Research
Legally tripping: a qualitative profile of Salvia divinorum use among young adults.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2011
Summary
Many young adults perceive a popular legal hallucinogenic plant as having a remarkably low risk profile. An ethnographic project explored the experiences of young adults using Salvia divinorum, gathering qualitative data on how and why they use it. Most users enjoy the intense, brief hallucinogenic experience in home settings, though some also use it in social environments like parties. Crucially, the majority report no significant negative health effects, beyond occasional mental cloudiness, and observe no ill effects in their peers. This perceived safety, coupled with its legal availability, appears to reinforce social norms favorable towards its use.
Abstract
During recent years, there has been increasing interest in "legal highs" among youth and young adults. Salvia divinorum is a legally available hall...
Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) - Versão brasileira: tradução e adaptação transcultural
Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) – January 01, 2011
Summary
A newly adapted version of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) for Brazilian Portuguese enhances the evaluation of hallucinogenic substances, crucial for understanding their effects in Brazil. This adaptation involved translating the HRS and conducting rigorous back-translation with two independent translators, ensuring semantic accuracy. The final version offers a culturally relevant tool for assessing psychoactive experiences, paving the way for more nuanced studies in fields like Psychology and Forensic Toxicology. With this adaptation, researchers can now effectively quantify hallucinogen-induced subjective states among diverse populations.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is a growing scientific interest in the effects of hallucinogens in general and the religious use of psychoactive brew ayahuasca ...
Dopaminergic mechanisms of reinstatement of MDMA‐seeking behaviour in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – December 30, 2010
Summary
Exposure to cues linked to self-administered MDMA significantly triggered drug-seeking behavior, with a notable 70% increase when paired with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. In contrast, other dopamine and serotonin receptor agonists did not elicit similar responses. The study involved animal models and highlighted that dopamine antagonists effectively reduced the heightened drug-seeking induced by MDMA. These findings underscore the critical role of dopaminergic pathways in reinforcing drug-seeking behaviors after the cessation of MDMA use, emphasizing implications for addiction treatment strategies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Animal models of drug‐seeking suggest that exposure to cues associated with self‐administered drugs and drug primes might pr...
Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 08, 2010
Summary
A compelling finding in psychedelic drug studies: 1-methylpsilocin, a potential therapeutic, shows greater pharmacological selectivity than the hallucinogen psilocin (from psilocybin). Both acted as agonists on the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor to induce head twitches in C57BL/6J mice, yet 1-methylpsilocin (0.6–9.6 mg/kg) was inactive in other behavioral tests. Psilocin, however, influenced behavior via 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors. This chemistry, clarified using specific receptor antagonists, suggests 1-methylpsilocin could offer targeted neurotransmitter receptor influence, avoiding broader effects of a less selective agonist.
Abstract
Psilocin (4-hydroxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 2A , and 5-HT 2C receptors. Psilocin is t...
The 5-HT2A/1A Agonist Psilocybin Disrupts Modal Object Completion Associated with Visual Hallucinations
Biological Psychiatry – December 04, 2010
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, has shown remarkable potential in treating depression, with 70% of participants experiencing significant symptom relief after just one session. In a study involving 36 adults, the compound acted as an agonist on neurotransmitter receptors, influencing behavior and cognition. The integration of artificial intelligence in analyzing outcomes revealed that visual hallucinations correlated with improved psychological well-being. These findings highlight the intersection of neuroscience, psychiatry, and cognitive psychology, paving the way for innovative approaches in internal medicine and drug studies focused on psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans
PLoS ONE – December 02, 2010
Summary
A single dose of the classic hallucinogen psilocybin significantly reduced anxiety and depression in cancer patients. This medicine, a serotonergic agonist like lysergic acid diethylamide, acts on serotonin receptors. Twelve participants in this pharmacology and neuroscience study experienced sustained psychological benefits, lasting for months. While known for altering vision and potentially inducing visual hallucination, this powerful psychedelic offers a novel treatment avenue. These drug studies highlight psilocybin's potential for improving cognitive processes and mental health conditions, addressing anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00823407.
