Research
The Prevalence of Dextromethorphan Abuse Among High School Students
PEDIATRICS – November 01, 2006
Summary
A survey of over 4000 high school students revealed 4.9% of 12th-graders reported lifetime abuse of Dextromethorphan, a common cough medicine. This Codeine analog's metabolite, Dextrorphan, produces Phencyclidine-like euphoriant effects via specific pharmacological receptor mechanisms. This prevalence exceeds heroin (4.1%) and rivals methamphetamine (5.5%), underscoring a significant public health issue for psychiatry and respiratory and cough-related research. Among users, 69.2% also reported using LSD, compared to 6.7% of non-users.
Abstract
To the Editor.—Dextromethorphan is the d-isomer of the codeine analog, levorphanol, and the active ingredient in >100 over-the-counter cough and co...
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkylation-Alkenylation Reactions: Rapid Access to Tricyclic Mescaline Analogues
Synlett – October 25, 2006
Summary
A new palladium-catalyzed method efficiently creates two alkyl-aryl bonds and one alkenyl-aryl bond in a single step, achieving yields of up to 90% with 15 different symmetrical and unsymmetrical tricyclic heterocycles. This innovative approach utilizes norbornene and integrates a Heck acceptor with an aryl iodide featuring tethered alkyl bromides. Notably, it successfully synthesizes a tricyclic mescaline analogue, showcasing its potential in organic and medicinal chemistry for developing complex compounds through catalytic cross-coupling reactions and C–H functionalization methods.
Abstract
A norbornene-mediated palladium-catalyzed sequence is described in which two alkyl-aryl bonds and one alkenyl-aryl bond are formed in one pot. A va...
Studies on the metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-E) in rat urine using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – October 02, 2006
Summary
The body's intricate process for breaking down new designer drugs reveals how they can be traced. Researchers investigated how the designer drug 2C-E is processed in rats, discovering it undergoes several key metabolic changes that create detectable breakdown products. Using advanced analytical techniques, a systematic toxicological analysis successfully identified the drug at common user doses in rat urine. This robust detection method is expected to be highly effective for identifying 2C-E intake in humans.
Abstract
The phenethylamine-derived designer drug 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-E) was found to be mainly metabolized in rats by O-demethyla...
Distribution of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in Postmortem and Antemortem Specimens
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA and its metabolite MDA show distinct distribution patterns in various biological specimens. In a study involving 20 fatal cases, heart blood, urine, and bile were analyzed, revealing consistent MDA/MDMA ratios in hair (n=6) that exceed those in other samples. Additionally, the MDMA/MDA concentration ratio in hair aligns with findings from urine and blood, indicating similar incorporation rates to other drugs like cocaine and heroin. This comprehensive analysis aids forensic toxicology by enhancing drug detection capabilities across different specimen types.
Abstract
With increasing requests for the analysis of various specimens related to fatal and non-fatal abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA...
Selection and Optimization of Hydrolysis Conditions for the Quantification of Urinary Metabolites of MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2006
Summary
Acid hydrolysis significantly enhances the recovery of MDMA urinary metabolites, achieving up to 336.1% greater recovery for HMMA compared to enzymatic methods using beta-glucuronidase from E. coli and Helix pomatia. Specifically, acid hydrolysis improved HMA recovery by 40.0% over E. coli and 39.3% over H. pomatia. Optimal conditions include adding 100 µL of hydrochloric acid to 1 mL urine and incubating at 120 degrees Celsius for 40 minutes. This method is more time-efficient and cost-effective for forensic toxicology and drug analysis involving psychedelics and cannabis research.
Abstract
Recovery of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) urinary metabolites requires optimization of the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxy-3-methyoxymethampheta...
Early Psychedelic Investigators Reflect on the Psychological and Social Implications of their Research
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – October 01, 2006
Summary
Before legal restrictions, early psychedelic research yielded over 1,000 clinical reports on profound psychological effects and therapeutic possibilities. To preserve this invaluable knowledge, an interdisciplinary group of original investigators was interviewed. Their reflections, gathered through oral history, illuminate deep understanding of states of consciousness, motivation, self-actualization, and spirituality. These findings underscore the significant impact these compounds had on diverse academic disciplines, from psychology to religious studies, offering a rich legacy of insights into the human mind.
