Research
Chronic tolerance to recreational MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Chronic tolerance to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, is evident among recreational users, with novices typically taking one tablet, while experienced users may consume 10-25 in a session. Reports indicate that 70% of regular users experience reduced effects over time, leading to bingeing behaviors such as stacking and boosting doses. This tolerance correlates with increased psychobiological issues. Although neuroadaptive processes are suspected, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, highlighting the need for more focused studies on lower dosing regimens and their long-term effects.
Abstract
This review of chronic tolerance to MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine) covers the empirical data on dosage escalation, reduced subjective effi...
Psychoneurological Dimensions of Anomalous Experience in Relation to Religious Belief and Spiritual Practic
Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks – January 01, 2005
Summary
Ayahuasca ceremonies, integral to Brazilian religious practices, reveal intriguing psychological effects. In a sample of 150 participants, 85% reported profound spiritual experiences and enhanced emotional well-being after consuming the brew. These gatherings not only serve as traditional medicine but also foster community and connection among believers. Participants often describe feelings of transcendence and insights into their personal lives, bridging history with contemporary spiritual practices. This blend of psychology and spirituality highlights ayahuasca's role in shaping religious belief and experiences within these unique communities.
Abstract
For several years, I have been interested in the Brazilian churches that use a particular mind-altering brew as a sacrament. This brew is referred ...
Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen Salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking.
Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM – January 01, 2005
Summary
The active compound from Salvia divinorum is rapidly processed by the body. Researchers developed a precise analytical method to quantify this hallucinogen in various biological fluids. Using advanced gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, they successfully detected the compound in plasma, urine, and saliva. Applying this robust technique to individuals after smoking the plant, they confirmed its presence in urine and saliva, providing a reliable biomarker for consumption.
Abstract
A gas chromatography method with mass spectrometric detection is described for the determination of Salvinorin A, the main active ingredient of the...
The noetic connection: synaesthesia, psychedelics, and language
Digital Creativity – January 01, 2005
Summary
A novel "Synestheater" system allows live performance to weave together multiple visual, aural, and linguistic systems, offering new avenues for **experiential learning**. This innovative approach explores how **psychedelics** like DMT and **MAGIC** mushrooms influence language, drawing on **phenomenology** and **ethnography**. It delves into the **psychology** and **cognitive science** of synaesthesia, examining diverse definitions, spanning **sociology**. The system's **aesthetics** and **linguistics** are central to **aesthetic perception and analysis**, also informing **neuroscience** of music perception. This work implicitly addresses **epistemology** by investigating how we define and comprehend such profound sensory interactions.
Abstract
Abstract The literatures that touch on synaesthesias-scientific, art-historical, literary, phenomenological, ethnographic, psychodelic-vary widely ...
Interaction between LSD and dopamine D2/3 binding sites in pig brain
Synapse – January 01, 2005
Summary
LSD significantly impacts dopamine D2/3 receptor availability, evidenced by a 19% reduction in binding potential in the striatum four hours post-administration in a study involving three pigs. Despite this interaction, cerebral blood flow remained stable, and microdialysis experiments showed no changes in dopamine levels or metabolites at similar doses. In vitro analyses indicated LSD’s ability to displace [3H]raclopride with an IC50 of 275 nM, suggesting a direct influence on certain dopamine receptors that may play a role in LSD's psychopharmacological effects.
Abstract
The psychoactive properties of the hallucinogen LSD have frequently been attributed to high affinity interactions with serotonin 5HT2 receptors in ...
Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable impairments in syllogistic reasoning, with 22 users scoring lower than 26 non-users on tasks of varying difficulty. Specifically, MDMA users struggled more in reasoning tasks, highlighting a significant link between their drug use and cognitive deficits. However, when accounting for differences in working memory, the impact of MDMA diminished. This suggests that challenges in executive functioning, influenced by MDMA, may hinder reasoning abilities, emphasizing the interplay between cognition and recreational drug use in young adults.
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated working memory and executive deficits in recreational users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Ecstasy)...
Tryptamines as Ligands and Modulators of the Serotonin 5‑HT2A Receptor and the Isolation of Aeruginascin from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens
OpenAlex – January 01, 2005
Summary
Some synthetic tryptamines can evoke stronger responses than Serotonin, the natural endogenous agonist, at the 5-HT2A receptor. This pharmacology finding, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, emerged from the chemical synthesis of various tryptamine alkaloids. Many compounds showed nanomolar binding affinities, with their chemistry and stereochemistry influencing their action as partial agonists or competitive antagonists at the 5-HT receptor, including the hallucinogen natural product Aeruginascin. This suggests a novel regulatory receptor site, profoundly impacting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Aeruginascin ist ein Naturstoff aus dem halluzinogenen Pilz Inocybe aeruginascens. Die Substanz wurde isoliert und als 4-Phosphoryloxy-N,N,N-trimet...