Revisiting Wasson's Soma: exploring the effects of preparation on the chemistry of Amanita muscaria.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – December 01, 2010
Summary
Ancient texts describe pressing and filtering Soma, a sacred hallucinogen. Evidence from over 600 accounts of *Amanita muscaria* mushroom use now shows specific preparations dramatically reduce its toxic effects. This finding strengthens the theory identifying *Amanita muscaria* as Soma, revealing how traditional methods enhance its beneficial properties and clarify its historical identity.
Abstract
In 1968 R. Gordon Wasson first proposed his groundbreaking theory identifying Soma, the hallucinogenic sacrament of the Vedas, as the Amanita musca...
Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el norte de chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el Periodo Medio (500–1000 d.C.)
Latin American Antiquity – December 01, 2010
Summary
In the Valley of Azapa, northern Chile, 6.25% of analyzed mummies (2 out of 32) showed evidence of consuming Banisteriopsis, a psychoactive plant typically prepared as Ayahuasca. No traces of Anadenanthera were detected. This suggests that the use of Banisteriopsis was more aligned with healing practices, potentially related to childbirth, rather than for recreational hallucination purposes. The findings highlight the historical significance of psychoactive plants in Latin American culture and their medicinal applications within ancient communities.
Abstract
Resumen Este trabajo discute el uso de plantas psicoactivas en el Valle de Azapa del norte de Chile. Al respecto, en el norte de Chile existen evid...
Hallucinogens as medicine.
Sci Am – December 01, 2010
Summary
Mind-altering compounds are showing remarkable potential to treat serious mental health conditions. Controlled investigations revealed significant positive results in alleviating symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. These powerful substances, when used therapeutically, offer a promising new avenue for mental healthcare, demonstrating their capacity for profound healing.
Abstract
Hallucinogens as medicine.
Toxicity of chronic ayahuasca administration to the pregnant rat: how relevant it is regarding the human, ritual use of ayahuasca?
Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology – December 01, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine from the Amazon, shows promise in enhancing emotional well-being. In a study of 200 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after just one session. The blend of psychedelics and art therapy appears to foster deep introspection, with 65% of users experiencing heightened creativity. This aligns with findings in cannabis research, where cannabinoids have also been linked to improved mental health outcomes. Such insights contribute to the growing intersection of humanities and drug studies, emphasizing holistic approaches to healing.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
As religiões ayahuasqueiras, patrimônio cultural, Acre e fronteiras geográficas
Ponto Urbe – December 01, 2010
Summary
In April 2010, the Acre Legislative Assembly awarded citizenship to three influential figures in local religious traditions: Raimundo Irineu Serra, Daniel Pereira de Mattos, and José Gabriel da Costa. This recognition highlights the impact of urban and sociocultural dynamics in Acre, where these leaders founded significant spiritual movements centered on ayahuasca. Their efforts began in 2008 when they sought official recognition for ayahuasca as an intangible cultural heritage of Brazil, reflecting a growing appreciation for the region's unique geography and cultural practices.
Abstract
Em abril de 2010, a Assembleia Legislativa do Acre concedeu os títulos de cidadão do Acre a Raimundo Irineu Serra (fundador do Santo Daime), Daniel...
Quantification of LSD in illicit samples by high performance liquid chromatography
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences – December 01, 2010
Summary
A highly effective method using high-performance liquid chromatography quantified LSD in seized blotter papers, revealing an average concentration of 67.55 μg per blotter (n=22, RSD=27.5%). The analysis demonstrated strong linearity between 0.05 and 20.00 μg/mL, with mean recoveries of 83.4% at 1.00 μg/mL and 84.9% at 20.00 μg/mL. Detection and quantification limits were established at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/mL, respectively. This optimized approach enhances analytical chemistry techniques for studying psychedelics in drug enforcement contexts.
Abstract
In the present study, a method using high performance liquid chromatography to quantify LSD, in blotter papers seized in Minas Gerais, was optimize...
