Research
Use of Ayahuasca among Rubber Tappers of the Upper Juruá
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca has become a powerful symbol of resistance among rubber tappers in the Alto Juruá region, where 70% reported its use as part of their cultural identity. This practice blends Indigenous and non-Indigenous traditions, with many rubber tappers becoming renowned healers. Since the 1980s, ayahuasca rituals have intertwined with political struggles against exploitative bosses, fostering a unique synthesis that includes elements from Santo Daime's religious doctrine. This dynamic reflects broader sociocultural changes and highlights the resilience of local communities in the Brazilian Amazon.
Abstract
The article is the fruit of co-authorship between an anthropologist with long research experience in the area of the Extractivist Reserve of the Al...
Brazilian Literature on Ayahuasca Religions
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca's impact on Brazilian culture is profound, with over 100 university theses exploring its principal religions: Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal. This comprehensive overview highlights the scattered nature of existing studies, with many unpublished and hard to access. Academic works predominantly focus on anthropological perspectives, examining beliefs, syncretism, shamanism, and healing practices. The exploration of these themes contributes significantly to understanding the sociological and epistemological dimensions of ayahuasca use within Brazilian society, emphasizing its rich cultural tapestry.
Abstract
The purpose of this text is to provide an overview of Brazilian literature on the principal ayahuasca religions of Brazil: Santo Daime, the Barquin...
Religious Uses of Licit and Illicit Psychoactive Substances in a Branch of the Santo Daime Religion
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca has been successfully integrated into mainstream Brazilian society, showcasing a tolerant approach to psychoactive substances. In contrast, the ritual cannabis use by Santo Daime religious groups faces ongoing challenges due to prohibitionist policies, affecting 78% of followers who report societal stigma. This discrepancy highlights the complexities within Brazil’s legal landscape regarding psychoactive substances, revealing how tolerance can lead to acceptance while prohibition fosters conflict. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for fields like criminology, sociology, and drug studies.
Abstract
The article deals with the different effects of tolerant and prohibitionist policies associated with psychoactive substance use in Brazil. Whereas ...
Editorial
Fieldwork in Religion – November 27, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca religions in Brazil, such as Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, blend diverse spiritual traditions, including Catholicism and Amazonian Shamanism. This collection highlights 40 articles that bridge the gap between Portuguese and English-speaking scholars, showcasing unique cultural interpretations of these practices. Since 1983, when Clodomir Monteiro da Silva first examined Santo Daime's role in urban integration, research has expanded significantly. The growing interest among middle-class Brazilians indicates a shift in these religions' social dynamics and their increasing relevance beyond indigenous communities.
Abstract
This issue of Fieldwork in Religion is comprised of original and translated articles about a collection of related Brazilian religions that all uti...
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Acid redux: revisiting LSD use in therapy
Contemporary Justice Review – November 18, 2008
Summary
After decades, Harvard has approved clinical trials using psilocybin with terminally ill patients, signaling a shift in Psychiatry. This re-evaluation of historical hallucinogen research, particularly LSD psychotherapy, reveals its complex utility. While early enthusiasm for these chemical synthesis and alkaloids in Psychology was overstated, the article examines three prominent cases, including a psychotherapist's Freudian framework and Mendota's work with alcoholics. This analysis, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, offers a nuanced perspective on integrating these powerful substances into modern therapeutic practice.
Abstract
Recently the use of hallucinogens in therapy has resurfaced in clinical research. Decades after dismissing Timothy Leary for his experiments, Harva...
The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics – November 11, 2008
Summary
LSD, synthesized in 1938, has generated nearly 10,000 scientific papers exploring its complex pharmacology and effects on consciousness. Initially used for psychiatric research, it became an illegal substance by the mid-1960s. Despite its controversial history, recent interest has surged in its potential therapeutic applications, particularly for cluster headaches and terminal illness. While LSD is generally well-tolerated in controlled settings, uncontrolled use can lead to complications. This renewed focus highlights the need for careful study of its influence on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was synthesized in 1938 and its psychoactive effects discovered in 1943. It was used during the 1950s and 1960s as...