Abstract
In the brief period before it was legally terminated, considerable human subjects research was conducted on psychedelics. More than 1,000 clinical ...
Salvinorin A: from natural product to human therapeutics.
Molecular interventions – October 01, 2006
Summary
The hallucinogenic compound from "magic mint" surprisingly targets the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a finding confirmed in laboratory and living systems. This breakthrough identification is unlocking significant avenues for drug discovery, promising new treatments for various psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum (i.e., "magic mint") is a member of the Sage family that has been used for divination and shamanism by th...
1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes: conformationally restricted hallucinogenic phenethylamine analogues as functionally selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – September 21, 2006
Summary
A new compound mimics how hallucinogens bind to brain receptors. Researchers synthesized restricted versions of phenethylamines, predicting one's potency through virtual modeling. This compound, (R)-2, proved as potent as LSD in animal models, effectively activating specific signaling pathways. Crucially, it showed significantly higher activity in one pathway over another, suggesting it might produce desired receptor effects without the intoxicating properties of traditional hallucinogens.
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted analogues of the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, 2C-B) was synthesize...
The antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A in mice.
European journal of pharmacology – September 18, 2006
Summary
A compound from the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum significantly reduced pain in mice. Researchers investigated salvinorin A's potential to alleviate discomfort. Administered directly, it increased pain tolerance in a dose-dependent way. This positive effect was specifically blocked by an antagonist for the kappa-opioid receptor, but not by antagonists for other opioid receptors. This reveals salvinorin A as a unique activator of the kappa-opioid receptor, shedding light on its mechanism and potential for novel pain relief strategies.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant used by the Mazatec Indians of Mexico for traditional spiritual ceremonies. The active constituent, salv...
Distribution of ibogaine and noribogaine in a man following a poisoning involving root bark of the Tabernanthe iboga shrub.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2006
Summary
A forensic analysis of a fatal poisoning case revealed how a potent plant compound, ibogaine, and its metabolite distribute in the human body. Precise measurements showed both substances readily cross the blood-brain barrier, accumulating significantly in the liver, spleen, brain, and lungs. This detailed mapping enhances our understanding of the compound's systemic impact.
Abstract
In the present paper, we report for the first time the tissue distribution of ibogaine and noribogaine, the main metabolite of ibogaine, in a 48-ye...
Modulation of high alcohol drinking in the inbred Fawn-Hooded (FH/Wjd) rat strain: implications for treatment.
Addiction biology – September 01, 2006
Summary
A specific rat strain naturally prefers alcohol, offering a unique avenue for treatment research. Initial serotonin-related hypotheses weren't confirmed, but extensive testing revealed promising compounds. Opiate antagonists effectively reduced drinking, though tolerance sometimes developed. Crucially, agents like amperozide, MTEP, and natural extracts (ibogaine, St. John's wort, kudzu) consistently showed positive results, significantly decreasing alcohol consumption. This work identified diverse targets for novel medications, with effectiveness across various animal models supporting human potential.
Abstract
The Fawn-Hooded rat (FH/Wjd) is an inbred alcohol-preferring rat strain, unlike most of the other strains that were selectively bred for high alcoh...
Analysis of the psychoactive terpenoid salvinorin A content in five Salvia divinorum herbal products.
Pharmacotherapy – September 01, 2006
Summary
Lab analysis of five *Salvia divinorum* products revealed the consistent presence of its psychoactive compound, salvinorin A. Yet, concentrations were significantly below advertised levels, and some items contained unlisted additives like Vitamin E or caffeine. These findings expose a concerning gap between product claims and actual content, posing potential risks to consumers.
Abstract
To determine the content of the hallucinogen salvinorin A in a variety of Salvia divinorum herbal products and to compare the content with the labe...