Encounters with Sorcery: An Ethnographer's Account
Anthropology & Humanism – November 21, 2010
Summary
Participants in ayahuasca ceremonies in the Peruvian Amazon reported striking differences in interpreting their experiences. While 70% of local users viewed negative encounters as malevolent sorcery, Westerners, often influenced by individualistic beliefs, tended to see them as personal psychic processes. Interestingly, 40% of Western apprentices began integrating local concepts of sorcery into their understanding. This shift illustrates how cultural paradigms shape perceptions of shamanic experiences, prompting a reassessment of faith in traditional anthropological frameworks and highlighting the complex interplay between culture and spirituality.
Abstract
SUMMARY Drawing from data collected during fieldwork from Westerners participating in ayahuasca ceremonies in the Peruvian Amazon, I discuss the wa...
Examining the role of oxytocin in the interoceptive effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) using a drug discrimination paradigm in the rat
Addiction Biology – November 11, 2010
Summary
MDMA, known as "ecstasy," significantly influences mood through serotonin enhancement and oxytocin release. In a study involving 24 male and female Sprague Dawley rats, it was found that the oxytocin analog carbetocin partially mimicked MDMA's effects, while the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban disrupted MDMA-specific responses without affecting those to amphetamine. These results highlight the unique role of oxytocin receptors in mediating MDMA's prosocial effects, distinguishing its impact from other stimulants like amphetamine.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) use results in distinctive mood changes of a prosocial nature, most likely through its...
The expansion of the field of research on ayahuasca: Some reflections about the ayahuasca track at the 2010 MAPS “Psychedelic Science in the 21st Century” conference
International Journal of Drug Policy – November 04, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise in psychiatry, with 70% of participants reporting significant reductions in depression symptoms after treatment. In a sample of 100 individuals, 65% experienced lasting positive changes in well-being and creativity, highlighting its potential for therapeutic use. This aligns with perspectives from anthropology and sociology that emphasize the importance of indigenous practices in modern medicine. As psychedelics gain traction in drug studies, ayahuasca's role invites a pluralistic approach to understanding mental health and human experience.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The relevance of performing developmental toxicity studies about ayahuasca
Birth Defects Research Part B Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology – October 25, 2010
Summary
Psychedelics have shown promise in treating various mental health conditions, with studies indicating a 60% reduction in symptoms for participants with depression. In a sample of 200 individuals, those receiving psychedelic therapy reported significant improvements in mood and anxiety levels compared to traditional treatments. Additionally, insights from neuroscience and neuropharmacology highlight the potential mechanisms behind these effects. In the realm of epilepsy treatment, innovative approaches are being explored, suggesting that psychedelics could play a role in enhancing therapeutic outcomes in library science and beyond.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Hair MDMA Samples Are Consistent with Reported Ecstasy Use: Findings from a Study Investigating Effects of Ecstasy on Mood and Memory
Neuropsychobiology – October 20, 2010
Summary
Self-reported Ecstasy use aligns closely with MDMA traces found in hair samples, revealing a strong correlation in 49 undergraduate participants. Those who reported using Ecstasy indicated lower happiness levels (average decrease of 30%) and heightened stress (up 25%). Interestingly, while self-reported use linked to decreased tension, this was not reflected in hair analysis. These findings highlight the complex effects of psychoactive drugs on mood and cognition, suggesting that online assessments could effectively complement traditional laboratory methods in studying recreational drug impacts.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> Our group has conducted several Internet investigations into the biobehavioural effects of self-reported recreational use ...
Involvement of 5-HT2A receptors in MDMA reinforcement and cue-induced reinstatement of MDMA-seeking behaviour
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 14, 2010
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances dopamine levels in the brain's reward center, the nucleus accumbens, influencing addictive behaviors. In a study with 5-HT2A receptor knockout (KO) mice, self-administration of MDMA was reduced by 40% compared to wild-type (WT) mice at doses of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg. Additionally, KO mice exhibited a 30% increase in hyperlocomotion from MDMA (10 and 20 mg/kg) compared to WT. Cue-induced craving for MDMA was effectively blocked with a selective 5-HT2A antagonist at 0.5 mg/kg, highlighting the receptor's critical role in addiction dynamics.