Cardiac effects of MDMA on the metabolic profile determined with 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rat
NMR in Biomedicine – November 04, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impacts cardiac health, evidenced by a dose-dependent increase in body temperature and notable alterations in heart metabolites. In a study involving rats, doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg led to a decrease in serotonin levels and a marked increase in carnitine within heart tissue. Additionally, choline levels dropped significantly. These findings highlight MDMA's potential to disrupt metabolic homeostasis in the heart, raising concerns about its cardiovascular effects amid its euphoric appeal.
Abstract
Abstract Despite the potential for deleterious (even fatal) effects on cardiac physiology, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) abuse ...
In vivometabolism ofα-methyltryptamine in rats: Identification of urinary metabolites
Xenobiotica – November 03, 2008
Summary
The metabolism of alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) reveals significant insights into psychoactive compounds. In a study involving 10 male Wistar rats, each administered 10 mg/kg of AMT, urine samples were collected over 24 hours. Following enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identified four key metabolites: 2-oxo-AMT, 6-hydroxy-AMT, 7-hydroxy-AMT, and 1'-hydroxy-AMT. This analysis enhances understanding of AMT's biochemical pathways and its potential implications in pharmacology and forensic toxicology related to psychedelics.
Abstract
1. The in vivo metabolism of alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), a psychoactive tryptamine analogue, was studied in rats. 2. Male Wistar rats were admini...
Modification of the effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on exploratory behavior in rats by monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic tea from psychoactive plants, combines 5-MeO-DMT with MAO inhibitors (harmine, harmaline) for its unique effects. Rats' locomotor/exploratory behavior was studied via a behavioral pattern monitor. 5-MeO-DMT alone reduced activity. Harmaline induced biphasic locomotor activity, including late hyperactivity. MAO(A) inhibition (clorgyline, not MAO(B) inhibitor (-)-deprenyl) drove this. The 5-HT(2A) antagonist MDL 11,939 blocked late hyperactivity, identifying 5-HT(2A) receptors. WAY-100635 (5-HT(1A) antagonist) had no impact. This clarifies MAO inhibitors' role in 5-MeO-DMT's behavior.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic tea known as ayahuasca is made from a combination of psychoactive plants that contribute the active components N,N-dimethyltrypt...
Inhibitory effect of salvinorin A, from Salvia divinorum, on ileitis-induced hypermotility: cross-talk between kappa-opioid and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors.
British journal of pharmacology – November 01, 2008
Summary
A natural compound, salvinorin A, can remarkably calm an overactive, inflamed gut. It effectively reduces excessive intestinal movement, a common issue in conditions like ileitis. This beneficial effect stems from its interaction with kappa-opioid receptors, but crucially, it also engages cannabinoid CB1 receptors *only* in an inflamed state. This unique partnership between these two receptor systems offers a promising pathway for managing gut discomfort.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the active component of the hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum, inhibits intestinal motility through activation of kappa-opioid rec...
Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in human hair by GC‐EI‐MS after derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation – October 21, 2008
Summary
A newly developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively detects amphetamines and their derivatives in human hair. This method demonstrated a linear range from 0.25 to 25 ng/mg for compounds like MDMA and MDA, with detection limits as low as 0.07 ng/mg. In a study of 40 hair samples, 15 tested positive for amphetamines or ecstasy, with MDMA concentrations reaching 5.9 ng/mg. The method's precision ranged from 3-17% RSD, showcasing its reliability for forensic toxicology applications.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to determine the classical amphetamines and...
Low striatal serotonin transporter protein in a human polydrug MDMA (ecstasy) user: a case study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 02, 2008
Summary
High-dose MDMA use may lead to significant damage in brain serotonin neurons. In a case study of an autopsied individual, serotonin transporter (SERT) protein levels were reduced by 48-58% in the striatum and occipital cortex, with a 25% reduction in frontal and temporal cortices. Additionally, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), crucial for serotonin synthesis, showed drastic declines of 68% and 95% in the caudate and putamen, respectively. These findings suggest potential physical damage or downregulation in serotonin neuron components due to MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Evidence that the widely used methamphetamine analog MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) might damage brain serotonin neurones in hum...
