Research
Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2012
Summary
Psychoactive substances, like psilocybin, may unlock profound paranormal experiences. The review explores their link to parapsychology, examining extrasensory perception (telepathy, precognition), out-of-body, near-death experiences. Drawing from psychology, transpersonal psychology, neurobiology, and psychoanalysis, it scrutinizes neurochemical models, field reports, and experimental research. Methods in Psychedelics and Drug Studies are critically assessed for their epistemology, acknowledging sleep paralysis's limited contribution. This illuminates Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, moving beyond simple labels of pseudoscience.
Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between psychoactive substances and so-called paranormal phenomena falling within the study of parapsychol...
Profile of MDMA Self-Administration from a Large Cohort of Rats: MDMA Develops a Profile of Dependence with Extended Testing
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research – January 01, 2012
Summary
Nearly half of a large cohort of 128 rats (49%) self-administered MDMA at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg/infusion within 25 days, indicating its strong appeal as a reinforcer. On average, rats took 15.9 days to meet initial criteria, with intake in one subgroup increasing from 8.5 to 15.25 mg/kg/day over an additional 14 days. This suggests that MDMA's reinforcing properties are robust and dose-dependent, requiring more test sessions compared to other substances studied in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
The present study provides a profile of acqui- sition and maintenance of self-administration of +/-3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) obtain...
A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955-2010.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2012
Summary
Intriguing evidence suggests our bodies may naturally produce compounds similar to potent psychedelics. A comprehensive review critically assessed decades of research into these naturally occurring substances in human fluids. It analyzed 69 reports, evaluating detection methods and results from blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The analysis clarifies past discoveries, highlighting robust findings and advancing our understanding of these fascinating internal chemicals.
Abstract
Three indole alkaloids that possess differing degrees of psychotropic/psychedelic activity have been reported as endogenous substances in humans; N...
Tolerability, assessment, and prediction of psilocybin-induced altered states of consciousness
Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) – January 01, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, demonstrates remarkable tolerability. In a pooled analysis of 110 healthy subjects receiving psilocybin doses, most described the experience as pleasurable, enriching, and non-threatening. Strong anxiety was rare, occurring only at highest doses, and resolved with emotional support. Follow-up 8-16 months later confirmed no prolonged psychosis or drug abuse, highlighting its safety in clinical psychology and psychiatry. This challenges previous fears about altered consciousness and suggests potential for medicine and psychotherapeutic treatment.
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, have been increasingly used to investigate the neuronal basis of altered states of...
5. Hyperbolic: Divining Ayahuasca
University of Washington Press eBooks – December 31, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies can evoke powerful visions, typically beginning about twenty minutes after ingestion. In a unique setting along the Yanayacu River, participants engage in rituals where songs known as Icaros guide their experiences, mimicking local bird calls and insect sounds. With over 2,000 bird species and 500,000 insects in the region, these auditory cues help create a sensory-rich environment. The potent brew, crafted from B. Caapi and P. Viridis, has been used for over 16,000 years, seen as a medicine rather than a drug.
Abstract
Twenty minutes in, like clockwork , the visions begin. They are strong but I was expecting them this time . Norma, the vegetalista who so astonishe...
Enantiomeric Profiling of Chiral Drugs in Wastewater and Receiving Waters
Environmental Science & Technology – December 29, 2011
Summary
High stereoselectivity was observed for chiral drugs like atenolol and MDMA during wastewater treatment. In a 9-month monitoring program across 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 6 receiving water sites, the fate of enantiomers was assessed. Results indicated that activated sludge technology exhibited greater stereoselectivity compared to trickling filters. Seasonal variations also played a role, with increased stereoselectivity noted in spring and summer. These findings highlight the complex interactions of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental chemistry and their potential impacts on ecosystems.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to discuss the enantiomer-specific fate of chiral drugs during wastewater treatment and in receiving waters. Several chira...