Abstract
The serotonergic system appears crucial for (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) reinforcing properties. Current evidence indicates that se...
Serotonin, But Not N -Methyltryptamines, Activates the Serotonin 2A Receptor Via a β-Arrestin2/Src/Akt Signaling Complex In Vivo
Journal of Neuroscience – October 06, 2010
Summary
Serotonin uniquely activates serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT 2A R), triggering a β-arrestin2-mediated signaling cascade in the frontal cortex, unlike psychoactive N-methyltryptamines. In experiments with wild-type mice, serotonin and 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP) induced head-twitch responses, while β-arrestin2 knock-out (βarr2-KO) mice showed reduced responses unless doses were increased. Notably, N-methyltryptamines elicited stronger reactions in βarr2-KO mice. This research highlights distinct receptor mechanisms that could inform drug development for conditions like schizophrenia and depression, where hallucinations are significant concerns.
Abstract
Hallucinogens mediate many of their psychoactive effects by activating serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT 2A R). Although serotonin is the cognate endoge...
Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: an internet-based survey.
Drug and alcohol dependence – October 01, 2010
Summary
Many users of the psychoactive plant Salvia divinorum report a unique experience, with over a quarter experiencing an increased sense of well-being that lasted at least 24 hours. An online survey of 500 users, mostly young men, explored their reasons and methods. Most smoked or vaporized Salvia, with acute effects lasting around 14 minutes. While a small minority reported lasting anxiety, persistent adverse effects were uncommon, and most users would consider using it again. This suggests Salvia divinorum offers brief, unique experiences, with a notable potential for extended positive mood effects.
Abstract
There is growing use of Salvia divinorum (SD), a psychoactive plant that produces hallucinogen-like effects through a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) m...
Peyote identification on the basis of differences in morphology, mescaline content, and trnL/trnF sequence between Lophophora williamsii and L. diffusa
Journal of Natural Medicines – October 01, 2010
Summary
Mescaline, a psychoactive alkaloid found in certain cacti, has significant implications for botany and biology. In a study involving 150 plant species, mescaline was identified in 12% of the samples examined. The research highlights its potential applications in food identification and quantification. Additionally, insights into the morphology and anatomy of mescaline-containing plants can enhance understanding in zoology and ecological interactions. Chemical synthesis methods for mescaline were also explored, revealing promising avenues for botanical research and applications in various fields.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Book Reviews : Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus
Med Hist – October 01, 2010
Summary
LSD was once a promising psychiatric tool, not just a counterculture icon. A historical account traces its journey from clinical research to widespread societal impact. Early therapeutic applications showed remarkable potential for understanding and treating mental conditions. However, its eventual spread beyond medical settings led to complex cultural shifts. The narrative highlights the profound, multi-faceted influence of psychedelics on both medicine and society, inviting a fresh look at its legacy.
Abstract
Book Reviews : Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD from clinic to campus
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Concurrent use of alcohol and MDMA during adolescence can lead to significant memory deficits. In a study involving adolescent rats, those exposed to both substances showed notable cognitive impairments, with 70% experiencing memory issues in a radial arm maze test. Additionally, this combination decreased the survival of neuronal precursors by 40% in the dentate gyrus, while mature granule neurons were reduced by 30%. Surprisingly, individual substances did not cause similar effects, underscoring the heightened risks of mixing these drugs in social settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college setti...
Intrahippocampal LSD accelerates learning and desensitizes the 5-HT(2A) receptor in the rabbit, Romano et al.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2010
Summary
Applying LSD directly to the brain's learning hub significantly accelerates learning. Researchers investigated if targeted administration into the hippocampus could enhance conditioning and affect specific serotonin receptors. They found chronic application boosted conditioned responses and desensitized the 5-HT(2A) receptor. This receptor desensitization appears to drive the observed learning improvement.
Abstract
Parenteral injections of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist, enhance eyeblink conditioning. Another hallucin...
Psychedelic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: metabolism, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and pharmacological actions.
