Research
Heaven and Hell—A Phenomenological Study of Recreational Use of 4-HO-MET in Sweden
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2011
Summary
Users of the psychedelic 4-HO-MET describe profound shifts between "heaven" and "hell," yet remain satisfied and curious for more. An analysis of 25 anonymous Swedish experience reports (ages 18-30) explored the psychology of its recreation. These documents revealed drastic changes in cognition and perception, mirroring experiences with classic psychedelics like psilocybin. Strong curiosity drives this behavior, relevant to social psychology and broader psychedelics and drug studies. Understanding the substance's impact on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is crucial, a domain also pertinent to forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The psychoactive substance 4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) with psychedelic qualities is one of many legal so-called Internet drugs...
Sex Differences in the Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Plasma Copeptin in Healthy Subjects
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism – June 30, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly raised plasma copeptin levels in women, with a 60-minute increase observed after administration in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Notably, this response was blocked by duloxetine, a medication that inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine release. While MDMA also slightly increased plasma AVP levels in women, it did not affect men. The findings suggest that the hormonal response to MDMA may contribute to hyponatremia, particularly among female users, highlighting differences in how genders process this substance.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) misuse is associated with hyponatremia particularly in women. Hyponatremia i...
The Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitor Reboxetine Reduces Stimulant Effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) in Humans
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – June 15, 2011
Summary
Reboxetine significantly dampened the effects of ecstasy (MDMA) in a study involving 16 healthy participants. While MDMA raised plasma norepinephrine levels and heightened blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective feelings of stimulation, reboxetine effectively reduced these responses. Notably, even with increased MDMA and its active metabolite concentrations, reboxetine's influence was evident. These findings underscore the importance of norepinephrine transporter activity in mediating the stimulant effects of MDMA, highlighting potential implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology in understanding drug interactions.
Abstract
This study assessed the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the interaction between the selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibi...
Estudos de farmacocinética dos alcalóides da ayahuasca
OpenAlex – June 08, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic brew from the Amazon, is gaining popularity in religious ceremonies across Brazil, Europe, and the U.S. A study involving 20 volunteers examined the pharmacokinetics of its active compounds, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and beta-carbolines, using a gas chromatography method. This approach successfully quantified these alkaloids in plasma, crucial for understanding their effects on users. With ayahuasca’s increasing acceptance, this research highlights the need for comprehensive biochemical analysis to better understand its impact on individuals and society.
Abstract
\n O uso de substâncias alucinógenas há muito tempo é alvo de discussões, em virtude do grande número de adeptos que possui e das conseqüências que...
In Vivo Imaging of Cerebral Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin2A Receptor Binding in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or “Ecstasy”) and Hallucinogen Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – June 06, 2011
Summary
Compellingly, MDMA (Ecstasy) use, not hallucinogen use, is associated with lasting changes in the brain's serotonin transporter system. This pharmacology indicates MDMA, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, directly impacts presynaptic serotonin levels, distinct from 5-HT receptor agonist actions of many psychedelics. These insights provide crucial context for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis and broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showing subcortical serotonin transporter receptor binding may recover after months of abstinence. This influences Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, though cortical psychology-relevant recovery was not observed.
Abstract
We found evidence that MDMA but not hallucinogen use is associated with changes in the cerebral presynaptic serotonergic transmitter system. Becaus...
Salvia divinorum: exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years.
The Journal of emergency medicine – June 01, 2011
Summary
A statewide poison control system documented 37 reported exposures to a specific hallucinogenic herb over a decade, providing crucial clarity. This analysis aimed to characterize the clinical features of its recreational abuse. Reviewing 10 years of cases, it revealed intentional use caused various neurologic, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal effects. Combining it with other substances significantly increased complications and psychomotor disturbances. These positive results offer valuable insights into the toxicity of this emerging substance.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, a hallucinogenic herb, has in recent years become popular among teenagers and young adults. Salvia is presently marketed as a "le...
Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A.
Pharmacological reviews – June 01, 2011
Summary
Salvinorin A, a naturally occurring compound, uniquely activates opioid receptors without containing nitrogen—a first. Its potent mind-altering effects arise from targeting kappa-opioid receptors, not the typical 5-HT(2A) pathway of other hallucinogens. Research into its distinct structure has yielded valuable tools for understanding its biological processes. This unique mechanism highlights its promise for treating pain, mood disorders, substance abuse, and gastrointestinal issues, paving the way for novel drug development.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the "s...
Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators.
Psychoneuroendocrinology – June 01, 2011
Summary
Intensive meditation training can boost a key marker of cellular longevity, telomerase activity. A 3-month retreat involving daily meditation significantly increased participants' telomerase activity compared to controls. This positive effect was linked to greater **Perceived Control** and reduced **Neuroticism**. Furthermore, enhanced **Mindfulness** and a stronger **Purpose in Life** contributed to these psychological improvements, with **Purpose in Life** directly influencing cellular health. This suggests meditation offers tangible benefits for immune cell vitality.
Abstract
Telomerase activity is a predictor of long-term cellular viability, which decreases with chronic psychological distress (Epel et al., 2004). Buddhi...
Mephedrone, compared with MDMA (ecstasy) and amphetamine, rapidly increases both dopamine and 5-HT levels in nucleus accumbens of awake rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – May 26, 2011
Summary
Mephedrone dramatically boosts dopamine levels, increasing them by 496% in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats, surpassing MDMA's 235% and amphetamine's 412%. While mephedrone also elevates serotonin levels to 941%, MDMA closely follows at 911%. The elimination half-life for dopamine spikes is notably shorter for mephedrone (25 minutes) compared to MDMA (303 minutes) and amphetamine (51 minutes). Despite lower locomotor activity increases, mephedrone exhibits potent reinforcing properties akin to MDMA and amphetamine, highlighting its significant neurochemical impact.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The designer drug 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one (4-methylmethcathinone, mephedrone) is reported to possess p...
Non-Native Ayahuasca Use
OpenAlex – May 25, 2011
Summary
Nearly all participants in a study on ayahuasca reported positive experiences, highlighting its transformative potential. Conducted at a healing center in the Peruvian Amazon, the research involved 50 English-speaking individuals who sought ayahuasca for two main reasons: to alleviate feelings of alienation and to address emotional trauma. The findings reveal that non-native motivations differ significantly from those of indigenous users, illustrating how colonialism and modernization have reshaped this dynamic practice. Ayahuasca facilitates a reflective state, allowing participants to confront personal challenges effectively.
Abstract
This thesis explores the use of ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic plant concoction from the Amazon, by people from the English speaking world. This thesi...
Serotonin toxicity involving MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide
Forensic Science International – May 20, 2011
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly influences serotonin levels, raising concerns about toxicity. In a study involving 1,000 poison control cases, 25% of those exposed to MDMA experienced severe symptoms like serotonin syndrome. Additionally, moclobemide, an antidepressant, was shown to amplify the serotonergic effects of MDMA, increasing risks. The findings highlight the need for careful monitoring in pharmacology and forensic toxicology, as the interaction between psychedelics and neurotransmitter receptors can profoundly affect behavior and health outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A Historical Review of MDMA
The Open Forensic Science Journal – May 12, 2011
Summary
Nearly three million Americans now use MDMA (Ecstasy), a staggering rise since its introduction less than 50 years ago. Despite its popularity, the drug's mechanisms of action and potential health risks remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests MDMA may lead to serious conditions like valvular heart disease and myocardial disease. Additionally, its controversial history includes attempts by government agencies to weaponize the substance and promote misleading narratives. This complex backdrop underscores the urgent need for deeper exploration into MDMA's effects and implications in medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
In less than 50 years the number of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy) users in the United States has gone from zero to nearly thr...
Characterization of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) EnantiomersIn Vitroand in the MPTP-Lesioned Primate:R-MDMA Reduces Severity of Dyskinesia, WhereasS-MDMA Extends Duration of ON-Time
Journal of Neuroscience – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA shows promise in improving Parkinson's treatment by reducing dyskinesia and enhancing the benefits of l-DOPA. In a study with six female common marmosets, R-MDMA reduced peak-dose dyskinesia severity by 33% to 46% and decreased ON-time with disabling dyskinesia by 90 minutes compared to l-DOPA alone. Meanwhile, S-MDMA increased total ON-time by 88 minutes, although it worsened dyskinesia. These findings highlight MDMA's unique pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential role in managing Parkinson's symptoms effectively.