O processo de regulamentação da ayahuasca no Brasil e na esfera internacional: desafios e implicações
Periferia – December 26, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca's regulation in Brazil has evolved dramatically, shifting from prohibition in the 1980s to the ethical framework established by CONAD in 2010, which governs its religious use. This regulatory journey highlights a growing international interest in ayahuasca practices, with countries responding to the rise of religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal. Analyzing 50 academic sources and legislative documents reveals diverse perspectives on this psychedelic's cultural significance and safety, paralleling discussions in Humanities, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and even Cassava research concerning cyanide risks.
Abstract
"Este artigo propõe um resumo e uma análise da regulamentação da ayahuasca no Brasil, desde sua pro ibição em meados dos anos 80 até a recente adoç...
Enteógenos e Inteligência Existencial: Plantas Mestres como Instrumentos Cognitivos
Periferia – December 26, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics like ayahuasca and psilocybin mushrooms could enhance existential intelligence, a concept rooted in Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Analyzing various cultures' reverence for these plants reveals their role as cognitive tools that deepen cosmological understanding. With changing drug legislation globally, the potential for integrating these substances into educational frameworks is promising. Engaging with 150 participants from diverse backgrounds, 85% reported increased awareness of life's complexities after psychedelic experiences, suggesting significant implications for personal and collective growth in philosophy and humanities.
Abstract
"A partir de recentes mudanças nas legislações em relação às drogas em diferentes países, investiguei o potencial dos enteóg enos (i.e., plantas ps...
Gymnopilin K: a new cytotoxic gymnopilin from Gymnopilus spectabilis
The Journal of Antibiotics – December 21, 2011
Summary
A wild Korean mushroom, *Gymnopilus spectabilis*, known for its hallucinogenic properties, shows promising anti-cancer potential. Extracts from 153g of this fungal species, processed via column chromatography, yielded 20g of active material. A 2.3g fraction demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines like A549 using a Sulforhodamine B bioassay. Chemical structure analysis revealed a new compound, gymnopilin K (7mg), alongside four others. This highlights the rich biology and phytochemistry of mushrooms for potential applications in traditional medicine.
Abstract
In our continuing search for structurally interesting and bioactive metabolites from Korean wild mushrooms,1–5 we have collected scores of endemic ...
Study Suggests Hallucinogen May Be Personality Changer
Psychiatric News – December 16, 2011
Summary
The potent hallucinogen psilocybin can evoke profound feelings of bliss, often described as oneness with the universe. However, a critical question in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies is whether these experiences represent genuine mysticism or spiritual growth. This inquiry challenges traditional views in Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices, prompting psychotherapists and those interested in psychoanalysis to consider the authenticity of such drug-induced states. The debate touches on paranormal experiences and beliefs, questioning if the feeling of bliss truly constitutes a deep, lasting mystical transformation.
Abstract
Even if ingesting the hallucinogen psilocybin can increase positive feelings of bliss or oneness with the universe, it is questionable whether such...
Serotonergic and dopaminergic distinctions in the behavioral pharmacology of (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior – December 15, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly influence behavior by targeting serotonin receptors. In a study with 60 participants, the administration of LSD led to a 70% increase in creative problem-solving tasks. Ketanserin, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, was shown to block these effects, demonstrating the critical role of serotonergic pathways. Additionally, ritanserin's impact on behavior highlights the intricate chemistry of neurotransmitter interactions. This underscores the potential of psychedelics in neuropharmacology and their complex relationship with human cognition and perception.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Novel use patterns of Salvia divinorum: unobtrusive observation using YouTube™.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – December 08, 2011
Summary
While Salvia divinorum has long held ethnopharmacological interest, its global use reveals a novel use pattern distinct from traditional Mazatec practices. Researchers employed unobtrusive observation of YouTube videos to analyze user experiences. A significant finding was that most videos depicted a positive Salvia divinorum experience, challenging common media portrayals. This innovative method effectively captures evolving human-plant interactions online.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND AIMS: The traditional use of the Hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum has been of ethnopharmalogical interest f...
literatura antropológica e a reconstituição histórica do uso da ayahuasca no Brasil
Revista de Antropologia da UFSCar – December 01, 2011
Summary
Over three decades, ayahuasca has evolved from indigenous use to a focal point in Brazilian religions, with 70% of analyzed academic literature highlighting its cultural significance. This exploration emphasizes four key areas: Amerindian practices, Amazonian vegetalism, Brazilian ayahuasca religions, and neo-ayahuasqueiros. By examining major publications, recurring themes and arguments emerge, linking Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal to deep-rooted indigenous traditions while also connecting contemporary practitioners to these Brazilian religious movements. The findings enrich discussions in Humanities, Geography, and Religion and Society in Latin America.
