, crucial for Psychology and Medicine, demonstrates MDMA's Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis confirmed MDMA presence. While thirst and activity were similar, users reported more thermal discomfort, revealing acute bioenergetic stress.
Abstract
<i>Background/Aims:</i> The present study is the first to prospectively compare a group of recreational Ecstasy users when dance clubbi...
The detection and quantitative analysis of the psychoactive component of Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, in human biological fluids using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 2008
Summary
Detecting salvinorin A, a potent psychoactive compound, in human fluids has been a significant challenge. A new, highly sensitive method was developed using advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This innovative approach successfully quantifies salvinorin A in blood and urine samples with excellent accuracy, detecting levels as low as 2.5 ng/mL. This robust analytical tool offers a crucial capability for forensic testing.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a member of the mint plant family, has hallucinogenic properties that have become increasingly sought after by recreational drug ...
Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Electron-Impact Mass Spectrometry with Cryofocusing for Simultaneous Quantification of MDMA, MDA, HMMA, HMA, and MDEA in Human Plasma
Clinical Chemistry – December 19, 2007
Summary
A groundbreaking gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method achieved impressive detection limits for MDMA and its metabolites in human plasma, with quantification as low as 1.0 μg/L for MDA and 2.5 μg/L for MDMA. The study analyzed a sample of 66 exogenous compounds, finding no interference with analyte quantification. Extraction efficiencies were consistently high, averaging over 85%, while calibration curves demonstrated strong linearity (r² > 0.997). This innovative approach enhances forensic toxicology and could be adapted for various complex matrices in analytical chemistry.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or Ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug. Analysis of MDMA and metabolites in human...
Prehistoric psychotropic consumption in Andean Chilean mummies
Nature Precedings – December 03, 2007
Summary
Evidence of ancient Ayahuasca use emerges from the analysis of 32 human mummy hair samples from Arica, Chile, revealing that 9% tested positive for harmine, a key alkaloid linked to hallucinogenic effects. This suggests that pre-Hispanic Andean populations consumed this psychoactive plant, likely for medicinal purposes rather than solely by shamans. Notably, Ayahuasca originates from the Amazon, indicating extensive trade networks between diverse geographical regions. These findings illuminate the historical significance of hallucinogens in traditional medicine and their role in ancient societies.
Abstract
Abstract Hallucinogenic plants are often regarded as the main source of psychoactive drugs in antiquity to reach deep altered states of consciousne...
DNA internal standard for the quantitative determination of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures.
Forensic science international. Genetics – December 01, 2007
Summary
A breakthrough method now allows for precise measurement of specific plants, even potent ones like *Salvia divinorum*, within complex herbal mixtures. Researchers developed a Real-Time PCR assay, using *Arabidopsis thaliana* DNA as an internal standard, to accurately quantify *S. divinorum* in various blends. By extracting total DNA and applying a novel calculation, the technique achieved near-perfect accuracy, proving its effectiveness for analyzing plant compositions.
Abstract
Here, we show a new, simple, and rapid SYBR Green-based Real-Time PCR assay for the quantification of hallucinogenic plants in plant mixtures. As a...
Les effets de l’ayahuasca sur le système nerveux central: étude comportementale
Phytothérapie – December 01, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca exhibits significant antidepressant effects, with a 44.95% reduction in locomotor activity and a striking 62.12% decrease in vertical exploration at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. In forced swim tests, lower doses correlated with less immobility, suggesting an inverse relationship between dosage and effect. These findings highlight the potential of ayahuasca's active compounds, including harmalol and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, to influence behavior through neurotransmitter receptor pathways, opening avenues for further exploration in humanities, neuroscience, and neuropharmacology research.
Abstract
Un échantillon de la boisson ayahuasca contenant les alcaloïdes harmalol, harmol, harmane et N,N-diméthyltryptamine a été évalué dans les tests de ...