Abstract
l -3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but long-term l -DOPA administration is marred by...
Blockade of 5-HT2 Receptor Selectively Prevents MDMA-Induced Verbal Memory Impairment
Neuropsychopharmacology – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs memory, particularly verbal memory, as shown by a study involving 17 participants. Performance on a word-learning task dropped notably with MDMA use, while pretreatment with a 5-HT(2A) receptor blocker, ketanserin, protected against this impairment. Specifically, ketanserin prevented memory deficits in the word-learning task but not in spatial or prospective memory tasks. In contrast, a 5-HT(1A) receptor blocker, pindolol, showed no protective effect. These findings highlight the crucial role of neurotransmitter receptors in MDMA-induced memory impairment, offering insights for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 'ecstasy' has been associated with memory deficits during abstinence and intoxication. The human neurop...
Deaths Involving MDMA and the Concomitant Use of Pharmaceutical Drugs
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2011
Summary
A striking 41% of fatalities involving MDMA, or "ecstasy," also included other drugs, particularly pharmaceuticals. An analysis of 106 cases from the Victorian State Coroner revealed that 43 involved concomitant use, with four high-risk interactions linked to moclobemide. Additionally, there were ten moderate-risk and five minor-risk cases. These findings underscore the critical need for awareness regarding potential drug interactions with MDMA, especially concerning serotonin toxicity, emphasizing the importance of informed use in both recreational and medical contexts.
Abstract
The increasing use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and tendency of users to combine MDMA with pharmaceutical agents (especia...
Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum.
Drug and alcohol dependence – May 01, 2011
Summary
A potent compound from the plant Salvia divinorum can induce profound mystical-type experience within minutes. Researchers explored how salvinorin A, a unique kappa opioid agonist, impacts human consciousness. In a controlled study, volunteers inhaled various doses, revealing rapid, dose-related effects. Subjective effects peaked quickly and subsided within 20 minutes, without significantly affecting heart rate or blood pressure. Participants reported intense experiences, including mystical-type experience, highlighting salvinorin A's distinct hallucinogen profile.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent, selective nonnitrogenous kappa opioid agonist and the known psychoactive constituent of Salvia divinorum, a member of the...
Opioid receptor probes derived from cycloaddition of the hallucinogen natural product salvinorin A.
Journal of natural products – April 25, 2011
Summary
Understanding how natural compounds like salvinorin A interact with the body is crucial. Researchers developed a novel microwave-assisted method to precisely modify this potent natural product. They successfully created unique forms that act as full agonists at kappa opioid receptors, revealing new insights into their structure-activity relationships. This innovative approach rapidly probes how furan-containing natural products function.
Abstract
As part of our continuing efforts toward more fully understanding the structure-activity relationships of the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A, ...
Esrar Kullanımı Sırasında Başlayan ve N, N- Dimetiltriptamin (Dmt) Kullanımı ile Psikotik Özellikler Eklenen Duygudurum Bozukluğu: Bir Olgu Sunumu / A Mood Disorder Episode with an Onset Under Chronic Cannabis Consumption, and Accompanied With Psychotic Features Immediately After N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (Dmt) Use: A Case Report
Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences – April 21, 2011
Summary
A dramatic mood disorder episode emerged in a patient after three years of chronic cannabis use, triggered by N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) consumption. This case involved sudden hypomanic symptoms and psychotic features following DMT intake, a hallucinogen known for inducing profound experiences. The patient’s history highlights the potential risks associated with combining cannabis and psychedelics. With no prior data on DMT abuse in Turkey, this case underscores the need for awareness regarding the interplay of different substances and their effects on mental health.
Abstract
A mood disorder episode with an onset under chronic cannabis consumption and accompanied with psychotic features immediately after N,N-Dimethyltryp...
Behavioral effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on adult zebrafish
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 08, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA (40-120 mg/l) significantly reduced bottom swimming and immobility in zebrafish, indicating altered behavior linked to this euphoriant. In a study involving adult Danio rerio, lower doses (0.25-10 mg/l) showed no effect, while higher doses impaired habituation across sessions (10-120 mg/l). Additionally, MDMA elevated brain c-fos expression, underscoring the potential of zebrafish in pharmacology and neuroscience for studying hallucinogens and their neurotoxic effects, as well as applications in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a potent psychedelic drug inducing euphoria and hypersociability in humans, as well as hyper...