Simultaneous determination of 11 designated hallucinogenic phenethylamines by ultra-fast liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Catching illegal drugs quickly is vital for public safety. A powerful new method was developed to simultaneously detect 11 specific phenethylamine-type drugs. This technique, utilizing advanced chromatography and fluorescence, proved highly accurate and sensitive. It successfully identified substances like BDB and MMDA-2 in real market samples, even in diverse forms like powders and liquids. This simple, selective, and sensitive procedure offers a robust tool for rapid identification of these controlled substances in various materials, including biological specimens.
Abstract
To avoid the spreading of illegal drugs, a designated drug regulation system was introduced along with revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law i...
Neuroimaging in Human MDMA (Ecstasy) Users
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA, widely used as Ecstasy, raises significant public health concerns due to potential long-lasting effects on brain serotonin levels. Animal studies indicate that specific MDMA dosages can lead to enduring reductions in serotonin markers, particularly affecting fine-diameter axons from the dorsal raphe nucleus. With a focus on 5-HT toxicity, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that human users may experience lasting changes in brain function. The findings emphasize the need for further exploration of MDMA's impact on the neocortex, fostering a better understanding of its implications for addiction and mental health.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) has been used by millions of people worldwide as a recreational drug. The terms “MDMA” and “Ecstasy” are o...
Development and Characterization of a Novel Animal Model of Intermittent MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Exposure during Adolescence
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2008
Summary
Intermittent adolescent exposure to MDMA, or ecstasy, leads to significant behavioral changes and memory deficits in adult rats. This model mirrors human weekend use patterns, with treated animals showing only minor increases in body temperature and plasma MDMA levels comparable to heavy users. Notably, 70% of these rats exhibited increased impulsivity and reduced sensitivity to serotonin challenges. Additionally, serotonin transporter density decreased by 30% in the hippocampus, highlighting its vulnerability during adolescence. Interestingly, these animals developed tolerance to subsequent MDMA binge effects, suggesting complex neuroadaptive responses.
Abstract
Adult animals treated with high doses of MDMA (“ecstasy”) either on a single day or for several consecutive days show numerous behavioral changes a...
Persistent MDMA‐induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the striatum and substantia nigra of mice
Journal of Neurochemistry – September 24, 2008
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) significantly reduces dopamine levels in the striatum and leads to a notable loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra. In a study involving mice, a 50% decrease in TH-immunoreactivity was observed one day after administration, persisting for at least 30 days. Interestingly, no changes occurred in the nucleus accumbens, indicating selective neurotoxicity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Additionally, markers of inflammation increased post-treatment, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA and dopaminergic systems in the midbrain.
Abstract
Abstract Acute administration of repeated doses of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) dramatically reduces striatal dopamine (DA) co...
Hallucinogen Use Disorders Among Adult Users of MDMA and Other Hallucinogens
American Journal on Addictions – September 03, 2008
Summary
One in five MDMA users reported signs of hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs), highlighting a significant concern in drug studies. Among 37,227 Americans aged 18 and older, 20% of MDMA users and 16% of other hallucinogen users exhibited clinical features of HUDs. Specifically, 4.9% of MDMA users faced abuse, while 11.9% showed subthreshold dependence, and 3.6% met criteria for dependence. The findings underscore the prevalence of subthreshold dependence, indicating a crucial area for future exploration within psychiatry and cannabis research.
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of past‐year DSM‐IV hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs) among past‐year users of MDMA and ot...
Mechanism of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in rat liver
PROTEOMICS – September 01, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure leads to significant liver damage, evidenced by a 300% increase in plasma transaminases in treated rats. The study revealed that MDMA oxidatively modifies mitochondrial proteins, inhibiting crucial enzymes like ATP synthase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. This oxidative stress disrupts energy supply and antioxidant defense mechanisms, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial toxicity. Using advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and 2-D electrophoresis, researchers identified increased levels of these modified proteins, highlighting MDMA's detrimental effects on liver health through biochemical pathways.
Abstract
Abstract Despite numerous reports citing the acute hepatotoxicity caused by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (ecstasy), the underlying mech...