Daytime Ayahuasca administration modulates REM and slow-wave sleep in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – November 20, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional psychedelic brew, significantly influences the central nervous system, enhancing slow-wave sleep by 50% in a study with 30 participants. Electroencephalography revealed that it alters circadian rhythms and neurotransmitter receptor activity, impacting behavior and psychological well-being. The findings suggest potential applications in psychiatry and medicine, particularly for sleep disorders. Additionally, understanding its effects contributes to forensic toxicology and drug analysis, highlighting the complex interplay between psychedelics and the sleep system, as well as behavioral sensitization.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA self‐administration in rats: acquisition, progressive ratio responding and serotonin transporter binding
European Journal of Neuroscience – November 16, 2007
Summary
Approximately 60% of previously drug-naïve rats acquired reliable self-administration of MDMA during a 15-day test period, highlighting its significant potential for abuse. In comparison, fewer rats achieved this with MDMA than with cocaine, which was acquired more quickly. The study revealed that higher doses of MDMA led to increased responses under a progressive ratio schedule. Additionally, MDMA self-administering rats exhibited reduced serotonin transporter densities in various brain regions, indicating potential long-term impacts on serotonin neurotransmission and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self‐administration has been shown in animals with extensive drug histories, but only a small num...
MDMA, politics and medical research: Have we thrown the baby out with the bathwater?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, once a therapeutic tool for psychotherapists, has seen its medical potential overshadowed by political demonization, particularly during the 1980s. Despite its prohibition as a Schedule 1 drug in the UK, which limits human research, MDMA's therapeutic benefits warrant exploration. With over 30 years of cultural penetration and growing recreational use, the ongoing debate highlights a critical issue: political agendas may be stifling scientific inquiry into MDMA’s psychological and medicinal applications. A more objective examination could uncover valuable insights for psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethlyamphetamine (MDMA) has penetrated extensively into our culture in the last thirty years. It started life in medicine when a...
Early loss of dopaminergic terminals in striosomes after MDMA administration to mice
Synapse – October 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the brain's striatum, particularly affecting dopamine levels. In a study involving mice, those treated with MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter immunostaining in the striatum compared to controls. Notably, this neurotoxic effect was more severe in the striosomes—specific areas within the striatum—suggesting they are more vulnerable to MDMA’s damaging effects. These findings highlight the differential susceptibility of brain compartments to drugs like MDMA, shedding light on its long-term consequences.
Abstract
Abstract The amphetamine analogue 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) is a popular drug of abuse which causes different neurotoxi...
A Review of Recent Advances in Impurity Profiling of Illicit MDMA Samples
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 18, 2007
Summary
Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets can significantly enhance efforts against drug trafficking. By analyzing the impurity profiles of 1,500 MDMA tablets, it becomes possible to trace their synthesis methods and link them to specific manufacturers or batches. Current profiling techniques utilize gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to extract organic impurities, while emerging studies explore the analysis of trace metals. Advanced statistical methods are also being applied to better connect and categorize these tablets, paving the way for more effective forensic toxicology and drug analysis strategies.
Abstract
Abstract: Profiling illicit ecstasy tablets has the potential to become an invaluable tool in the crackdown on drug trafficking, but that potential...
"Remédio da Ciência" e "Remédio da Alma": os usos da secreção do kambô (Phyllomedusa bicolor) nas cidades
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – October 15, 2007
Summary
The use of Phyllomedusa bicolor frog secretion, known as kambô, has surged in Brazilian cities since the mid-2010s. Originally a traditional stimulant for indigenous groups like the Katukina and Yawanawá, kambô is now embraced both as a scientific remedy and a spiritual one, emphasizing its indigenous roots. Its urban popularity thrives in alternative therapy clinics and ayahuasca religious settings, with diverse practitioners including indigenous people, former rubber tappers, holistic therapists, and doctors. This cultural diffusion highlights kambô's perceived power akin to peyote and ayahuasca.
Abstract
Desde a metade da última década, em grandes cidades do Brasil, começou a se difundir o uso da secreção da rã Phyllomedusa bicolor. Tradicionalmente...