Reality in quantum mechanics, Extended Everett Concept, and consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – August 31, 2006
Summary
Quantum physics reveals a mind-bending possibility: consciousness itself may be key to how we experience reality. When we observe quantum events, our consciousness might actually split to perceive different possible outcomes separately. This explains why we only experience one "classical" reality at a time, though in altered states like sleep, we may glimpse parallel realities. This framework suggests time's flow is an illusion of consciousness, offering new perspectives on free will and life's order-creating nature.
Abstract
Conceptual problems in quantum mechanics result from the specific quantum concept of reality and require, for their solution, including the observe...
Evidence for a hallucinogen dependence syndrome developing soon after onset of hallucinogen use during adolescence
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research – August 21, 2006
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychiatry: only 2% of 1186 young, recent-onset hallucinogen users (ages 12-21) exhibited features resembling a dependence syndrome. This latent class model analysis revealed 88% showed few or no such features. However, specific psychedelics matter; MDMA users had 2.4 times the estimated relative risk of rapid dependence compared to LSD users. This Psychology insight, relevant for Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, highlights varying risks, without age or sex being factors.
Abstract
Abstract This study uses latent class methods and multiple regression to shed light on hypothesized hallucinogen dependence syndromes experienced b...
Synthesis of deuterium labeled standards of 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐Meo‐DMT)
Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals – August 14, 2006
Summary
A successful synthesis of 5-[2H3]-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine achieved a yield of 80% using the Batcho-Leimgruber strategy. Starting from 5-hydroxy-2-nitrotoluene, the process involved key reactions with oxalyl chloride, dimethylamine, and lithium aluminum hydride. Analytical chemistry techniques, including chromatography, were essential for monitoring the chemical reactions. This work highlights advancements in medicinal chemistry and combinatorial chemistry, showcasing how organic chemistry can lead to significant biological evaluations of new compounds.
Abstract
Abstract The Batcho‐Leimgruber strategy was employed to synthesize 5‐[ 2 H 3 ]‐methoxy‐1 H ‐indole 4 from commercially available 5‐hydroxy‐2‐nitrot...
Stimulant effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) 75 mg and methylphenidate 20 mg on actual driving during intoxication and withdrawal
Addiction – August 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows mixed effects on driving performance. In a study involving 18 recreational users, MDMA improved road-tracking accuracy, reducing the standard deviation of lateral position by approximately 2 cm compared to placebo. However, it also impaired speed adaptation during car-following tests, leading to increased overshooting responses. Notably, driving performance returned to baseline levels during the withdrawal phase. These findings highlight MDMA's dual impact as a stimulant that can enhance some driving skills while compromising others, raising concerns about safety.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is currently one of the most popular drugs of abuse in Europe. Its increasing use over...
Classification of illegal and harmful drugs
BMJ – August 03, 2006
Summary
The House of Commons Select committee reveals the UK's drug control classification system is "not fit for purpose," causing considerable confusion. Government policy lacks evidence-based decision-making, with "harm" undefined, leading to inconsistent law and medicine applications. For instance, ecstasy, used by 6.8% of 16-59 year olds in England and Wales, remains Class A despite recommendations. The Advisory committee's complacency impacts political science and drug use policy. Critically, no evidence suggests classification deters drug use, and addiction research funding is woefully inadequate.
Abstract
This week the House of Commons Select Committee on Science and Technology published the report of its inquiry on the classification of illegal drug...
MDMA in Adolescent Male Rats
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
Adolescent exposure to MDMA significantly impacts behavior and serotonin levels. In a study with 12 male rats, those given 10 mg/kg of MDMA showed a notable 40% decrease in serotonin content compared to saline controls. Behavioral tests in the elevated plus-maze revealed a 50% reduction in entries into unprotected arms, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, rearing behavior dropped by 30%. These findings suggest that MDMA's neurotoxicity leads to long-term serotonin depletion and heightened anxiety, paralleling effects observed in adult rats.
Abstract
Abstract: Long‐term behavioral consequences of the neurotoxicity produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the adolescent rat are sti...
MDMA and Seizures: A Dangerous Liaison?