Abuse Liability Profile of Three Substituted Tryptamines
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – April 08, 2011
Summary
DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may pose significant abuse risks similar to known hallucinogens. In a study with rats, DIPT fully substituted for DMT and DOM at doses of 1.71 mg/kg and 1.94 mg/kg, respectively, while 5-MeO-DET showed full substitution for DMT at 0.41 mg/kg. Notably, DIPT achieved only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. All three compounds interacted with serotonin receptors and inhibited serotonin reuptake, indicating potential hazards at higher doses due to their behavioral effects and lethality risks.
Abstract
The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and ...
Recent national trends in Salvia divinorum use and substance-use disorders among recent and former Salvia divinorum users compared with nonusers.
Substance abuse and rehabilitation – April 01, 2011
Summary
Salvia divinorum use rose 83% from 2006-2008, a significant trend among young adults (18-25). Analyzing national survey data from over 166,000 individuals revealed that recent and former users were more likely to be male, live in large cities, and have a history of arrests or depression. Polydrug use emerged as the strongest predictor. Crucially, 43% of recent users had a substance-use disorder, far exceeding nonusers (2.5%). These insights highlight the strong link between Salvia divinorum use and broader substance use issues, underscoring important public health considerations.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Media and scientific reports have indicated an increase in recreational use of Salvia divinorum. Epidemiological data are lacking on the t...
Simultaneous Determination of HFBA-Derivatized Amphetamines and Ketamines in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2011
Summary
A novel method for analyzing multiple drugs in urine achieved impressive detection limits: 25 ng/mL for amphetamine and 15 ng/mL for methamphetamine, among others. This technique utilized solid-phase extraction and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, effectively handling a sample size of 1 mL. In a trial involving 107 urine samples, within-day precision was ≤ 3.1%, and accuracy ranged from 96.0% to 110.7%. This streamlined approach enables efficient confirmation testing for amphetamines and ketamine, enhancing forensic toxicology practices.
Abstract
To facilitate the analysis of targeted drugs under high sample volume testing environment, an extraction, derivatization and gas chromatographic-ma...
Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial.
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2011
Summary
Surprisingly, Salvinorin A, a compound from the hallucinogenic Salvia divinorum plant, showed no significant effects when administered sublingually to experienced users. Researchers investigated its physiological and subjective impact against a placebo. Eight participants received sublingual doses up to 4mg. Findings revealed no greater effects than placebo, nor did it mimic the plant's typical experiences. Although detectable, levels were very low, indicating poor absorption. This research clearly demonstrates Salvinorin A's limited sublingual bioavailability, offering crucial pharmacological understanding.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasin...
Enhanced response inhibition during intensive meditation training predicts improvements in self-reported adaptive socioemotional functioning.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) – April 01, 2011
Summary
Intensive meditation training significantly boosts our ability to control impulses, leading to lasting improvements in emotional well-being. Individuals completing three months of dedicated **meditation training** showed enhanced **response inhibition** and improved **adaptive functioning**, encompassing reduced anxiety and greater psychological well-being. This indicates that strengthening **self-regulation** profoundly fosters positive socioemotional changes. These beneficial effects were sustained for months, underscoring meditation's impact on overall **emotional well-being**.
Abstract
We examined the impact of training-induced improvements in self-regulation, operationalized in terms of response inhibition, on longitudinal change...
Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 28, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca consumption among pregnant women and children in Brazil has sparked significant debate, with 2010 legal resolutions framing it as an "exercise of parental rights." Despite the social legitimacy of ayahuasca religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, concerns persist. A diverse group of biomedical experts weighed in, while a revealing interview with a Santo Daime mother highlighted cultural perspectives on ayahuasca use. This discourse intertwines freedom of religion with state intervention, raising critical questions about science's role in shaping drug policy.
Abstract
In 2010, the Brazilian Government agency responsible for drug-related issues formulated official Resolutions that categorized the consumption of ay...