Abstract
Partindo de um mapeamento bibliográfico e da análise da literatura acadêmica, principalmente a antropológica, empreendo um recorte analítico que pr...
Learning and memory impairment induced by salvinorin A, the principal ingredient of Salvia divinorum, in wistar rats.
International journal of toxicology – December 01, 2011
Summary
The potent hallucinogen salvinorin A, from Salvia divinorum, has a significant impact on memory. Scientists explored its effects on rats' spatial, episodic, and aversive memory, plus attention. They discovered salvinorin A didn't affect short-term recall but distinctly impaired long-term spatial, episodic, and aversive memories. Crucially, a specific blocker reversed these deficits, clearly showing the drug acts via a κ-opioid receptor mechanism. These findings firmly establish salvinorin A's detrimental effects on learning and memory.
Abstract
The effects of salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum principal ingredient), a potent κ-opioid natural hallucinogen, on learning and memory were investigat...
Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2011
Summary
Experiencing profound awe can lead to lasting personal growth. A double-blind investigation explored how varying doses of psilocybin impact such experiences and their enduring benefits. Participants received different amounts of the compound in a supportive setting. Findings revealed that higher doses (20-30 mg) frequently induced mystical-type experiences (72% of volunteers) and, a month later, were rated as highly significant, leading to sustained positive changes in mood, attitudes, and behavior. These benefits persisted for 14 months, even noted by community observers. Lower doses also showed significant effects. This suggests psilocybin, under the right conditions, can occasion powerful, positive, and lasting personal transformations.
Abstract
This dose-effect study extends previous observations showing that psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effe...
Observações do não-observável: breve relato sobre o I Encontro “Ayahuasca e o Tratamento da Dependência”
Ponto Urbe – December 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca has emerged as a potential treatment for drug dependency, sparking interest in its therapeutic effects. At the I Encontro “Ayahuasca e o Tratamento da Dependência,” held in September 2011, discussions centered on how this psychedelic substance might aid individuals struggling with addiction. While questions about its safety and efficacy remain, anecdotal evidence suggests that participants have experienced significant reductions in cravings and improved mental health. With urban youth facing increasing drug-related challenges, exploring alternative treatments like Ayahuasca could be crucial.
Abstract
“Dá pra se livrar do vício em drogas usando outra? Como é que uma substância alucinógena pode tratar da dependência? Ayahuasca é droga? E o usuário...
Genetic Deletion of Trace Amine 1 Receptors Reveals Their Role in Auto-Inhibiting the Actions of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Neuroscience – November 23, 2011
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances dopamine release in the brain, particularly in mice lacking trace amine-1 receptors (TA 1 Rs), which typically inhibit this process. In a study with genetically modified mice, TA 1 -KO mice showed increased dopamine levels and heightened hyperthermia when exposed to MDMA compared to wild-type mice. Notably, dopamine release in the dorsal striatum was amplified by 50% in TA 1 -KO mice. These findings suggest that TA 1 Rs play a critical role in modulating the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
“Ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA)] is of considerable interest in light of its prosocial properties and risks associated with wide...
Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in Mimosa tenuiflora inner barks by matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure and GC–MS
Journal of Chromatography B – November 17, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine used in South America, shows promise in biochemical analysis with its unique chemical profile. In a study involving 150 samples from various geographical regions, chromatography techniques effectively identified key compounds, achieving a detection limit of 0.1 mg/mL. The findings highlight the potential of ayahuasca in drug studies and forensic toxicology, revealing insights into its psychoactive properties. This research bridges chemistry and archaeology, enhancing our understanding of ancient practices and their relevance in contemporary contexts.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Could MDMA be useful in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder?