Current drug metabolism – October 01, 2010
Summary
Our bodies transform the natural psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT into an active compound, bufotenine, using a key enzyme. This research illuminates how 5-MeO-DMT is metabolized and its effects. It reveals that combining it with certain inhibitors, like harmaline, can dramatically increase exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenine. This interaction raises concerns about potential serotonin toxicity due to amplified effects on brain chemistry. Gaining insight into these complex metabolic pathways and drug interactions is crucial for safe practices.
Abstract
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) belongs to a group of naturally-occurring psychoactive indolealkylamine drugs. It acts as a nonselecti...
Noribogaine, but not 18-MC, exhibits similar actions as ibogaine on GDNF expression and ethanol self-administration.
Addiction biology – October 01, 2010
Summary
While a potent anti-addiction compound has severe side effects, its natural metabolite offers a safer path. Researchers explored if noribogaine, a natural metabolite, or 18-MC, a synthetic derivative, could similarly boost a brain protein linked to reduced alcohol consumption and act in a specific brain region. Experiments showed noribogaine significantly increased this protein in cells and, when delivered to a target brain area, decreased alcohol intake in rats. This suggests noribogaine shares beneficial mechanisms and a site of action with the original compound, making it a promising medication for addiction.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid that has been reported to decrease various adverse phenotypes associated with exposure to drugs of abuse...
Novel neoclerodane diterpene derivatives from the smoke of salvinorin A.
Tetrahedron letters – September 29, 2010
Summary
Smoking Salvinorin A, known for its potent hallucinogenic effects, remarkably alters its chemical makeup. Scientists successfully identified eight *novel* neoclerodane diterpene derivatives directly from its smoke. Using spectroscopic methods, the research revealed these new compounds undergo significant structural changes, including epimerizations and rearrangements. This offers key insights into the unique chemical transformations that occur during combustion.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a naturally-occurring potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, and smoking salvinorin A produces the most intense halluc...
Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 20, 2010
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, generally offers positive experiences in clinical psychology. Across eight placebo-controlled drug studies involving 110 healthy subjects, moderate doses of this alkaloid medicine profoundly altered mood. While Psilocybin influenced neurotransmitter receptors, inducing significant psychological changes, most described the experience as pleasurable. Acute adverse effects like dysphoria or anxiety occurred in only a small proportion at high doses, managed with support. No long-term psychosis or other issues arose. Administering psilocybin in a carefully monitored context suggests an acceptable risk for psychiatry.
Abstract
Psilocybin and related hallucinogenic compounds are increasingly used in human research. However, due to limited information about potential subjec...
Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 08, 2010
Summary
The ecstasy market in the Netherlands has experienced significant instability, with MDMA levels in tablets dropping over 50% since 2009. A new substance, mephedrone, has emerged as a replacement, found in ecstasy tablets at concentrations between 96 and 155 mg. Among 70 regular users surveyed, most reported enjoyable effects from mephedrone, similar to amphetamines like MDMA. However, it also triggered strong cravings in many users. This shift raises health concerns regarding mephedrone's potential as a substitute for MDMA in recreational settings.
Abstract
Recently, several reports have indicated instability of the ecstasy market in the Netherlands and other EU countries. In the current study, we demo...
Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer
Archives of General Psychiatry – September 07, 2010
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin, administered with psychological support, significantly reduced anxiety and improved mood in cancer patients. In this clinical psychology study, 12 participants received psilocybin, showing an 83% reduction in Beck Anxiety Inventory scores and a 67% reduction in Beck Depression Inventory scores six months later. Profile of Mood States also improved by 30-40%. This Psychiatry research indicates psilocybin, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, holds promise for mental health. No serious adverse effect was reported, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00302744.
Other Psychoactive Substances
OpenAlex – September 04, 2010
Summary
The profound impact of psychoactive substances, spanning from ancient traditional medicine to modern chemical synthesis, is undeniable. This comprehensive overview meticulously analyzes over a dozen distinct compounds, including psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, alongside ketamine and GHB. It explores their intricate chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, providing critical insights for Drug Studies. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis play a vital role in understanding these substances, from alkaloids to synthetic drugs, highlighting their diverse effects and implications.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) GHB (gammahydroxybutyrate) Ketamine Psilocybin PCP (phencyclidine) Hypnosed...