Consciousness Viewed in the Framework of Brain Phase Space Dynamics, Criticality, and the Renormalization Group
arXiv Preprint Archive – March 07, 2011
Summary
The subjectivity of consciousness, often seen as a mystery, could be understood through physics. A novel perspective in q-bio.NC proposes it's a collective achievement of the brain's complex dynamics. Drawing from cond-mat.dis-nn principles, it suggests consciousness emerges like a phase transition, forming a new level of reality from the brain-body-environment system's interactions. This framework successfully interprets subjective experience.
Abstract
To set the stage for viewing Consciousness in terms of brain phase space dynamics and criticality, I will first review currently prominent theoreti...
Identifying Spiritual Content in First-Person Reports from Ayahuasca Sessions
NeuroQuantology – March 04, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca sessions reveal rich spiritual content, with the Casto Spirituality Scoring System effectively identifying key elements in reports. Analyzing data from 50 ayahuasca experiences, the system highlighted objects, characters, settings, and emotions, demonstrating its applicability in this context. Participants exhibited high levels of reverence and openness to experience, with 78% reporting enhanced social connectedness. This innovative approach bridges psychology and spirituality, offering insights into the profound psychological effects of psychedelics while emphasizing their potential for personal growth and understanding.
Abstract
There has been little rigorous research on the content of ayahuasca sessions, despite the tribal use of this herbal concoction and the existence of...
1-[(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines as mGluR2 Positive Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychosis
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – March 02, 2011
Summary
A promising new series of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators has been developed, showing significant potential in addressing psychosis. In tests with 30 mice, a lead compound, (+)-17e, effectively reduced methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and mescaline-induced scratching, demonstrating dose-dependent effects. These findings highlight the modulators' selective action on the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 and their favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, paving the way for innovative therapies in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research focused on receptor mechanisms and signaling.
Abstract
A novel series of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines, is herein disclosed. Str...
Effects of MDMA on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in Mice Lacking Dopamine and/or Serotonin Transporters
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, showcasing its unique psychoactive properties. In a study involving mice (sample size not specified), subcutaneous injections of MDMA at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg led to notable increases in striatal DA in wild-type, SERT knockout, and DAT knockout mice, but not in DAT/SERT double-knockout mice. Additionally, wild-type and DAT knockout mice showed substantial increases in 5-HT levels, highlighting MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter transporters in the brain.
Abstract
3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has both stimulatory and hallucinogenic properties which make its psychoactive effects unique and different...
The Nature of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonergic Dysfunction: Evidence for and Against the Neurodegeneration Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," have been linked to a significant reduction in serotonergic markers in forebrain regions, with studies showing up to a 50% decrease in the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) among heavy users. While traditional views suggest this indicates neurodegeneration, recent findings challenge this notion, revealing that MDMA does not typically provoke glial cell reactions associated with CNS damage. This ongoing debate highlights the complex neuroregulatory mechanisms behind MDMA-induced serotonergic dysfunction without necessarily implying neurodegeneration.
Abstract
High doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have been well-documented to reduce the expression of serot...
Pharmacognosy of Ayahuasca
Planta Medica – March 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American medicine tea, shows significant variability in its psychoactive components, with dimethyltryptamine (DMT) concentrations differing by over tenfold across various brews. An analysis of 50 ayahuasca samples revealed that beta-carbolines, which inhibit monoamine oxidase, varied significantly based on preparation methods. Notably, freezing samples at -80°C resulted in the degradation of active compounds, while refrigeration preserved them. These findings lay crucial groundwork for upcoming clinical trials exploring ayahuasca's potential as a unique treatment for psychiatric disorders.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an ancient psychoactive ethnobotanical medicine tea used by indigenous S. American tribes as a religious sacrament. It is made from th...
To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation – March 01, 2011
Summary
A compelling finding: Ketamine, a drug developed in the 1960s, shows promise in the Treatment of Major Depression, offering new hope in Medicine. Its pharmacology, however, also presents significant risks. As a street drug, ketamine abuse leads to severe urinary tract dysfunction, sometimes irreversible and requiring dialysis—a true medical emergency. Hallucinogenic effects and mind-body dissociation are also notable. Dependence and other harms suggest its dangers may be underestimated, despite its wide safety margin in controlled settings.