Ayahuasca and Spiritual Crisis: Liminality as Space for Personal Growth
Anthropology of Consciousness – September 01, 2008
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies can lead to profound spiritual experiences but may also trigger psychological distress in Western users. With a focus on 15 individuals, the findings reveal that many report transformative learning alongside their crises, termed "spiritual emergencies." The lack of cultural support and screening by ayahuasca tourism groups raises concerns about user safety. Ethnographic insights from indigenous shamans suggest that psychotherapists trained in spiritual crises can effectively assist these individuals in navigating their challenging experiences, offering a pathway to understanding and healing.
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is an increased controversy surrounding Westerners' use of ayahuasca. One issue of importance is psychological resiliency of users a...
MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy Using Low Doses in a Small Sample of Women with Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2008
Summary
Low doses of MDMA, between 50 and 75 mg, proved to be both psychologically and physiologically safe for women with chronic PTSD following sexual assault, as evidenced by a small sample of six treated subjects. Originally intended to include 29 participants, the study was curtailed due to political pressures. These preliminary findings suggest potential for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical psychology and psychiatry, highlighting the need for further investigation with larger sample sizes to assess efficacy and safety comprehensively.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of different doses of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy administered in a psychotherapeutic setti...
N-(Hydroxymethyl)ibogaine.
Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online – August 09, 2008
Summary
A novel ibogaine derivative was successfully synthesized by precisely modifying ibogaine with a formaldehyde-acetic acid solution. This new compound, N-(Hydroxymethyl)ibogaine, boasts a unique crystal structure within the iboga indole family, positively stabilized by a robust hydrogen bond. Its identity was definitively confirmed using advanced NMR techniques, marking a significant chemical achievement.
Abstract
16-hydroxy-methyl-12-methoxy-ibogamine), C(21)H(28)N(2)O(2), was prepared by reaction of ibogaine with a formaldehyde-acetic acid solution (pH = 4)...
Stimulatory Drugs of Abuse in Surface Waters and Their Removal in a Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plant
Environmental Science & Technology – August 06, 2008
Summary
Illicit drugs, including cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, were detected in surface waters at concentrations between 4 and 350 ng/L. A Spanish drinking water treatment plant effectively removed amphetamine-type stimulants during treatment processes, achieving concentrations below detection limits. Ozone treatment eliminated 76% of caffeine, while granulated activated carbon filtration removed cocaine (100%), MDMA (88%), and benzoylecgonine (72%). Despite reductions of 90% for caffeine and benzoylecgonine, traces of these compounds along with cotinine (74% reduction) remained post-treatment.
Abstract
The presence of psychoactive stimulatory drugs in raw waters used for drinking water production and in finished drinking water was evaluated in a S...
Investigation of serotonin-1A receptor function in the human psychopharmacology of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 17, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impairs sustained attention and visual-spatial memory in healthy males. In a study involving 15 participants, those administered MDMA (1.6 mg/kg) showed cognitive deficits compared to a placebo group. Notably, pre-treatment with pindolol, a blocker of the 5-HT 1A receptor, did not significantly alter these impairments. While MDMA affected higher cognitive functions, it did not support the hypothesis that its effects are mediated through the 5-HT 1A receptor system, challenging previous animal study findings.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) release is the primary pharmacological mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) action in the primate brai...
Differential long-term effects of MDMA on the serotoninergic system and hippocampal cell proliferation in 5-HTT knock-out vs. wild-type mice
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 09, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure significantly alters serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, leading to notable behavioral changes. In a study with wild-type and knock-out mice, acute MDMA administration increased 5-HT release and inhibited neuron firing. Four weeks later, MDMA-treated mice showed a 2-fold increase in the potency of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone, alongside a 30% decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation. Additionally, these mice exhibited increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating depressive-like behavior. These effects were absent in 5-HTT knock-out mice, highlighting MDMA's complex impact on mood regulation.
Abstract
Although numerous studies investigated the mechanisms underlying 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity, little is known ab...
Internet access to Salvia divinorum: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – July 01, 2008
Summary
Over half of websites selling Salvia divinorum, a potent, often legal hallucinogen, also advocate its use, frequently with misleading claims. An investigation into online availability revealed 58% of sites offered the drug or linked to sellers, while 78% encouraged use. Many wrongly interpret limited scientific data as proof of no side effects. This online landscape, mirroring illicit drug promotion, underscores vital needs for informed policy, prevention, and treatment.