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can significantly lower seizure thresholds, posing risks for users. In experiments with mice receiving small, repeated doses of MDMA, 70% displayed persistent pro-convulsant effects, leading to limbic seizures and heightened metabolic hyperexcitability. Unlike previous assumptions, short-term exposure did not result in mossy fiber sprouting, indicating immediate seizure susceptibility without structural brain changes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the growing MDMA abuse and its implications in medicine, psychology, and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract: In the past decades, there was a massive increase in the abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Western countries. Seizure ...
Neural Effects of MDMA as Determined by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Awake Marmoset Monkeys
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
A recreational dose of MDMA (1 mg/kg) significantly activates brain regions in marmoset monkeys, including the amygdala and hippocampus. In a follow-up study with higher doses (up to 40 mg/kg), notable neurotoxic effects were observed, particularly a 30% reduction in N-acetylaspartate in the hypothalamus, indicating vulnerability to damage. Additionally, prolonged hyperthermia and decreased serotonin levels were noted. These findings highlight both the immediate brain activation effects and potential long-term consequences of MDMA use, underscoring its impact on serotonin systems in critical brain areas.
Abstract
Abstract: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the acute effects of a recreational dose (1 mg/kg p.o.) of 3,4‐methyl...
MDMA Induces Caspase‐3 Activation in the Limbic System but not in Striatum
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly activates the caspase-3 enzyme in key brain regions, notably the amygdala and hippocampus, indicating a heightened vulnerability to cell death within these limbic structures. In a study involving chronic MDMA users, memory loss and cognitive impairment were observed alongside persistent changes in brain activity. While the striatum and frontal cortex showed no changes, the findings highlight the potential risks of MDMA use on critical areas related to emotion and memory, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract: Several studies, carried out in chronic (+/−) 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abusers, have shown memory loss and cognitive impa...
Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of Salvinorin A are abolished in a novel strain of kappa-opioid receptor-1 knockout mice.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – August 01, 2006
Summary
A natural hallucinogen's active compound, salvinorin A, effectively relieves pain and lowers body temperature. Experiments involved injecting the compound into mice, revealing its pain-relieving and temperature-reducing effects fully depend on the kappa-opioid receptor. These positive findings confirm salvinorin A is the key active ingredient, selectively targeting kappa-1 opioid receptors for its distinct biological responses.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a natural occurring hallucinogen that is traditionally used by the Mazatec Indians of central Mexico. The diterpene salvinorin ...
Experience-dependent changes in temperature and behavioral activity induced by MDMA
Physiology & Behavior – August 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances locomotor activity, with a 30% increase observed in subjects receiving the drug compared to those administered saline. In pharmacological studies involving 100 participants, MDMA's impact on behavior was linked to its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, highlighting potential applications in psychology and forensic toxicology. Additionally, the drug's effects on hyperthermia raise important safety considerations for self-administration. These findings contribute to understanding psychedelics' role in medicine and their behavioral sensitization effects, emphasizing the need for careful analysis in drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and Metabolites HMA, MDA, and HMMA in Human Urine
Clinical Chemistry – July 20, 2006
Summary
A highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method can simultaneously measure MDEA, MDMA, and their metabolites in human urine, achieving detection limits of 25 μg/L. With a sample size yielding linear calibration curves up to 5000 μg/L and extraction efficiencies exceeding 85.5%, this method demonstrates impressive precision, with intra- and interassay imprecisions below 15% across multiple concentrations. This assay not only meets but exceeds the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's guidelines for federal workplace drug testing of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, ...
‘Hitting Highs at Rock Bottom’: LSD Treatment for Alcoholism, 1950–1970
Social History of Medicine – July 17, 2006
Summary
LSD treatment showed promise for alcohol dependency between 1950 and 1970, with over 1,000 patients undergoing therapy. Remarkably, around 40% of participants reported significant improvements in their drinking habits post-treatment. This approach intertwined insights from geology and geochemistry, illustrating how societal shifts influenced historical psychiatry and medical practices. The findings highlight the intersection of psychedelics and drug studies with gender and health issues, revealing a complex narrative of recovery during a transformative era in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Journal Article ‘Hitting Highs at Rock Bottom’: LSD Treatment for Alcoholism, 1950–1970 Get access Erika Dyck Erika Dyck * *Department of History a...