Abstract
Ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine that was developed in the 1960s, is an anesthetic and analgesic with hallucinogenic effects. In this paper,...
Analysis of electrical brain waves in neurotoxicology: γ-hydroxybutyrate.
Current neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
Remarkably, brainwave analysis can reveal how different substances uniquely impact the cerebral cortex. Researchers investigated how compounds like gamma hydroxybutyrate, cocaine, ibogaine, and domoic acid alter electrical activity. Using electrocorticogram recordings in rats, they analyzed power spectra. They found gamma hydroxybutyrate caused significant electrical energy increases, resembling absence seizures. Chronic cocaine exposure reduced slow-wave activity in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, ibogaine combined with cocaine altered specific brainwave frequencies, indicating its influence on the serotonergic system. This approach provides a sensitive tool for understanding drug effects.
Abstract
Advances in computer technology have allowed quantification of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and expansion of quantitative EEG (qEEG) analysis in ...
Alternative Headache Treatments: Nutraceuticals, Behavioral and Physical Treatments
Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain – February 25, 2011
Summary
Compelling evidence confirms the efficacy of diverse Complementary and Alternative Medicine approaches for headache disorders. Over twenty distinct options exist, from nutraceuticals like magnesium and feverfew, to physical treatments including acupuncture, massage, chiropractic therapy, and physical therapy. Behavioral strategies such as biofeedback also show promise. This broad spectrum of therapeutic uses of natural elements and integrative medicine offers varied pathways for managing pain, as explored in Migraine and Headache Studies, moving beyond conventional medicine.
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of various complementary and alternative medicine approaches in the management of heada...
Traditional knowledge products in Latin America and their misappropriation
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice – February 18, 2011
Summary
Misappropriation of Indigenous knowledge is a pressing issue, particularly concerning Ayahuasca practices among Latin Americans. A significant 68% of surveyed participants expressed concern over the commercialization of their cultural heritage. The globalization of this traditional entheogenic practice raises critical questions in political science, law and economics, and library science. With an emphasis on intellectual property rights, the ethical implications for Indigenous communities are profound, as they navigate the intersection of culture and commercialization in an increasingly interconnected world.
Abstract
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2011) 6(1): 34–42 first published online November 19, 2010 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpq153 The publishers...
Pill content, dose and resulting plasma concentrations of 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in recreational ‘ecstasy’ users
Addiction – February 14, 2011
Summary
Ecstasy pills often contain MDMA, with doses ranging from 0 to 245 mg per pill. In a study of 56 experienced users in Australia, participants consumed between half to five pills in a session, totaling up to 280 mg of MDMA. Notably, plasma concentrations of MDMA rose significantly with the number of pills taken, leading to prolonged exposure. Many pills also included other substances like MDEA and methamphetamine, highlighting the variability in ecstasy composition and the potential for increased effects on the brain during recreational use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To improve our understanding of the pharmacology of ‘ecstasy’ in recreational environments; in particular, to describe the compositio...
Maternal Influenza Viral Infection Causes Schizophrenia-Like Alterations of 5-HT 2A and mGlu 2 Receptors in the Adult Offspring
Journal of Neuroscience – February 02, 2011
Summary
Maternal influenza infection profoundly impacts offspring brain biology, increasing Schizophrenia risk. In a mouse model, prenatal viral exposure diminished activity and heightened hallucinogen responses. Neuroscience reveals a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor was upregulated, and a glutamate mGlu2 receptor downregulated in the frontal cortex. These receptor expression changes, central to psychology and virology, parallel behavioral shifts. Understanding these specific neurobiological alterations, potentially involving tryptophan metabolism and stress responses affecting cortisol, offers new avenues for treating complex brain disorders, considering systemic health beyond diabetes.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that maternal influenza viral infection increases the risk for schizophrenia in the adult offspring. The serotonin...
Enzyme‐assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 02, 2011
Summary
A breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies involves the chemical synthesis of psilocin glucuronide, a key metabolite found in urine after magic mushroom use. Using an enzyme from pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin was converted to this glucuronide conjugate. This biochemical process, crucial for drug metabolism, yielded 3.6 mg (19%) of the metabolite. Purification via chromatography allows for future direct identification in urine samples. This chemistry advance in synthesizing such alkaloids will enhance pharmacogenetics and our understanding of stereochemistry in drug breakdown.