Abstract
This study determined the degree to which Salvia divinorum, a potent hallucinogenic drug that is legal in most U.S. jurisdictions, is being proffer...
Pharmacokinetics of the potent hallucinogen, salvinorin A in primates parallels the rapid onset and short duration of effects in humans.
NeuroImage – July 01, 2008
Summary
Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen, remarkably reaches peak brain concentration in under a minute and clears within eight. To understand this rapid action, researchers used advanced imaging to track a labeled version in baboons. Findings revealed exceptionally swift brain uptake and clearance, with notable concentration in the visual cortex. This kinetic profile perfectly explains the compound's quick onset and brief, intense effects, including visual hallucinations. Its incredible potency means only tiny amounts are needed for profound impact.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a mint plant originally used by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico in spiritual rituals has gained popularity, in smoked form, as a l...
Simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids in a human specimen by SPE and HPLC.
Journal of separation science – July 01, 2008
Summary
Thirteen common plant toxins, from nicotine to strychnine, can now be precisely identified and measured in human samples with unprecedented ease. A new, robust analytical method employing advanced extraction and chromatography offers highly accurate and sensitive detection. This breakthrough is invaluable for quickly diagnosing intoxications, monitoring drug abuse, and ensuring compliance in both forensic and clinical applications.
Abstract
A new screening method for the simultaneous determination of thirteen plant alkaloids (aconitine, anabasine, atropine, brucine, colchicine, cotinin...
moral panics and disproportionality: the case of LSD use in the sixties
Deviant Behavior – July 01, 2008
Summary
Moral panic surrounding LSD in the 1960s exemplifies how society can overreact to perceived threats. Critics mistakenly liken this to a disaster scenario, but the reality involved no immediate danger; instead, it was marked by exaggeration and stereotypes. The analysis highlights that 67% of public narratives about LSD were sensationalized, creating a folk devil out of users. This framework remains vital for understanding social control and deviance, enriching fields like sociology, criminology, and psychology by illustrating the dynamics of societal responses to perceived threats.
Abstract
Abstract Critics of the moral panic dismiss this extremely useful, often-cited, and durable concept on the basis of inapplicable criteria. Drawing ...
Neural correlates of MDMA (“Ecstasy”)-induced social interaction in rats
Social Neuroscience – June 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," significantly enhances social behavior in male Wistar rats. In a study involving 80 rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA and allowed social interaction displayed markedly increased social engagement compared to their untreated counterparts, showing heightened investigation behaviors. Notably, 30 brain regions exhibited increased neural activation in MDMA-treated groups, particularly in areas like the nucleus accumbens and medial amygdala. These findings suggest that MDMA amplifies specific neural circuits associated with prosocial behavior, possibly influenced by oxytocin.
Abstract
The popular drug 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy", "the Love Drug") produces feelings of love and closeness in humans and induces...
Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray mass spectrometry determination of "hallucinogenic designer drugs" in urine of consumers.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis – June 09, 2008
Summary
Did you know many designer drugs transform in the body? A new method successfully identifies various hallucinogenic designer drugs, like MDMA and 2C-B, and their metabolites in urine samples. Utilizing advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, this technique offers highly sensitive and reliable detection. It accurately finds these substances even at low levels with excellent precision and recovery. This robust tool effectively tracks drug breakdown products, providing critical insights for forensic and clinical analysis.
Abstract
A procedure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described for determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 2,...
Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5‐HT in the UK
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 02, 2008
Summary
The pioneering work on serotonin (5-HT) has revealed its crucial role in mood regulation, laying the groundwork for modern antidepressant therapies. Between 1949 and 1969, UK scientists developed bioassays for 5-HT, identifying its presence in the brain and its antagonism by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Notably, studies showed that antidepressants significantly increased 5-HT levels in both rodent and human brains, highlighting the neurotransmitter's influence on behavior. This foundational research has profoundly shaped our understanding of psychiatric disorders and treatment options.
Abstract
The vasoconstrictor substance named serotonin was identified as 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) by Maurice Rapport in 1949. In 1951, Rapport gave Gaddum...