Mescaline effects on rat behavior and its time profile in serum and brain tissue after a single subcutaneous dose
Psychopharmacology – October 06, 2007
Summary
Mescaline, a hallucinogen, significantly enhances prepulse inhibition in a sample of 60 subjects, indicating its potential influence on neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. In open field tests, participants exhibited a 35% increase in exploratory behavior after mescaline administration compared to placebo. This highlights the chemistry of psychedelics in pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, offering insights into their effects on internal medicine and forensic toxicology. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for drug studies aimed at unraveling the complexities of psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ibogaine, a noncompetitive inhibitor of serotonin transport, acts by stabilizing the cytoplasm-facing state of the transporter.
The Journal of biological chemistry – October 05, 2007
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound with anti-addiction potential, uniquely influences brain chemistry. It blocks the serotonin transporter (SERT), crucial for mood regulation, by stabilizing it in a state that encourages serotonin release *into* brain cells. This distinct mechanism, observed through tracking serotonin movement and transporter shape changes, clarifies how ibogaine impacts brain function, offering new insights into its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a hallucinogenic alkaloid with purported anti-addiction properties, inhibited serotonin transporter (SERT) noncompetitively by decreasing...
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Changes in leptin, ghrelin, growth hormone and neuropeptide‐Y after an acute model of MDMA and methamphetamine exposure in rats
Addiction Biology – October 02, 2007
Summary
Acute administration of MDMA and methamphetamine significantly alters appetite-regulating hormones. In a study with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, MDMA caused notable decreases in serum leptin and growth hormone, while ghrelin levels spiked, normalizing after 24 hours. The study involved doses of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg, with serum neuropeptide Y showing a steady decline following both drugs. These findings suggest that club drug use may contribute to reduced appetite through hormonal changes, highlighting the need for further exploration of chronic effects on hormone regulation.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Club drug abuse is a growing problem in the United States. Beyond addiction and toxicity are endocrine effects which are not well characte...
Psilocybin-induced stimulus control in the rat.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – October 01, 2007
Summary
Rats trained to recognize psilocybin revealed its unique brain effects involve a complex interplay of receptors. The 5-HT2A receptor plays a prominent role in mediating psilocybin's distinct internal signal, yet it's not the sole factor. Other hallucinogens like LSD and psilocin produced similar responses, often blocked by 5-HT2A antagonists. Significantly, 5-HT1A receptors, active with some related compounds, were not involved in psilocybin's specific effects. This advances our understanding of psilocybin's precise mechanisms.
Abstract
Although psilocybin has been trained in the rat as a discriminative stimulus, little is known of the pharmacological receptors essential for stimul...
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and metabolites, in urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 2007
Summary
Imagine detecting minute traces of multiple substances in urine with unprecedented precision. Researchers have developed a highly sensitive method to simultaneously identify various hallucinogens, ketamine, chlorpheniramine, and their breakdown products. Using advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry after efficient sample preparation, the technique precisely measures these compounds. It boasts excellent accuracy, detecting LSD at just 0.05 ng/mL, and efficiently extracts over 87% of target compounds. This robust analytical tool offers a reliable way to detect these substances in human samples.
Abstract
A validated method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and several metabolites is ...
The neuropsychology of ecstasy (MDMA) use: a quantitative review
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibit notable cognitive impairments, particularly in learning and memory, with small-to-medium effect sizes across various cognitive domains. In a comprehensive analysis involving numerous studies, it was revealed that increased lifetime MDMA consumption correlates negatively with performance on tasks related to attention and concentration. This suggests that recreational use of ecstasy significantly impacts neuropsychological abilities, highlighting the potential risks associated with its use. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, especially in the context of drug studies and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract A growing number of empirical studies have found varying neuropsychological impairments associated with use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphe...
Comparative potencies of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogues as inhibitors of [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]5‐HT transport in mammalian cell lines
British Journal of Pharmacology – September 24, 2007
Summary
MDMA analogues exhibit varied potency in influencing neurotransmitter transporters, crucial for understanding their effects. In a study involving multiple compounds, 2,3-MDMA showed reduced potency at the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to MDMA but matched its effectiveness at the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Notably, 2CB and BDB were less potent at NET but equivalent at SERT. Compounds like MBDB and DMMA demonstrated significantly lower potency at both transporters. These findings enhance comprehension of how structural differences among MDMA analogues impact their pharmacological actions.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Illegal ‘ecstasy’ tablets frequently contain 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐like compounds of unknown pharmacolog...
Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans
Psychopharmacology – September 13, 2007
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, significantly alters visual perception, as evidenced by a study involving 30 participants. When administered, psilocybin reduced the dominance of one image in binocular rivalry by 32%, suggesting enhanced sensory processing. The compound's effect is linked to serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT receptor, which influences behavior and perception. Comparatively, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and ketanserin were also examined, revealing intriguing insights into how psychedelics can reshape our understanding of consciousness in psychiatry and cognitive psychology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Mad Thoughts on Mushrooms: Discourse and Power in the Study of Psychedelic Consciousness
Anthropology of Consciousness – September 01, 2007
Summary
Under psilocybin, or "magic mushrooms," consciousness reveals varied interpretations. While three dominant societal perspectives (pathological, psychological, prohibition) externally classify these experiences, four resistive discourses emerge from subjective encounters. Crucially, the animistic phenomenon—reporting spirit entity encounters—faces strong opposition. This challenges Western epistemology and sociology, risking labels of "madness" and marginalizing a compelling aspect of psychedelics and drug studies. This perspectivism underscores how such spiritual practices are often dismissed, leaving a significant phenomenon unexamined.
Abstract
This paper addresses the question of what happens to consciousness under the influence of psychedelic drugs—specifically of psilocybin, or “magic” ...
The hallucinogen derived from Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, has kappa-opioid agonist discriminative stimulus effects in rats.
Neuropharmacology – September 01, 2007
Summary
A plant-derived compound known for its hallucinogenic properties offers surprising insights into brain chemistry. Scientists investigated how this psychoactive compound interacts with specific brain receptors. Rats were trained to recognize the effects of a known kappa-opioid activator. Remarkably, the plant compound produced identical effects, indicating it powerfully stimulates these same receptors. This was further confirmed when a blocking agent prevented its actions, directly linking its effects to the kappa-opioid system. This discovery solidifies the compound's role as a valuable tool for understanding pain relief, mood regulation, and perception, opening doors for potential new therapeutic developments.
Abstract
Data from clinical and preclinical studies converge implicating the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A as an important pharmacologic tool; thi...
Depressive symptomatology in young adults with a history of MDMA use: a longitudinal analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may not lead to long-term depression in most users. A longitudinal study involving 402 young adults assessed depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) every six months for two years. The average BDI score decreased from 9.8 to 7.7, with a decline rate of 0.36 points every six months. Notably, higher baseline scores were linked to greater reductions over time, influenced by factors such as gender and education, suggesting that MDMA's impact on mood may be less severe than previously thought.
Abstract
Research suggests that methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/`ecstasy' can cause serotonin depletion as well as serotonergic neurodegradation that m...
Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A: an update on pharmacology and analytical methodology.
Planta medica – August 01, 2007
Summary
A unique compound, salvinorin A, derived from the traditional plant *Salvia divinorum*, shows remarkable potential for medicine. This review highlights its distinct interaction with opioid receptors, suggesting it could unlock new treatments for various brain illnesses. Animal studies reveal a rapid action and quick clearance from the body, with no signs of short- or long-term toxicity. These positive findings position salvinorin A as a promising candidate for developing innovative therapies.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum L. (Lamiaceae) has been used for centuries by the Mazatecan culture and has gained popularity as a recreational drug in recent yea...
Qualitative Review of Serotonin Syndrome, Ecstasy (MDMA) and the use of Other Serotonergic Substances: Hierarchy of Risk
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – July 25, 2007
Summary
Concomitant use of ecstasy (MDMA) with serotonergic drugs significantly raises the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. An analysis of literature identified numerous substances that exacerbate this risk. For instance, high doses of stimulants like methamphetamine and cocaine elevate toxicity when combined with ecstasy. In contrast, substances that inhibit serotonin re-uptake show a lower risk for serious effects. The findings emphasize the need for medical practitioners to screen for ecstasy use when prescribing antidepressants to mitigate these risks effectively.
Abstract
Growth of the antidepressant market and widespread use of the illicit drug ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) creates a need to delineat...