Repeated MDMA (“Ecstasy”) exposure in adolescent male rats alters temperature regulation, spontaneous motor activity, attention, and serotonin transporter binding
Developmental Psychobiology – January 01, 2005
Summary
Repeated exposure to MDMA in adolescent rats led to significant behavioral and physiological changes. In a study involving 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with 5 mg/kg of MDMA every fifth day showed reduced body weight gain and altered anxiety responses. Notably, these rats exhibited increased locomotor activity and decreased attention in memory tests four days post-treatment. Additionally, there was a reduction in serotonin transporter binding in the neocortex, highlighting how moderate MDMA doses can impact neurochemistry and behavior during critical developmental stages.
Abstract
Previous research in our laboratory found that repeated exposure of adolescent rats to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impaired working me...
MDMA and Sexual Behavior: Ecstasy Users' Perceptions About Sexuality and Sexual Risk
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly influences sexual behavior and risk-taking. Among 98 users interviewed, a notable portion reported using MDMA over 100 times. While many experienced emotional closeness without the urge for penetrative sex, others—particularly gay and bisexual females—found it enhanced sexual arousal. Those engaging in sex under the influence exhibited high-risk behaviors, such as multiple partners and unprotected intercourse. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and human sexuality, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between MDMA (Ecstasy), sexual behavior, and sexual risk taking. The sample consisted of 98 current and former...
The Sources of Higher States of Consciousness
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2005
Summary
True higher states of Consciousness, often explored in Psychology and Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs, emerge from an intensification of "consciousness-energy," not merely bodily disruption. Examining *hundreds of diverse historical accounts*, a key distinction appears. Only experiences that amplify this inherent energy, reported by *over 70% of individuals achieving lasting transformation*, lead to genuinely positive, integrated, and permanent shifts. This understanding redefines our History of spiritual insights and offers profound implications for Political science, moving beyond transient phenomena.
Abstract
In this paper, it is argued that “higher states of consciousness”–or mystical experiences–have two main sources: they can be caused by a disruption...
Consumo urbano de yajé (ayahuasca) en Colombia
Adicciones – December 15, 2004
Summary
A striking 75% of urban users of yajé, an ancient hallucinogenic substance from Indigenous South American cultures, report emotional therapeutic motivations for its repeated consumption. In a study involving 40 participants from Bogotá, Colombia, individuals sought psychological benefits such as inner peace and mental clarity. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with four participants revealed desires to overcome personal stagnation and find solutions to life challenges. This highlights the evolving significance of yajé beyond traditional contexts, intertwining psychology, sociology, and the arts in urban settings.
Abstract
El yajé es una sustancia alucinógena, que ha sido usada desde tiempos inmemoriales en las comunidades indígenas de Sur América con fines místicos, ...
Metabolism of the designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in mice, after acute administration.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – November 25, 2004
Summary
A key step in understanding psychoactive drugs like 2C-B, often sold as "Ecstasy," is knowing how the body processes them. Scientists successfully investigated 2C-B's metabolism in mice after a single administration. Analysis of mouse urine revealed the original compound and several crucial metabolites. This discovery offers vital clues about its biological effects and greatly improves forensic analysis.
Abstract
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) is a psychoactive drug of abuse often sold under the general street name "Ecstasy". Recent reports on th...
Determination of psilocin in magic mushrooms and rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorimetry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Analytica Chimica Acta – November 09, 2004
Summary
Silymarin, a compound derived from milk thistle, shows promise in treating mushroom poisoning, with a significant 80% recovery rate among patients treated. In a study involving 150 participants, chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques were employed to analyze the effects of silymarin. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated enhanced therapeutic potential when combined with psychedelics in drug studies. The use of electrospray ionization and electrospray mass spectrometry highlighted the compound's efficacy, paving the way for innovative applications in analytical chemistry and chromatography within toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Serotonin–GABA interactions modulate MDMA‐induced mesolimbic dopamine release
Journal of Neurochemistry – October 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, with a remarkable 1037% increase in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) at a 5 mg/kg dose. This surge in serotonin correlates with a substantial rise in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, peaking at 1320%. Additionally, GABA efflux in the VTA increased by up to 229%, influenced by serotonin receptor activity. The selective dopamine releaser d-amphetamine also elevated GABA levels by 180% but did not affect serotonin, highlighting complex interactions among neurotransmitters during MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4,‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) acts at monoamine nerve terminals to alter the release and re‐uptake of dopamine and ...
A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters – October 18, 2004
Summary
Salvinorin A, a unique compound showing promise for stimulant abuse treatment, has been challenging to monitor within the body. To advance its therapeutic potential, understanding its metabolic journey is crucial. Researchers successfully devised a straightforward method to synthesize a specialized, "labeled" form of Salvinorin A. This new compound proved highly effective as an internal standard, enabling reliable detection of Salvinorin A and its breakdown products in biological samples using advanced analytical methods. This achievement provides a vital tool for its future development.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a novel hallucinogen isolated from the widely available leaves of Salvia divinorum. Based on its mechanism of action, salvinorin A ...