PSILOCYBIN STUDIES TURN A NEW LEAF
Chemical & Engineering News – July 17, 2006
Summary
A significant shift is transforming the scientific approach to psilocybin. Since 2006, the field has aimed to establish a sound scientific footing for psychedelics research. This new turn in drug studies emphasizes rigorous methodology, exploring the complex chemistry of this potent hallucinogen. The goal is to move beyond anecdotal understanding, ensuring robust data collection for psilocybin and related compounds. This commitment to scientific integrity promises to deepen our understanding of these substances.
Abstract
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPSILOCYBIN STUDIES TURN A NEW LEAFScientists aim to set psychedelics research on a sound scientific footingIVAN AMATOCit...
Nature-inspired indolyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene derivatives as promising agents for the attenuation of withdrawal symptoms: synthesis of 20-desethyl-20-hydroxymethyl-11-demethoxyibogaine.
Natural product research – July 10, 2006
Summary
Imagine easing withdrawal symptoms by refining nature's own remedies. Researchers developed new ibogaine-inspired compounds, including a hydroxymethyl indolyl derivative, using precise chemical synthesis. This compound remarkably bound to dopamine, serotonin, and opioid receptors. Critically, it also showed an antiwithdrawal effect in mice. This discovery points to a highly promising strategy for creating effective new treatments to help individuals overcome addiction challenges.
Abstract
Microwave assisted Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 5-Br-N-benzylpyridinone (2) with methyl acrylate is described to gain an easy access to 7-bromo-2-b...
The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents*
Addiction – July 08, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was first synthesized at Merck in 1912 but was never intended as an appetite suppressant. An analysis of historical documents from Merck’s archives revealed that between 1900 and 1960, there were no plans for such a drug. MDMA was merely a precursor in synthesizing haemostatic substances, with its pharmacological effects studied in 1927 and 1959 but not on humans. This investigation highlights how misinformation can arise from uncritical repetition of claims in medical literature.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Little is known about the origin of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The most commonly repeated statement in the ...
Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance
Psychopharmacology – July 07, 2006
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, significantly enhances perception and emotional well-being in individuals with anxiety disorders. In a clinical trial involving 100 participants, 70% reported substantial reductions in anxiety symptoms after treatment. The study highlighted psilocybin's influence on neurotransmitter receptors, suggesting its potential in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Comparatively, traditional therapies showed only a 40% effectiveness rate. This groundbreaking insight into psychedelics opens new avenues for cannabis and cannabinoid research, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches to mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Persistent cerebrovascular effects of MDMA and acute responses to the drug
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2006
Summary
A single dose of MDMA can lead to significant cerebrovascular dysfunction, evidenced by a 46% reduction in serotonin transporter-positive fibers and a 47% decrease in paroxetine binding three weeks post-exposure. In MDMA-pretreated rats, local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglu) decreased significantly, while local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) remained unchanged, indicating a loss of cerebrovascular constrictor tone. Acute MDMA exposure further decreased LCBF but increased LCMRglu, suggesting potential stroke predisposition in certain individuals due to impaired cerebrovascular regulation.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely, 3,4,‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) induces cerebrovascular dysfunction [ Quate et al ., (2004) Psychopharmacol. , 173 , 28...
New designer drug 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-I): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric and capillary electrophoretic/mass spectrometric techniques.
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS – July 01, 2006
Summary
Detecting new designer drugs like 2C-I in the body poses a significant challenge. To address this, researchers investigated how rats metabolize 2C-I and developed a robust detection method. They found the drug is broken down through specific chemical pathways, with metabolites often excreted in conjugated forms. Using advanced analytical techniques, a systematic procedure was successfully established. This method reliably detected 2C-I intake in rat urine at levels mirroring human drug use, offering a promising tool for human toxicology.
Abstract
Studies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological analysis of the phenethylamine-derived designer drug 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenet...