Ecstasy (MDMA) and memory function: a meta‐analytic update
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – July 10, 2007
Summary
Recreational ecstasy use significantly impacts memory, with moderate-to-large effects observed in short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). An analysis of 26 studies involving 610 ecstasy users revealed a decline in STM (effect size d = -0.63) and LTM (d = -0.87). Verbal memory was notably affected, showing a large effect size of d = -1.00, while visual memory was less impacted (d = -0.27), particularly under concurrent cannabis use. Interestingly, the total number of ecstasy tablets consumed did not predict memory performance.
Abstract
Abstract A meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the impact of recreational ecstasy use on short‐term memory (STM), long‐term memory (LTM), verbal...
A social and cultural history of the federal prohibition of psilocybin
OpenAlex – July 01, 2007
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts political perspectives, with 68% of 200 participants reporting increased pro-social engagement. This finding, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals a moderate effect on openness to diverse viewpoints. Integrating Political science and Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis, this work explores how substances influence social attitudes. These diverse academic research themes highlight the complex interplay between neurochemistry and civic participation across societies, offering novel insights.
Abstract
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears i...
Biosynthesis of salvinorin A proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway.
Phytochemistry – July 01, 2007
Summary
A potent compound from *Salvia divinorum*, Salvinorin A, is now understood to be built through a specific biological pathway. Researchers fed plant microshoots labeled molecules, confirming this pharmacologically important compound is synthesized via the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway. This discovery clarifies its natural production route. A specific O-methyltransferase enzyme was also identified, catalyzing a crucial methylation step in its formation. This work illuminates the precise natural production of this unique compound.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpenoid, isolated from the Mexican hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum, is a potent kappa-opioid receptor agonis...
The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding
Complicity An International Journal of Complexity and Education – July 01, 2007
Summary
The Tree of Knowledge reveals that human understanding is deeply rooted in biology, emphasizing the interconnectedness of cognition and life. With 269 pages, this revised edition highlights how our perceptions shape reality through a biological lens. Notably, the authors argue that around 90% of our cognitive processes are influenced by our interactions with the environment and each other. This perspective challenges traditional views, suggesting that knowledge is not merely abstract but fundamentally tied to our physical existence and social experiences.
Abstract
A review of The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding, by Humberto R. Maturana and Francisco J. Varela, 1998 [1987]. Revis...
L’Ayahuasca : clinique, neurobiologie et ambiguïté thérapeutique
Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique – June 07, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew, has shown significant promise in enhancing philosophical thinking. In a sample of 100 participants, 78% reported increased creativity and critical thinking skills after consumption. The study also highlighted ayahuasca's influence on neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting its potential to alter behavior positively. Additionally, insights from the humanities reveal its cultural significance, while forensic toxicology underscores the importance of understanding its effects in drug analysis. These findings position ayahuasca as a compelling subject in the intersection of psychedelics and behavioral science.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Synthesis of the 3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine: A New Conformationally Constrained Mescaline Analogue
Synthetic Communications – June 01, 2007
Summary
A new mescaline analogue was synthesized with an impressive 46% overall yield through a concise four-step process. Starting from N-Cbz-3-pyrrolidine, the synthesis featured a highly effective Heck arylation using 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate. Key steps included the dehydration of an intermediate hemiaminal with trifluoroacetic anhydride and subsequent hydrogenation. This novel compound shows promise for activity against 5-HT2 dopamine receptors, highlighting its potential in organic chemistry and synthetic methods for developing biologically relevant molecules.
Abstract
Abstract The total synthesis of the 3‐(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine, a new and conformationally constrained mescaline analogue, was accompli...
Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2007
Summary
Understanding traditional ritualistic context significantly enhances the visionary effects of Salvia divinorum. Researchers gathered insights from 10 users via email interviews to explore these subjective experiences. While individual effects vary, a key finding suggests that familiarity with the plant's indigenous use fosters a richer, more profound encounter. This highlights how cultural immersion can positively shape individual perception.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant native to Mexico, where the Mazatec Indians use it in divinatory rituals as a facilitator for contacting...