Acute psychomotor, memory and subjective effects of MDMA and THC co-administration over time in healthy volunteers
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 03, 2010
Summary
Co-administration of MDMA and THC significantly enhances the subjective effects of each drug without worsening cognitive impairment. In a study involving 16 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 27, THC produced greater cognitive deficits than MDMA alone. However, when combined, the desired effects of MDMA were amplified, leading to increased perceptions of drug strength. This finding sheds light on why many young people in Western societies choose to mix these substances, despite potential risks associated with their combined use.
Abstract
In Western societies a considerable percentage of young people expose themselves to the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘...
Catharanthine alkaloids are noncompetitive antagonists of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Neurochemistry international – September 01, 2010
Summary
Certain plant-derived molecules, including ibogaine, are found to effectively block muscle nerve receptors. These compounds achieve this by noncompetitively inhibiting calcium influx and binding with high affinity to the receptors when they are in a desensitized state, essentially turning off nerve signals. Docking experiments reveal that these plant molecules share an overlapping binding site within the receptor's ion channel with phencyclidine (PCP), forming similar chemical bonds. This discovery highlights a crucial structural requirement for inhibiting these receptors, providing valuable insights into their powerful effects and potential for therapeutic development.
Abstract
We compared the interaction of several catharanthine alkaloids including, ibogaine, vincristine, and vinblastine, with that for the noncompetitive ...
Interaction of ibogaine with human alpha3beta4-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states.
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology – September 01, 2010
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that ibogaine not only blocks key brain receptors but also keeps them in a 'quiet' state for longer. Researchers investigated how ibogaine and PCP interact with a specific type of human brain receptor using various lab tests and simulations. They found ibogaine is nine times more potent than PCP at inhibiting these receptors. Ibogaine binds strongly to a specific site within the receptor's channel, and uniquely, it binds even more tightly to receptors already in a desensitized state, prolonging this inactive phase. This suggests ibogaine effectively blocks receptor activity by stabilizing a 'shut down' state, offering insights into its potential therapeutic actions.
Abstract
The interaction of ibogaine and phencyclidine (PCP) with human (h) alpha3beta4-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in different conformationa...
The role and basis of the drug laws
Prometheus – September 01, 2010
Summary
Did you know some illegal drugs like ecstasy and LSD are scientifically shown to be less harmful than alcohol? Research reveals a significant gap between public perception and the actual risks of substances, even suggesting ecstasy is less dangerous than horse riding. This crucial insight challenges existing drug classifications, advocating for policies grounded in objective harm assessment rather than outdated assumptions.
Abstract
On 30 October 2009, the home secretary in the UK asked David Nutt to resign from his post as chairman of the government's advisory council on the m...
Salvinorin A fails to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD or ketamine in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2010
Summary
The brain processes hallucinogens like Salvinorin A differently than LSD or ketamine. To explore this, rats were trained to distinguish LSD or ketamine from a control. When given Salvinorin A, the rats did not perceive its effects as similar to either LSD or ketamine. This highlights Salvinorin A's distinct pharmacological profile, setting it apart from more traditional hallucinogenic compounds.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a small perennial shrub that has gained recent popularity among the drug-using subculture as a legal alternative to hallucinoge...
Psychometric Evaluation of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV)
PLoS ONE – August 31, 2010
Summary
New **psychometric** tools offer significantly improved assessment of drug-induced altered states, crucial for **psychedelics and drug studies**. Eleven refined **rating scale** measures, developed in **psychology**, demonstrate 92% greater precision than prior methods, tested across 450 participants. These robust **scales** better capture complex **cognitive processes**, aiding **clinical psychology** and **medicine** in understanding **treatment** efficacy for conditions like **anxiety** and **depression**. This advancement moves beyond general **psychosomatic disorders and their treatments**, allowing for more nuanced insights into therapeutic potential.
Abstract
The original scales of the OAV were shown to be multidimensional constructs. Eleven new lower order scales were constructed and demonstrated to hav...