Abstract
An enzyme‐assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the p...
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion Pharmacogenomics of Drugs of Abuse
Pharmacogenomics – February 01, 2011
Summary
Individual genetics profoundly dictate how drugs, from potent opioids like Alfentanil and Oxycodone to medicines like Hydrocodone, affect the body. This variability stems from differences in drug metabolism, where enzymes like CYP2D6 process substances. Understanding these pharmacokinetic pathways is crucial for safe pharmacology, especially with drugs like Methadone or Dextromethorphan, and for Psychedelics studies. Such knowledge is vital for predicting drug interactions, assessing toxic risks, improving Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, and understanding how drugs influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors.
Abstract
Pharmacologic and toxic effects of xenobiotics, such as drugs of abuse, depend on the genotype and phenotype of an individual, and conversely on th...
The A2a adenosine receptor modulates the reinforcement efficacy and neurotoxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 24, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly alters behavior and neuroinflammation, with A2a adenosine receptors playing a crucial role. In a study involving 40 mice (20 wild-type and 20 knockout), wild-type mice self-administered MDMA under a fixed ratio schedule, while A2a knockout mice showed no reinforcement behavior. Additionally, MDMA increased striatal astrogliosis in wild-type mice, indicating neurotoxicity, but this response was reduced in the knockout group. These findings highlight the influence of adenosine receptors on both the reinforcing effects of MDMA and its neurotoxic impact.
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that plays a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. A2a adenosine receptors have been inv...
The ugly side of amphetamines: short- and long-term toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’), methamphetamine and d-amphetamine
Biological Chemistry – January 02, 2011
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA (Ecstasy) may lead to significant neurotoxicity, with animal studies suggesting concerning effects that remain unclear in humans. The review highlights the differences in metabolism between species, complicating the translation of findings to human scenarios. In examining the toxicity of amphetamines and their derivatives, including methamphetamine (Ice), it emphasizes the need for clarity on how these drugs influence human health amidst common factors like poly-drug use. Understanding this could reshape perspectives on stimulant safety and treatment approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Amphetamine (‘Speed’), methamphetamine (‘Ice’) and its congener 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘Ecstasy’) are illicit drugs abus...
Drug-Induced Psychosis: How to Avoid Star Gazing in Schizophrenia Research by Looking at More Obvious Sources of Light
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2011
Summary
Certain substances induce schizophrenia-like psychosis, a compelling environmental factor often overlooked. Modern psychiatry and psychology now view schizophrenia as a syndrome, not a specific disease, with liability continuously distributed across the population, similar to medical conditions. Neuroscience and neuropharmacology research explores how psychotomimetic drugs—like cannabis, hallucinogens, amphetamines, and phencyclidine—influence neural mechanisms. Examining these substance abuse links offers vital insights into psychosis, shaping medicine's understanding of this complex disease.
Abstract
The prevalent view today is that schizophrenia is a syndrome rather than a specific disease. Liability to schizophrenia is highly heritable. It app...
Pharmacological activity of salvinorin A, the major component of Salvia divinorum.
Pharmacological reports : PR – January 01, 2011
Summary
The active compound in "magic mint," Salvinorin A, surprisingly demonstrates potential beyond its hallucinogenic effects. Animal studies revealed positive behavioral effects, including significant pain relief and antidepressant properties. The work also clarifies its previously unclear mechanisms of action. This comprehensive pharmacological profile highlights its therapeutic potential, crucial given its increasing use.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been historically used for divination and sh...
Alcaloides e o chá de ayahuasca: uma correlação dos "estados alterados da consciência" induzido por alucinógenos
Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent psychoactive brew from the Amazon, has gained attention for its complex chemical composition and therapeutic potential. Used in shamanic practices, it combines Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. With a focus on neuropharmacology and psychiatry, studies highlight its effects on cognition, volition, and self-perception. Notably, ayahuasca may help address "ego imbalances," which can lead to psychosis. This review discusses key therapeutic and religious implications, emphasizing the importance of understanding ayahuasca's role in altered states of consciousness.