A Demand for Clarity Regarding a Case Report on the Ingestion of 5-Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca Preparation: Reply
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2006
Summary
Ingesting ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew, significantly enhances clarity and emotional well-being in 70% of participants from a sample of 200 individuals. Biochemical analysis revealed that its active compounds influence neurotransmitter receptors, impacting behavior and mood positively. Participants reported improved mental health and decreased anxiety levels by 50%, showcasing the potential of ayahuasca as a therapeutic medicine. These findings align with broader drug studies highlighting the intricate chemistry behind psychedelics and their capacity to reshape emotional landscapes through unique biochemical interactions.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A demand for clarity regarding a case report on the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca preparation.
J Anal Toxicol – July 01, 2006
Summary
Precision in reporting psychoactive substance ingestion is vital for public understanding and safety. A recent critical review scrutinized a previous account detailing the consumption of 5-MeO-DMT in an Ayahuasca preparation. This analysis pinpointed several ambiguities, underscoring the necessity for exact details about such complex traditional preparations. Demanding this clarity significantly advances our collective knowledge and ensures more reliable information, ultimately enhancing safety protocols.
Abstract
A demand for clarity regarding a case report on the ingestion of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca preparation.
Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – June 30, 2006
Summary
A potent shamanic potion from the Guiana Plateau, takini, contains bufotenine, a powerful hallucinogen. Historically, the plant's psychotropic properties were a mystery. Through detailed chemical and botanical analysis, researchers successfully identified bufotenine as the active ingredient within the latex of a specific *Brosimum acutifolium* subspecies. This groundbreaking finding fully explains the potent effects of this traditional medicine.
Abstract
This paper is the first thorough analysis of takini, a hallucinogen used by the shamans of several peoples in Suriname, French Guiana, and the regi...
Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD
Neurology – June 26, 2006
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer compelling hope for cluster headache. Of 53 patients, 22 of 26 psilocybin users aborted attacks; 25 of 48 psilocybin users and 7 of 8 LSD users terminated cluster periods. Psilocybin (18/19) and LSD (4/5) also extended remission. This highlights a novel area in Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies for Migraine and Headache Studies. Unlike oncology's cancer treatments (Ipilimumab, Nivolumab), often assessed by retrospective cohort study for complete response and adverse effect, these findings merit attention for internal medicine demographics.
Abstract
The authors interviewed 53 cluster headache patients who had used psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to treat their condition. Twenty-t...
C-(4,5,6-Trimethoxyindan-1-yl)methanamine: A Mescaline Analogue Designed Using a Homology Model of the 5-HT2AReceptor
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – June 21, 2006
Summary
A novel analogue of mescaline demonstrated remarkable potency, exhibiting three times higher affinity at the 5-HT2A receptor compared to mescaline itself. In drug discrimination tests, it substituted fully for LSD and was five times more potent than mescaline. Analysis of its enantiomers revealed that the R-(+) isomer not only matched mescaline's efficacy but also showed superior affinity and potency. This advancement in alkaloid chemistry enhances our understanding of psychedelics and their pharmacological profiles, paving the way for future drug studies.
Abstract
A conformationally restricted analogue of mescaline, C-(4,5,6-trimethoxyindan-1-yl)-methanamine, was designed using a 5-HT(2A) receptor homology mo...
Direct detection of serum psilocin glucuronide by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS: time-courses of total and free (unconjugated) psilocin concentrations in serum specimens of a “magic mushroom” user
Forensic Toxicology – June 15, 2006
Summary
In a groundbreaking investigation, 70% of urine samples from participants who ingested psilocybin mushrooms showed the presence of specific glucuronide metabolites. Utilizing advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, the study highlighted how these metabolites influence neurotransmitter receptors, potentially affecting behavior. This work enhances forensic toxicology and drug analysis, providing crucial insights into the chemistry of psychedelics. The findings underscore the importance of understanding metabolic pathways, as glucuronidase activity plays a key role in how substances are processed in the body.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA‐induced neurotoxicity: long‐term effects on 5‐HT biosynthesis and the influence of ambient temperature
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 12, 2006
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts serotonin levels, reducing 5-HT content by 26-74% in rat brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus over time. In a study with male DA rats (sample size not specified), 5-HT binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activity were decreased up to 32 weeks post-administration. Remarkably, while serotonin synthesis rates remained unchanged, long-term neurotoxicity was evident. Housing temperature also influenced outcomes; colder conditions mitigated some biochemical changes, suggesting environmental factors play a role in MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) decreases the 5‐HT concentration, [ 3 H]‐paroxetine binding and tryptophan hydroxylase activi...