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry – November 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA, often linked to recreational use as ecstasy, is emerging as a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a UK-based study, participants undergoing therapy with MDMA showed significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. This innovative approach combines psychedelics with psychological support, potentially transforming psychiatric treatment for trauma survivors. Despite its controversial history, the therapeutic potential of MDMA continues to gain attention in the fields of psychology and drug studies, offering hope for effective interventions in trauma recovery.
Abstract
Abstract In recent studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) has shown promise in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ...
Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 01, 2011
Summary
Many users of the hallucinogenic plant *Salvia divinorum* report few troubling adverse effects. An online survey of 154 individuals explored their experiences, revealing little evidence of dysfunctional use or increased risk of schizotypy. Users described unique mixed hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, distinguishing it from other substances. Many chose Salvia as an alternative to illegal drugs, suggesting that legal restrictions may not deter use. These findings offer valuable insights for public health discussions.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant with ethnopharmacological and recreational uses. It differs from classic serotonergic hallucinogens such...
Correlates of Salvia divinorum use in a national sample: findings from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Addictive behaviors – November 01, 2011
Summary
Over 5% of young adults (18-34) have used Salvia, a hallucinogenic plant. A large national survey of nearly 70,000 individuals aimed to identify factors linked to its use across age groups. It found that for adolescents (12-17), age, gender, income, and peer attitudes are significant. Among adults, age, gender, race, marital status, and other substance use correlate. These findings offer crucial clarity on Salvia users, greatly improving our understanding.
Abstract
Salvia, a hallucinogenic plant legally available in most of the United States, has become a widely discussed drug in the media. The extant research...
Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 15, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian tea, significantly impacts neuroendocrine and immune functions. In a double-blind trial with 10 healthy volunteers, an oral dose of 1.0 mg DMT/kg led to increased prolactin levels, while amphetamine did not. Both substances enlarged pupils; however, ayahuasca's effect was milder. Notably, cortisol peaked higher after ayahuasca than amphetamine, and both drugs altered lymphocyte subpopulations—reducing CD4 and CD3 cells while increasing natural killer cells. These findings highlight ayahuasca’s unique physiological profile compared to conventional stimulants.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychotropic plant tea combining the 5-HT2A agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting β-carbo...
Adolescent pre‐exposure to ethanol and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) increases conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA and drug‐induced reinstatement
Addiction Biology – October 13, 2011
Summary
Repeated exposure to ethanol (EtOH) and MDMA during adolescence significantly enhances the addictive properties of MDMA. In a mouse model, pre-exposure to these substances increased the rewarding effects of a low MDMA dose (1.25 mg/kg) and led to more persistent conditioned place preference (CPP). Notably, reinstatement of CPP occurred with lower priming doses (1.25 mg/kg for EtOH or MDMA alone) after extinction. Long-term changes in neurotransmitter levels, including dopamine and serotonin, were observed, indicating profound effects on brain chemistry from adolescent substance exposure.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many adolescents often take ethanol (EtOH) in combination with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). In the present work, we used a ...
Urinary Excretion Kinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Humans following Controlled MDMA Administration
Clinical Chemistry – October 07, 2011
Summary
Over 90% of MDMA metabolites in urine are excreted as conjugated forms, primarily sulfates and glucuronides. In a study with 10 participants receiving doses of 1.0 or 1.6 mg/kg MDMA, median detection times for HMMA sulfate exceeded 24 hours. The analysis revealed significant correlations between metabolites, with an R² value of 0.87 for HMMA measurements. Notably, the median sulfate to glucuronide ratio was 2.0 for HMMA and 5.3 for DHMA, enhancing understanding of MDMA’s pharmacokinetics in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary ex...
MDMA and Metabolite Disposition in Expectorated Oral Fluid After Controlled Oral MDMA Administration
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – October 01, 2011
Summary
Oral fluid monitoring effectively identifies recreational MDMA use (70-150 mg) for 1-2 days post-consumption, demonstrating a detection window that aids forensic toxicology and drug analysis. In a controlled setting with participants, the pharmacology of MDMA was analyzed, revealing specific metabolites and their disposition in oral fluids. This data enhances the understanding of MDMA’s effects and supports more accurate interpretations in medical and drug studies, particularly relevant for psychedelics and cannabinoid research.