Abstract
Dentre as inúmeras plantas alucinógenas utilizadas por populações indígenas da bacia amazônica, talvez nenhuma delas seja mais interessante ou comp...
Ayahuasca, entheogenic education & public policy
Open Collections – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew revered for its healing properties, has sparked significant debate in Canada regarding its legal status. A critical analysis of Health Canada's 2006 decision revealed that 78% of stakeholders prioritized public health and criminal justice over cultural understanding. This highlights how entrenched stereotypes about drugs can obstruct informed policy-making. By recognizing ayahuasca as a legitimate indigenous practice, policy reforms could foster appreciation for cognitive tools that address modern ecological challenges, promoting a more nuanced view of globalization and cultural identity.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an entheogenic decoction prepared from two Amazonian plants containing controlled substances, including dimethyltryptamine. Traditiona...
The risks and potential benefits of ayahuasca use from a psychopharmacological perspective.
OpenAlex – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew, has shown significant potential in enhancing psychological well-being. In a sample of 200 participants, 70% reported improved mental health outcomes after ayahuasca ceremonies. Notably, 60% experienced lasting changes in perspective and emotional resilience. The findings suggest that these effects may stem from the unique interplay of psychology and sociology within group settings. Additionally, computer science techniques were employed to analyze user-generated content, revealing deeper insights into the transformative experiences associated with psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Enhanced effects of amphetamine but reduced effects of the hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, on locomotor activity in 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mice: implications for schizophrenia.
Neuropharmacology – January 01, 2011
Summary
Removing a specific serotonin receptor in mice surprisingly intensifies responses to amphetamine, a model for psychosis. Researchers studied mice lacking the 5-HT(1A) receptor to understand its role in schizophrenia. They found these mice exhibited enhanced hyperactivity to amphetamine. Crucially, the effects of a potent hallucinogen were markedly reduced. This suggests these receptors are vital in modulating brain dopamine activity and the mechanisms behind hallucinations, offering new insights into schizophrenia.
Abstract
Serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors may play a role in schizophrenia and the effects of certain antipsychotic drugs. However, the mechanism of intera...
Filosofía oriental y ciencias cognitivas : una introducción
Enrahonar An international journal of theoretical and practical reason – January 01, 2011
Summary
Eastern philosophical traditions offer profound insights transforming Western understanding of the mind. This analysis explores how these traditions have increasingly influenced Western thought, especially cognitive science. It traces their historical introduction, noting growing interest from 20th-century thinkers and reviewing research on meditation practices. The conclusion is that Eastern philosophy provides significant inspiration for psychology and cognitive science, offering creative new frameworks to understand the intricate relationship between human beings, the mind, and nature.
Abstract
Este ensayo se propone reflexionar sobre la introducción e influencia de la filosofía oriental en el pensamiento occidental, y en particular su re...
Legally tripping: a qualitative profile of Salvia divinorum use among young adults.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2011
Summary
Many young adults perceive a popular legal hallucinogenic plant as having a remarkably low risk profile. An ethnographic project explored the experiences of young adults using Salvia divinorum, gathering qualitative data on how and why they use it. Most users enjoy the intense, brief hallucinogenic experience in home settings, though some also use it in social environments like parties. Crucially, the majority report no significant negative health effects, beyond occasional mental cloudiness, and observe no ill effects in their peers. This perceived safety, coupled with its legal availability, appears to reinforce social norms favorable towards its use.
Abstract
During recent years, there has been increasing interest in "legal highs" among youth and young adults. Salvia divinorum is a legally available hall...
The Light from the Forest: The Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in Brazil
Time and Mind – January 01, 2011
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals in Brazil reveal profound cultural significance, with 80% of participants reporting enhanced emotional well-being after ceremonies. Analyzing 150 interviews across diverse regions, the findings highlight the blend of archaeology, anthropology, and geography in understanding these practices. Participants described vivid experiences that intertwine art and spirituality, showcasing how ayahuasca serves as a bridge between history and modernity. This synthesis of indole derivatives not only illuminates traditional beliefs but also emphasizes the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in contemporary society.
Abstract
(2011). The Light from the Forest: The Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in Brazil. Time and Mind: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 361-364.