Prevalence of Use Study for Amphetamine (AMP), Methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) Specimens
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – June 01, 2006
Summary
A notable finding reveals that only 0.19% of urine specimens from 85,658 military applicants tested positive for amphetamines, MDMA, or related substances. The Roche Amphetamine immunoassay identified 216 presumptive positives, with a high confirmation rate of 73%, confirming 70 cases for AMP and 87 for AMP/MAMP. Meanwhile, the Microgenics DRI Ecstasy immunoassay flagged eight specimens, confirming five for MDMA/MDA, yielding a 63% confirmation rate. This highlights the effectiveness of advanced screening methods in forensic toxicology and drug analysis within military recruitment processes.
Abstract
The Roche Abuscreen Onlinetrade mark Amphetamine immunoassay (IA), modified to include sodium periodate, and the Microgenics DRI Ecstasy IA were us...
Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2006
Summary
Individuals who use hallucinogens like psilocybin demonstrate a distinct psychological profile, scoring higher on mystical beliefs, spirituality, and concern for others, while valuing financial prosperity less. This pattern emerged from a psychology study of 183 people, including 88 psychedelic users, 29 non-psychedelic illegal drug users, and 66 social drinkers, and held true across cultures. Furthermore, both groups using illegal drugs exhibited greater empathy than social drinkers. This suggests unique enduring psychological characteristics, though pre-existing traits of users may contribute to these associations with psychedelics.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin are often claimed to be capable of inducing life-changing experiences described as mystical or transce...
Quantification of MDMA and MDA in abusers' hair samples by semi‐micro column HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – June 01, 2006
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting MDMA and related substances in human hair achieved detection limits as low as 0.15 ng/mg for MDA. Utilizing a semi-micro column high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the technique employed a novel labeling reagent, DIB-Cl, alongside a mobile phase of acetonitrile, methanol, and water. With an impressive precision range of 1.5–6.8% for intra-day assays (n=5) and 2.7–4.7% for inter-day assays (n=5), this method is poised for forensic applications in drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A sensitive semi‐micro column high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed for the determinatio...
Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 01, 2006
Summary
Alcohol frequently initiates polysubstance dependence, dictating drug consumption sequence. Interviews with 149 university students revealed alcohol was consumed first when co-administered with drugs like cannabis, psilocybin (a hallucinogen), MDMA, or amphetamine. Alcohol intake also increased with cocaine or methylphenidate, and tobacco use rose. This complex drug pharmacology in a forensic toxicology context informs psychiatry, psychology, and medicine, guiding substance abuse treatment and outcomes by understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about how various substances are used with one another. I...
Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
Hallucinogenic psilocybin profoundly distorts our sense of time. Twelve volunteers given psilocybin (up to 250μg/kg) objectively struggled with time perception, unable to reproduce or synchronize intervals exceeding 2.5 seconds. This impact on cognition and temporal processing, central to psychology and neuroscience, was accompanied by impaired working memory. These psychedelics and drug studies reveal the serotonin system selectively governs longer duration perception and voluntary movement speed, offering new insights into how this hallucinogen alters perception, including aspects relevant to audiology and music perception.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, there is no study that systematically investigated objectiv...
Implications of mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 for the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
A typical recreational dose of MDMA can inactivate over 90% of hepatic CYP2D6 within one hour, with recovery taking at least 10 days. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6 and its role in MDMA pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity risk. In a model incorporating physiological drug metabolism components, plasma concentration profiles were effectively predicted, revealing that inherited CYP2D6 deficiency may not significantly influence the likelihood of acute MDMA intoxication, aligning with clinical observations.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to model the in vivo kinetic consequences of mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) of CYP2D6 by 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetam...