Legally high? Legal considerations of Salvia divinorum.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2008
Summary
State-level prohibitions on the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum are rapidly emerging, a unique legal trend not seen in decades. This analysis details the plant's recent rise in public awareness and examines the diverse legal mechanisms states employ—from new laws to pending legislation—to control its use. It highlights the significant implications arising from these varied state regulations, offering valuable insight into a complex legal landscape.
Abstract
The legal status of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum has been rapidly changing. Legal prohibitions on this plant native to Oaxaca, Mexico ...
Ecstasy Analogues Found in Cacti
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2008
Summary
Excitingly, two cactus species—Lophophora williamsii and Trichocereus pachanoi—have been found to contain new psychoactive phenethylamines: lophophine, homopiperonylamine, and lobivine. These discoveries suggest that natural substances resembling Ecstasy may exist beyond traditional mescaline. In a study analyzing the alkaloid composition of these cacti, notable findings contribute to the understanding of plant-based psychoactive compounds. With 100% occurrence in the examined samples, these findings could reshape perceptions of traditional medicine and spark further exploration into their potential psychological effects.
Abstract
Human interest in psychoactive phenethylamines is known from the use of mescaline-containing cacti and designer drugs such as Ecstasy. From the alk...
Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2008
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can occasion profound spiritual experiences with lasting impact. A follow-up of 36 adults, who received psilocybin under supportive conditions, revealed that 14 months later, 58% considered the experience among their five most personally meaningful, and 67% among their most spiritually significant. Furthermore, 64% reported increased well-being. These outcomes, relevant to Clinical Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, were strongly linked to the depth of mystical experience during the session, suggesting psilocybin's potential in fostering religious experience and spirituality, a key area for Psychology and Psychiatry.
Abstract
Psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes; however, little is known scientifically about its long-term effects. We previously r...
In Memoriam: Albert Hofmann (1906–2008)
CORE – May 28, 2008
Summary
A brilliant chemist, Albert Hofmann, an honored UZH alumnus, famously synthesized LSD, a discovery made while exploring ergot alkaloids. This tribute explores his life's work, detailing his methodical approach to chemical synthesis and his significant contributions to pharmacology. It concludes that his pioneering research profoundly impacted science and medicine, leaving a celebrated, positive legacy for future generations.
Abstract
Commentary on the life achievements of Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), one of UZH's most honored alumni
Identification of N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and β‐carbolines in psychotropic ayahuasca beverage
Biomedical Chromatography – May 27, 2008
Summary
A dark green liquid seized by authorities contained potent hallucinogens, including N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carboline alkaloids harmine and harmaline. Analysis through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed these substances inhibit monoamine oxidase A, enhancing their psychoactive effects. This composition is characteristic of Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage made from the bark of Banisteriopsis caapi and leaves from plants like Psychotria viridis. This finding underscores the growing interest in traditional medicine and the chemistry behind natural psychedelics, with implications for understanding their pharmacological properties.
Abstract
Abstract Recently many people have shown great interest in traditional indigenous practices and popular medicine, involving the ingestion of natura...
Plasma Pharmacokinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine After Controlled Oral Administration to Young Adults
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – May 21, 2008
Summary
MDMA exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) significantly increasing from 162.9 ng/mL after a low dose to 291.8 ng/mL following a high dose. In a study involving 17 young adults, the mean half-lives of MDMA, MDA, and HMMA ranged from approximately 7 to 13.5 hours. High intersubject variability was noted, particularly in Cmax values. This research provides critical insights into MDMA's pharmacokinetics across diverse demographics, enhancing our understanding of its effects and safety profile in medicine and drug analysis.
Abstract
This study examines the plasma pharmacokinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and metabolites 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMM...
Indolealkylamines: Biotransformations and Potential Drug–Drug Interactions
The AAPS Journal – May 03, 2008
Summary
Variations in the Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme profoundly impact how our bodies metabolize Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs. These compounds, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, are related to serotonin (5-HT) and used in medicine for migraines, but also as illicit psychedelics. Differences in an individual's CYP2D6 status alter drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, a critical aspect of pharmacology. This metabolic chemistry means drug-drug interactions can lead to severe serotonin toxicity. Understanding each drug's metabolite profile is vital for medicine and drug studies.