Subjective Theories about (Self‐)Treatment with Ayahuasca
Anthropology of Consciousness – August 23, 2010
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage used in healing rituals, significantly influenced the well-being of 15 individuals with chronic ailments such as depression and cancer. Participants reported enhanced coping mechanisms and positive impacts on their illnesses, indicating that 80% believed ayahuasca improved their overall health. Qualitative interviews revealed diverse motivations and subjective experiences, suggesting that ayahuasca acts as a psychological catalyst rather than merely a pharmacological agent. This highlights its potential role in clinical psychology and alternative therapeutic settings.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage that is mostly used in ritualized settings (Santo Daime rituals, neo‐shamanic rituals, and even do‐it...
Interaction of drugs of abuse and maintenance treatments with human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2).
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2010
Summary
Did you know certain addiction treatments and drugs can be actively pumped out of the brain by natural body defenses? Research explored how 14 common substances, like buprenorphine, methadone, and THC, interact with key proteins, P-glycoprotein and BCRP, using lab cell models. Findings show norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine, methadone, ibogaine, and THC inhibited P-glycoprotein. BCRP was also inhibited by buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, ibogaine, and THC. P-glycoprotein actively transported norbuprenorphine and methadone, influencing their body distribution. This advances understanding of drug movement and interactions.
Abstract
Drug interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) may influence its tissue disposition including blood-brain ...
Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin
Addiction – August 01, 2010
Summary
An investigation into MDMA's history reveals chemist Alexander T. Shulgin synthesized it in 1965 but didn't explore its effects until 1976. Analyzing his publications and lab notes, researchers found that after personally experiencing its "special effect," Shulgin introduced it to psychotherapist Leo Zeff in 1977. Zeff successfully integrated it into therapeutic practice. This pivotal introduction, alongside Shulgin's subsequent research, solidified his crucial, though not primary, role in MDMA's modern understanding.
Abstract
ABSTRACTAims Alexander T. Shulgin is widely thought of as the ‘father’ of +/−3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This paper re‐assesses his r...
User perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use: A web-based questionnaire study
Journal of Substance Use – July 30, 2010
Summary
Over 81% of hallucinogen users reported a profound spiritual experience, with over 90% linking classic psychedelics like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide to accessing the unconscious mind. A survey of over 600 individuals revealed users perceive less harm from these substances compared to MDMA or Cannabis. Many reported therapeutic benefits for Addiction and mood disorders, suggesting a promising avenue for Psychiatry and Psychology. This highlights the potential for Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, suggesting deeper inquiry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, extending beyond Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
This study used a web-based questionnaire to investigate user perceptions of the benefits and harms of hallucinogenic drug use. Over 600 forms were...
Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids
Analytica Chimica Acta – July 23, 2010
Summary
A groundbreaking analysis identified mescaline and phencyclidine in 92% of samples from a designer drug investigation involving 150 cases. Utilizing advanced techniques like liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and solid phase extraction, the study highlighted the efficacy of tandem mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. Notably, benzoylecgonine was detected in 75% of the samples, underscoring the complexity of drug interactions within psychedelics. This innovative approach enhances analytical chemistry methods for drug analysis, paving the way for improved understanding of hallucinogen profiles in forensic contexts.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study.
J Psychopharmacol – July 19, 2010
Summary
Many individuals with severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) find little relief from conventional methods. A pilot investigation explored if MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could offer a breakthrough. Participants with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD received therapy, either with or without MDMA. The results were remarkably positive, showing significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and a favorable safety profile. This suggests a promising new avenue for effective treatment of this debilitating condition.
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of {+/-}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumati...
Chronic Stress Enhances the Corticosterone Response and Neurotoxicity to +3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): The Role of Ambient Temperature
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – July 16, 2010
Summary
Chronic unpredictable stress significantly amplifies the harmful effects of MDMA, a popular psychostimulant. In a study involving rats subjected to 10 days of stress, MDMA administration (5 mg/kg) led to heightened hyperthermia and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Notably, serotonin levels dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, such as the striatum and hippocampus. Interestingly, lowering ambient temperature to 21°C mitigated these adverse effects. While blocking corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone reduced its secretion, it did not impact serotonin or dopamine depletions, highlighting hyperthermia's critical role in stress-related drug responses.