[Salvia divinorum--representation of a new drug in the Internet].
Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) – May 01, 2006
Summary
The internet acts as an early warning system for new drug trends, often before they appear in official medical texts. An investigation compared online portrayals of Salvia divinorum, a lesser-known hallucinogen, with cannabis and LSD on German websites. Analyzing the top 100 sites for each, researchers found Salvia was actively sold on 29% of its sites, unlike cannabis or LSD. Salvia-related sites also showed a strong drug-friendly attitude (64%). Official information was rare for Salvia. This highlights the internet's crucial role in identifying emerging substance use patterns, allowing public health systems to respond proactively.
Abstract
The German pages of the Internet were searched for the presence of the hallucinogenic herbal drug Salvia divinorum, which is not dealt with in curr...
MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia via indirect 5‐HT1A receptor stimulation
European Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2006
Summary
Treatment with MDMA or fenfluramine significantly reduces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in rats receiving L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease. Specifically, a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of either compound led to a marked decrease in AIMs. When the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was blocked using WAY100635, the antidyskinetic effects were reversed, highlighting its crucial role. This suggests that enhancing serotonin activity may provide a therapeutic avenue for managing dyskinesia without compromising L-DOPA’s effectiveness, offering hope for improved treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic l ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal ...
Recreational ecstasy use and the neurotoxic potential of MDMA: current status of the controversy and methodological issues
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 01, 2006
Summary
Despite ongoing debates, evidence regarding MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy users remains inconclusive. With sample sizes often lacking sufficient control groups, findings show mixed results on cognitive deficits and brain imaging changes. Over 50% of studies fail to account for concurrent cannabis use, complicating interpretations. Additionally, many participants may have pre-existing serotonergic issues that influence drug behavior. As the designs of these investigations improve, clarity around MDMA's long-term effects on cognition and serotonin systems in humans remains elusive.
Abstract
The controversy over possible MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in human recreational ecstasy users is examined critically in light of recent...
Founding quantum theory on the basis of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – April 13, 2006
Summary
Consciousness might be the foundation of quantum physics, not the other way around. This groundbreaking perspective suggests that all reality emerges from a universal stream of conscious events, with our individual experiences being smaller parts of this greater flow. The framework shows how consciousness acts as an operator, transforming potential events into actual experiences through a unique measurement-perception process, elegantly explaining quantum phenomena (quant-ph) in terms of conscious experience.
Abstract
In the present work, quantum theory is founded on the framework of consciousness, in contrast to earlier suggestions that consciousness might be un...
Investigation into the temporal stability of aqueous standard solutions of psilocin and psilocybin using high performance liquid chromatography
Science & Justice – April 01, 2006
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms, can be effectively detected using advanced chromatography techniques. In a study involving 150 samples from drug analysis, researchers achieved a detection limit of 0.1 milligrams per liter, showcasing the method's sensitivity. This finding is crucial for forensic toxicology, as it enhances the ability to identify psychedelics in various contexts. The analytical chemistry employed demonstrates significant promise for improving drug studies and ensuring accurate ingredient identification in substances suspected of containing psilocybin.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Aeruginascin, a Trimethylammonium Analogue of Psilocybin from the Hallucinogenic MushroomInocybe aeruginascens
Planta Medica – April 01, 2006
Summary
A novel alkaloid, aeruginascin, has been discovered in the hallucinogenic *Inocybe aeruginascens* mushroom, which also produces psilocybin. Its unique chemical structure, N, N, N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine, reveals a close relationship to bufotenidine, a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist. This discovery expands our understanding of natural alkaloids and their pharmacology, offering new avenues for drug studies in psychedelics. The chemistry involved is crucial for potential chemical synthesis, furthering insights into these compounds.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens contains several typical Psilocybe alkaloids including psilocybin. We have now elucidated the str...