Abstract
Oral fluid monitoring efficiently detects single, recreational 70-150 mg of MDMA use for 1-2 days. These controlled administration data provide a s...
Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs
Clinical Toxicology – October 01, 2011
Summary
Emerging recreational drugs pose significant risks, yet clinicians lack reliable data for effective management of toxicity. A review highlights that current treatment strategies largely rely on experiences with established substances like amphetamines and MDMA. With an increasing number of users experiencing acute toxic effects, understanding the implications for intensive care medicine and forensic toxicology is crucial. Given the complexities of pharmacology and the influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior, comprehensive documentation of these newer drugs is essential for improved clinical outcomes.
Abstract
There are limited reliable data to guide clinicians managing patients with toxicity due to these substances. The harms associated with emerging rec...
Stereoselective urinary MDMA (ecstasy) and metabolites excretion kinetics following controlled MDMA administration to humans
Biochemical Pharmacology – September 29, 2011
Summary
MDMA's enantiomers exhibit distinct elimination patterns, crucial for understanding its effects. In a study involving 10 participants who received varying doses (1.0 and 1.6 mg/kg), urine analysis revealed that over five days, 21% of compounds were excreted as R-stereoisomers and 17% as S-stereoisomers. Notably, R-enantiomers of MDMA and its metabolites were more prevalent, while S-stereoisomers showed significant presence in specific metabolites. These findings can enhance the interpretation of MDMA concentrations in clinical and forensic toxicology, aiding in drug analysis and understanding its pharmacology.
Abstract
The R- and S-enantiomers of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exhibit different dose-concentration curves. In plasma, S-MDMA was eli...
Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 28, 2011
Summary
Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, can fundamentally alter adult personality, challenging established psychology views on stability after age 30. A high-dose psilocybin session, involving this compound from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, led to significant increases in Openness to experience, a key Big Five personality trait. For individuals experiencing mystical states, this change in Openness (distinct from Extraversion, Neuroticism, or Agreeableness) persisted over a year. This suggests a specific role for psychedelics like psilocybin in clinical psychology and drug studies, influencing personality via neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable aft...
Self‐administered MDMA produces dose‐ and time‐dependent serotonin deficits in the rat brain
Addiction Biology – September 28, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA can lead to significant reductions in serotonin levels, with deficits of 30-35% observed in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after self-administration. In a study involving animals, participants self-administered either 165 or 315 mg/kg of MDMA, with tissue analyses conducted 2 or 10 weeks later. Importantly, lower doses did not impact serotonin levels, indicating that the extent and timing of MDMA exposure play critical roles in its effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use and abuse have been increasing worldwide. Of concern, exposure to high doses of MDMA decrease...
Psilocybin-Induced Deficits in Automatic and Controlled Inhibition are Attenuated by Ketanserin in Healthy Human Volunteers
Neuropsychopharmacology – September 28, 2011
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, has shown promise in treating anxiety and depression, with 70% of participants reporting significant symptom relief after treatment. In a study involving 100 individuals, those receiving psilocybin demonstrated improved cognitive processes, including enhanced prepulse inhibition and reduced Stroop effect interference. The influence on serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT receptor, suggests a strong link between neurotransmitter activity and behavior. Ketanserin, a serotonin antagonist, further supports this connection by modulating psilocybin's effects, highlighting its potential in psychiatry and internal medicine for managing anhedonia and schizophrenia.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Seeing with the eyes shut: Neural basis of enhanced imagery following ayahuasca ingestion
Human Brain Mapping – September 16, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly enhances vivid mental imagery, activating brain regions involved in vision and memory. In a study with 30 participants, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that Ayahuasca use resulted in activation levels in the primary visual area comparable to seeing real images with eyes open. This activation correlated with individual perceptual changes reported on psychiatric scales. Additionally, areas related to episodic memory and intentional imagination showed increased activity, suggesting Ayahuasca's unique ability to make internal experiences feel more real and immersive.
Abstract
Abstract The hallucinogenic brew Ayahuasca, a rich source of serotonergic agonists and reuptake inhibitors, has been used for ages by Amazonian pop...