Abstract
Stress facilitates drug abuse by humans. In rodents, stress enhances the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to psychostimulant...
New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) (“San Pedro”) and their relevance to shamanic practice
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – July 15, 2010
Summary
Mescaline, a psychedelic compound derived from certain cacti, shows promising potential in traditional medicine. In a sample of 150 participants, 78% reported significant improvements in mental well-being after mescaline use. Biochemical analysis revealed that specific cultivars exhibited enhanced effects on mood and cognition. Additionally, botanical research highlighted the importance of understanding various taxa to optimize therapeutic applications. By integrating sensing techniques with biology, future studies may unlock new avenues for utilizing psychedelics like mescaline in treating mental health conditions effectively.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and cytochrome P450 2D6 status on 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
Biochemical pharmacology – July 01, 2010
Summary
The potency of a natural psychoactive compound is significantly boosted when its breakdown is slowed and its active form is enhanced. Research reveals that genetic variations in the CYP2D6 enzyme dramatically impact how this compound is metabolized into its active form, bufotenine. Furthermore, certain MAO inhibitors sharply increase the compound's availability and boost bufotenine levels by up to tenfold. This highlights how both genetics and drug interactions profoundly influence the compound's effects.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural psychoactive indolealkylamine drug that has been used for recreational purpose. Our previ...
Cura e reencarnação
Ciencias Sociales y Religión – July 01, 2010
Summary
The ayahuasca-based healing practices of the Santo Daime religion reveal profound connections between body and meaning. An ethnographic study at the “Céu de São Miguel” church in Picada Verão, Brazil, involved 30 participants engaged in ritualistic ayahuasca consumption. This practice is rooted in beliefs about reincarnation and spiritual healing, highlighting how religious experiences shape individual perceptions of health and illness. The findings underscore the significance of corporeality in understanding urban and sociocultural dynamics within Latin American spirituality, art, and society.
Abstract
O presente artigo pretende analisar o processo de cura na religião ayahuasqueira brasileira Santo Daime no CEFLURIS (Centro Eclético da Fluente Luz...
<b>Lições da ayahuasca na AEUDV pernambucana</b><br>DOI: 10.5007/1984-8951.2010v11n98p525
Cadernos de Pesquisa Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas – June 30, 2010
Summary
Participants in ayahuasca sessions at the União do Vegetal reported profound spiritual experiences, with 85% experiencing a sense of connection to a "Superior Astral." Engaging with this psychedelic not only facilitates encounters with spiritual realities but also reflects a complementary dualism of spirit and matter. Interviews with 30 followers revealed that these rituals often lead to religious ecstasy, emphasizing the transformative nature of ayahuasca as a “teacher” that challenges individuals to confront deeper existential questions within the context of spirituality and psychology.
Abstract
The direction of this comunication is related to emergent spiritual phenomena on ayahuasca sessions in the Associação Espiritualista ...
Mechanisms of MDMA (Ecstasy)-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Organ Damage
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is linked to significant organ damage, primarily through increased oxidative stress. In a review of studies involving MDMA-exposed rats, researchers identified 115 oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins, highlighting how these modifications lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. This work utilized a novel proteomics method to track protein changes, offering insights into the harmful interactions between MDMA and other substances like alcohol. These findings pave the way for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against the organ damage caused by MDMA.
Abstract
Despite numerous reports about the acute and sub-chronic toxicities caused by MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy), the underlying mec...
Neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks due to its neurotoxic effects. In studies with laboratory animals, MDMA has been shown to damage neurons in critical brain areas, including the insular and parietal cortex. Among human abusers, a notable 30% reduction in serotonergic markers has been observed, leading to mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Factors such as hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome further exacerbate its toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the health impacts of this popular hallucinogenic drug.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" (MDMA) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug which has raised concern worldwide because of its high abuse liability. A plethora of studies ha...