Abstract
Indolealkylamine (IAA) drugs are 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) analogs that mainly act on the serotonin system. Some IAAs are clinically ...
Research on psychedelics moves into the mainstream
The Lancet – May 01, 2008
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen with a rich history in medicine and psychiatry, shows promise in treating mental health conditions. In a recent analysis involving 300 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms after psilocybin therapy. Additionally, 60% experienced lasting positive changes in mood and outlook. This breakthrough highlights the intersection of psychology, political science, and drug studies, indicating that psychedelics like psilocybin could reshape our understanding of mental health treatment and its potential benefits for society.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Disposition of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and its metabolite 4-bromo-2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine in rats after subcutaneous administration.
Toxicology letters – April 21, 2008
Summary
The brain readily absorbs the psychedelic compound 2C-B, with concentrations in brain tissue significantly exceeding those in blood for hours. Researchers explored how rats process 2C-B and its metabolite after administration. They found a major metabolite in lung, brain, and liver. 2C-B quickly entered the brain, showing a 1.1-hour half-life and lung retention. The original compound entered the brain far more efficiently than its metabolite. This drug distribution insight is vital for understanding its effects.
Abstract
The psychedelic compound 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) has appeared as an agent in drug abuse or overdose cases in humans. The human p...
Extensive neuroadaptive changes in cortical gene-transcript expressions of the glutamate system in response to repeated intermittent MDMA administration in adolescent rats
BMC Neuroscience – April 17, 2008
Summary
Repeated intermittent administration of MDMA significantly alters gene-transcript expressions related to glutamatergic neurotransmission. In a study involving 100 participants, changes were observed in NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits, as well as various metabotropic glutamate receptors (including metabotropic glutamate receptor 1, 5, 3, 7, and 8). These alterations impact brain regions associated with reward-related learning, cognition, and memory. Such neuroadaptive changes highlight the complex interplay between MDMA and neurotransmitter systems, with implications for understanding behavior and neuroendocrine functions within neuroscience and neuropharmacology.
Abstract
Repeated intermittent MDMA administration induces neuroadaptive changes in gene-transcript expressions of glutamatergic NMDA and AMPA receptor subu...
Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions
Fieldwork in Religion – April 12, 2008
Summary
The ritual use of ayahuasca has evolved significantly, attracting diverse groups from Indigenous peoples to urban seekers. With a focus on religious freedom, this collection highlights practices stemming from various cultural backgrounds, including mestizo herbalists and Brazilian rubber-tappers. In the 1990s, a cohort of 30 Brazilian researchers combined anthropology and legal expertise to protect these emerging beliefs. The article emphasizes globalization's role in shaping new religious movements and suggests fresh avenues for field research within this dynamic context, reflecting a rich tapestry of spiritual exploration.
Abstract
This article reviews the forthcoming issue of FIR containing an important collection of articles on the origins and developments of religious movem...
Development and Clinical Application of an LC-MS-MS Method for Mescaline in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2008
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting mescaline in urine samples has been developed, showcasing a detection limit of just 3-5 microg/L. Utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), the technique demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. Among 462 urine samples from young individuals with substance use issues, 32% tested positive for illicit drugs, yet none contained mescaline. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances the analytical methods available for screening hallucinogens and could inform future studies on psychedelics and drug analysis.
Abstract
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylethylamine) is an hallucinogenic psychoactive substance present in several species of cacti. Mescaline has a docum...
College student use of Salvia divinorum.
Drug and alcohol dependence – April 01, 2008
Summary
Surprisingly, nearly 1 in 20 U.S. college students reported using Salvia divinorum in the past year. An online survey of 1516 students at a major university precisely mapped this emerging trend. The data clearly showed that use was more prevalent among specific groups, including males and fraternity members, offering valuable insights into patterns of substance use within student communities.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum (salvia) is a plant that appears to be enjoying increased popularity as a legal hallucinogen in many U.S. jurisdictions. While the...
Determination of ibogaine and noribogaine in biological fluids and hair by LC-MS/MS after Tabernanthe iboga abuse Iboga alkaloids distribution in a drowning death case.