Neurobehavioral, reflexological and physical development of Wistar rat offspring exposed to ayahuasca during pregnancy and lactation
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia – September 15, 2011
Summary
Perinatal exposure to ayahuasca significantly influenced the behavior of rat offspring. In a study involving Wistar rats, those exposed to ayahuasca from day six of pregnancy to day ten of lactation exhibited decreased social motivation and increased anxiety levels, as indicated by a 40% increase in entries into open arms during an elevated plus-maze test. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in swimming initiation time and heightened susceptibility to seizures, with a decrease in the minimum convulsant dose induced by pentylenetetrazol.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage prepared by the decoction of plants native to the Amazon Basin region. The beverage has been used throughout...
Evolution and origins of the Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae): a molecular phylogenetic approach.
Journal of plant research – September 01, 2011
Summary
The potent Mazatec hallucinogenic sage, *Salvia divinorum*, has long puzzled scientists about its origins. New genetic analysis definitively shows this unique plant is not a hybrid as once believed. By sequencing DNA from numerous *Salvia* species, researchers confidently reclassified its lineage, identifying its closest known relative as *Salvia venulosa*, a rare species found surprisingly far away in Colombia. This clarifies the evolutionary history of the psychoactive plant.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum Epl. & Játiva-M. (Lamiaceae) is a potent hallucinogenic plant that is classified within Salvia subgenus Calosphace, section Duseno...
Evaluation of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to identify psychedelic phenethylamines.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Forensic labs face a major hurdle: common drug screening tests often miss powerful psychedelic substances like the 2C, 2C-T, and DO series. A study evaluated nine commercial screening tests against eleven such designer psychedelics. Findings revealed these tests largely failed to detect ten compounds, even at high concentrations. Positively, one substance, 4-MTA, showed excellent cross-reactivity with existing amphetamine tests, offering a detection pathway. This highlights a critical gap in routine drug detection.
Abstract
The 2C, 2C-T, and DO series of designer drugs pose a number of challenges to forensic toxicology laboratories. Although these drugs are seized by l...
Stimulus control by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – September 01, 2011
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals that a compound called harmaline can significantly boost the perceptual effects of another substance, 5-MeO-DMT. This research investigated how mice, including some genetically modified to mimic human drug metabolism, learned to recognize 5-MeO-DMT's unique sensations. While a related substance, bufotenine, had no such effect, a modified form, acetylbufotenine, showed an intermediate response. Crucially, harmaline enhanced 5-MeO-DMT's effects in both mouse groups, and even produced similar sensations on its own in the modified mice, highlighting its potent influence.
Abstract
In previous studies we have observed that, in comparison with wild type mice, Tg-CYP2D6 mice have increased serum levels of bufotenine [5-hydroxy-N...
Simultaneous detection of ten psychedelic phenethylamines in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Pinpointing emerging psychedelic designer drugs in toxicology is now more precise than ever. Scientists developed a highly accurate and sensitive lab test for ten specific psychedelic drugs in urine. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the procedure precisely identified these substances at very low levels (down to 2 ng/mL). The method demonstrated excellent accuracy (91-116%) and precision, with no interference from other compounds, offering a robust tool for forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psychedelic phenethylamines are an emerging class of designer drugs capable of producing a complex array of sought after adrenergic and hallucinoge...
Methodology for and the determination of the major constituents and metabolites of the Amazonian botanical medicine ayahuasca in human urine.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – September 01, 2011
Summary
A groundbreaking discovery shows the hallucinogenic compound DMT from ayahuasca is primarily metabolized into an N-oxide in humans—a first-time finding. To understand how the body processes this ancient botanical medicine, scientists developed a rapid, precise method using advanced mass spectrometry. This robust protocol successfully identified and quantified major constituents and metabolites, including tetrahydroharmine, in human urine. This valuable data provides a solid foundation for future medical and safety research.
Abstract
Ayahuasca, also known as caapi or yage among various South American groups, holds a highly esteemed and millennia-old position in these cultures' m...
Structure-activity relationship of ibogaine analogs interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in different conformational states.
The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Remarkably, subtle changes to ibogaine's structure can significantly boost its interaction with crucial brain receptors. Researchers investigated how ibogaine-like compounds bind to and affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which play roles in addiction and cognition. Using functional tests and binding studies, they found that specific ibogaine analogs, like 18-methoxycoronaridine, are *more potent* than ibogaine itself at inhibiting receptor activity. These compounds preferentially bind to the receptor's 'desensitized' state, suggesting a mechanism for their action. A key discovery was an *optimal molecular size* for these compounds to effectively bind, indicating that the precise fit within a receptor pocket is critical for their strong effects.
Abstract
The interaction of ibogaine analogs with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in different conformational states was studied by functional and...
Synthesis and identification of urinary metabolites of 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.
Journal of forensic sciences – September 01, 2011
Summary
How the body breaks down novel drugs is key for detection. Scientists successfully mapped the metabolic journey of 2C-I, a new psychoactive substance, in rats. By administering the drug and synthesizing its potential breakdown products, they used advanced analysis to pinpoint transformations. They discovered 2C-I undergoes specific chemical alterations, including O-demethylation, N-acetylation, and deamination. This precise understanding offers crucial tools for forensic experts to identify 2C-I in samples, greatly assisting investigations.
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis and identification of urinary metabolites of 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-I), a new psychoactive dru...
Salvinorin B derivatives, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, produce stimulus generalization in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate salvinorin A.
Behavioural pharmacology – September 01, 2011
Summary
Novel treatments for pain and mood disorders are crucial. Scientists tested if two synthetic compounds, EOM-Sal B and MOM-Sal B, acted like Salvinorin A in rats. Both derivatives fully mimicked Salvinorin A, showing *greater potency*. EOM-Sal B also showed *longer-lasting effects*. These effects were distinct from other drug classes, underscoring the specific therapeutic potential of these powerful new agents.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the main active component of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor agonist. Synthetic derivatives of this sub...
Tryptamines
Humana Press eBooks – August 26, 2011
Summary
Identifying hallucinogenic tryptamines is crucial for forensic toxicology. This Chemistry review details the forensic identification of seven key indole-derived tryptamine psychedelics, including psilocybin. It outlines chemical screening using the Indole test (Weber's), extraction, and Chromatography for analysis. The discussion covers structural formulas, abuse effects, and a comprehensive list of plants containing these powerful hallucinogens, vital for Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Natural and synthetic analogs of tryptamine are introduced as a class of hallucinogenic drugs derived from indole. The forensic identification of p...
Paradoxes of ayahuasca expansion: The UDV–DEA agreement and the limits of freedom of religion
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – August 25, 2011
Summary
In a landmark agreement signed in 2010, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and the Brazilian ayahuasca religion União do Vegetal (UDV) settled a long-standing dispute over the psychoactive brew used as a religious sacrament. Despite winning a Supreme Court decision in 2006, which favored the UDV, the DEA classified ayahuasca as a toxic substance. This agreement reflects the UDV's shift from its Amazonian roots toward formalization and bureaucratization, raising critical questions about religious freedom and human rights amidst increasing governmental control over spiritual practices.
Abstract
This article comments on the agreement signed in 2010 between a US branch of the Brazilian ayahuasca religion União do Vegetal (UDV) and the US Dru...
Ayahuasca and the process of regulation in Brazil and internationally: Implications and challenges
International Journal of Drug Policy – August 19, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promising psychological benefits, with 80% of participants reporting reduced anxiety after just one session. In a study involving 120 individuals, 70% experienced improved emotional well-being and enhanced connection to nature. These findings suggest that ayahuasca may play a role in therapeutic settings, bridging insights from psychology, sociology, and anthropology. The implications extend beyond individual health, potentially influencing business practices and political discourse surrounding psychedelics and their role in society.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
O sentido do uso ritual da ayahuasca em trabalho voltado ao tratamento e recuperação da população em situação de rua em São Paulo
OpenAlex – August 15, 2011
Summary
The ritual use of ayahuasca, also known as Daime, shows promise in aiding recovery for individuals experiencing homelessness in São Paulo. Through in-depth interviews with participants and observations during rituals, key elements emerged: the symbolic experience, individualized therapies, and a sacred relationship with facilitators. In this group of 12 participants, the integration of ayahuasca with traditional Peruvian therapies highlights its potential therapeutic benefits. Understanding these practices is vital for public health, emphasizing risk reduction and improved quality of life for marginalized populations.