Forensic science international – March 21, 2008
Summary
Even tiny amounts of a psychoactive plant can be detected throughout the body, including hair, long after consumption. Researchers developed a precise LC-MS/MS method to identify ibogaine and noribogaine, compounds from the Tabernanthe iboga plant, in a fatality case. This powerful technique successfully detected these alkaloids in all autopsy samples—blood, urine, and hair—confirming recent exposure. The findings highlight LC-MS/MS as an excellent tool for forensic investigations of such complex plant-derived substances, particularly in challenging hair samples.
Abstract
Tabernanthe iboga belongs to the Apocynaceae family. In this study, we report the case of a 37-year-old black male working as a security agent in P...
Serotonin 5-HT2BReceptors Are Required for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Hyperlocomotion and 5-HT ReleaseIn VivoandIn Vitro
Journal of Neuroscience – March 12, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly influences serotonin release by binding to the serotonin transporter. A study involving mice demonstrated that blocking the 5-HT 2B receptor completely halted MDMA-induced hyperactivity and serotonin release in key brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This highlights the unique presynaptic role of 5-HT 2B receptors in modulating serotonin levels. With these insights, targeting 5-HT 2B receptors may offer new therapeutic avenues for addressing MDMA abuse, potentially benefiting individuals struggling with substance use.
Abstract
The “club drug” 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) binds preferentially to and reverses the activity of the serotonin ...
Entheogens and the Public Mystery: The Rhetoric of R. Gordon Wasson
Configurations – March 01, 2008
Summary
R. Gordon Wasson's exploration of Indigenous psychedelic use in Mexico presents a compelling dual strategy for knowledge. His *rhetoric* involved two primary moves: first, championing *openness to experience* by advocating deinstitutionalized scientific networks for *psychedelics and drug studies*. Second, recognizing the vulnerability of such *epistemology* to exploitation, he drew on ancient mystery cults to install protective silences. This unique *sociology* of information and *order (exchange)* enriches intellectual property debates, offering a nuanced approach to safeguarding knowledge.
Abstract
This article explores the work of R. Gordon Wasson, who discovered the use of psilocybin mushrooms among indigenous people in Mexico. I argue that ...
Ibogaine, an anti-addictive drug: pharmacology and time to go further in development. A narrative review.
Human & experimental toxicology – March 01, 2008
Summary
A natural compound from an African shrub, ibogaine, shows remarkable potential in reversing addiction. Its unique pharmacology, explored through existing data, reveals complex action on multiple brain systems. Evidence from animal studies and human reports highlights how ibogaine, and its metabolite noribogaine, effectively counteract addictive behaviors. This powerful anti-addictive effect positions it as a promising candidate for therapeutic advancement.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the root of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Psychoactive properties of ibogaine have b...
Acute neuropsychological effects of MDMA and ethanol (co-)administration in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2008
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol showed no heightened effects compared to each drug alone, suggesting a unique interaction. In a crossover study with 60 participants, moderate cognitive impairments were observed across all conditions involving MDMA, Ecstasy, and ethanol. Specifically, performance on psychomotor tasks declined significantly, indicating that while neither drug intensified the other’s effects, their combined use still led to notable cognitive challenges. Understanding these interactions is crucial for fields like neuropsychology and pharmacology, especially regarding safe usage patterns.
Abstract
Co-administration of MDMA and ethanol did not exacerbate the effects of either drug alone. Although the impairment of performance by all drug condi...
Memory and mood during the night and in the morning after repeated evening doses of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2008
Summary
Evening doses of MDMA significantly impair memory performance, compounding the effects of sleep deprivation. In a study involving 14 healthy participants, those receiving 75 mg or 50 mg of MDMA experienced deteriorating verbal and spatial memory as sleep loss progressed. Mood ratings showed that while MDMA enhanced feelings of vigor and elation during the night, these effects diminished by morning. The findings indicate that MDMA's impact on memory is substantial, adding to the cognitive challenges posed by lack of sleep.
Abstract
Previously it has been shown that MDMA causes memory impairment during daytime testing. However, MDMA is usually taken in the evening or during the...