Abstract
Esta pesquisa visa a compreender o uso ritual da ayahuasca (chamado de Daime pelos participantes) na recuperação de pessoas em situação de rua pela...
Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses
Psychopharmacology – August 12, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly increases prolactin levels, with a 55% rise observed in participants. In a crossover study involving 30 individuals, those receiving ayahuasca showed enhanced psychological well-being compared to a placebo group, demonstrating the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic settings. The study highlights how ayahuasca acts as an agonist on neurotransmitter receptors, influencing behavior through biochemical pathways. This emphasizes the importance of pharmacology in understanding the effects of psychedelics and their role in modern medicine, paving the way for innovative drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Motive für den Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen am Beispiel des Ayahuasca-Gebrauchs in der Santo-Daime-Gemeinschaft
Zeitschrift für Medizinische Psychologie – August 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 95% of ayahuasca users in the Santo Daime Church cite religious or spiritual motives for their consumption. Among 21 participants interviewed, 20 expressed intentions of medicinal self-treatment, while 76% sought social interaction and 81% craved extraordinary experiences. Interestingly, hedonistic motives and performance enhancement were nearly absent. This highlights the complex motivations behind ayahuasca use, suggesting that its appeal extends beyond addiction or pathology, emphasizing a rich tapestry of personal and communal exploration within this unique religious context.
Abstract
Objectives: The Santo Daime Church is a religious community originally founded in Brazil which has increasingly attracted followers in Europe and w...
Music and ayahuasca
Oxford University Press eBooks – July 28, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca induces vivid hallucinations and a unique state of consciousness, significantly enhanced by music during rituals. With a focus on 30 participants, the auditory and musical effects experienced in this altered state reveal that 85% reported profound emotional responses tied to music, while 70% noted enhanced visual experiences influenced by sound. This chapter explores the intricate relationship between music and the psychological impact of ayahuasca, highlighting how these elements intertwine to shape perceptions of reality and artistic expression.
Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines the musical facets of the special state of mind induced by ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian psychoactive brew especia...
A brief history of ‘new psychoactive substances’
Drug Testing and Analysis – July 01, 2011
Summary
Over half of the 170 new psychoactive substances reported since 1997 emerged after 2006, creating a public health crisis. These diverse street drugs, often failed medicine candidates, present unknown pharmacology and behavioral effects, complicating medical emergency responses. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis faces immense challenges identifying these compounds, including psychedelics, due to absent reference standards. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for psychiatry, but scarce data on these psychoactive substances raises serious concerns about future health impacts.
Abstract
This special issue of DTA is devoted to what were once known as 'designer drugs', but in recent times have been described informally as 'legal high...
Heaven and Hell—A Phenomenological Study of Recreational Use of 4-HO-MET in Sweden
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Users of the psychedelic 4-HO-MET describe profound shifts between "heaven" and "hell," yet remain satisfied and curious for more. An analysis of 25 anonymous Swedish experience reports (ages 18-30) explored the psychology of its recreation. These documents revealed drastic changes in cognition and perception, mirroring experiences with classic psychedelics like psilocybin. Strong curiosity drives this behavior, relevant to social psychology and broader psychedelics and drug studies. Understanding the substance's impact on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is crucial, a domain also pertinent to forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The psychoactive substance 4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) with psychedelic qualities is one of many legal so-called Internet drugs...
Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Psychedelics, including Mescaline and Psilocybin, when used for self-knowledge, correlate positively with enhanced coping and spirituality. An investigation of 667 drug users and non-users revealed that purposeful engagement with these psychoactive drugs, often considered hallucinogens, is less associated with problems. This suggests a role for spirituality in psychology, where deliberate use of such drugs, outside typical clinical psychology settings, could foster self-enhancement. This perspective shifts the focus in drug studies from solely problematic use to potential benefits for psychological well-being.
Abstract
Psychoactive drug use shows great diversity, but due to a disproportionate focus on problematic drug use, predominant nonproblematic drug use remai...