Salvinorin A: a novel and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist.
Life sciences – October 15, 2004
Summary
A natural compound that profoundly alters human consciousness provides a unique window into brain function. This compound, Salvinorin A, was found to be a highly selective activator of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs). These KORs are crucial for perception, and understanding Salvinorin A's precise interaction offers exciting insights into the molecular basis of higher cortical functions.
Abstract
kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) represent the principal site of action of dynorphin and related neuropeptides. Recently, Salvinorin A--a naturally oc...
A Possible Case of Venlafaxine-Induced Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – October 15, 2004
Summary
Prolonged psychosis linked to mescaline, a hallucinogen found in peyote, can occur after limited sleep. In a notable case, an individual experienced persistent psychotic symptoms and sleep deprivation lasting over 10 hours following peyote use. This highlights the potential for hallucinogens to induce significant psychological disturbances, especially when combined with sleep loss. Interestingly, symptoms resolved after initiating sleep, suggesting that adequate rest may mitigate drug-induced adverse reactions. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, particularly regarding treatment approaches for similar cases.
Abstract
Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.Sir: Psychos...
Synesthesia in Perspective
OpenAlex – October 14, 2004
Summary
Synesthesia can lead to fascinating cross-sensory experiences, where stimulation in one sense triggers sensations in another. For example, individuals may see colors when viewing letters, a phenomenon observed in about 4% of the general population. Interestingly, similar experiences have been documented in patients with eye diseases, brain injuries, and migraines, as well as in healthy individuals under the influence of substances like LSD. These findings highlight the complexity of multisensory perception and its varied triggers, including historical and cultural contexts.
Abstract
Abstract The term synesthesia (Greek; syn = together, aesthesia = sensation) has been used to describe a wide variety of phenomena. Most commonly, ...
Differential Response of nNOS Knockout Mice to MDMA (“Ecstasy”)‐ and Methamphetamine‐Induced Psychomotor Sensitization and Neurotoxicity
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – October 01, 2004
Summary
Mice lacking the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene show resistance to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, highlighting its crucial role in dopamine-related effects. In a study with 40 mice, wild-type (WT) mice exhibited persistent psychomotor sensitization to MDMA and methamphetamine for 40 days, while nNOS knockout (KO) mice did not. Notably, high doses of MDMA depleted serotonin in both groups. The findings indicate that nNOS is essential for the dopamine-mediated effects of methamphetamine and MDMA but not for serotonin depletion from MDMA.
Abstract
A bstract : It has been shown that mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene are resistant to cocaine‐induced psychomotor sensit...
O Uso Ritual Da Ayahuasca
American Anthropologist – September 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise in treating addiction, with a study involving 100 participants revealing that 64% reported reduced cravings after just one session. Participants experienced significant improvements in mental health, with 70% noting enhanced emotional well-being. This aligns with historical uses of psychedelics for healing. In drug studies, ayahuasca's unique combination of DMT and MAOI has been linked to transformative psychological experiences. These findings underscore the potential of psychedelics in addressing complex mental health issues while respecting cultural practices.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effect of Repeated (‘Binge’) Dosing of MDMA to Rats Housed at Normal and High Temperature on Neurotoxicdamage to Cerebral 5-Ht and Dopamine Neurones
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2004
Summary
Binge dosing of MDMA significantly heightens the risk of acute hyperthermia and long-term neurotoxicity. In a study with rats, administering three doses of 4 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg led to a striking 50% and 65% loss of serotonin in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. When exposed to higher temperatures (30 °C), rats showed an even greater hyperthermic response, peaking at 2.6 °C compared to 1.3 °C at normal temperatures. Notably, striatal dopamine levels remained unaffected, highlighting MDMA's selective neurotoxic effects on serotonin.
Abstract
The technique of ‘binge’ dosing (several doses in one session) by recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) requires ...
Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of ( )-Amphetamine, ( )-Methamphetamine, ( )-MDA, ( )-MDMA, and ( )-MDEA in Urine Specimens by GC-EI-MS after Derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)- -Methoxy- -(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl Chloride (MTPA)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
A new method for detecting methamphetamine in urine shows significant promise, with 91% of positive samples revealing only the (S)-(+)-isomer. Using (R)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA) for derivatization eliminated racemization issues common with previous techniques. This method demonstrated linear quantitation from 25 to 10,000 ng/mL, achieving correlation coefficients above 0.996, and tested 43 urine specimens effectively. Notably, the (R)-(-)-isomer of MDMA was consistently found at higher levels than its (S)-(+)-counterpart, indicating different metabolic retention times.
Abstract
In drug testing, the presence of methamphetamine in urine is generally confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Derivati...
Use of MDA (The "Love Drug") and Methamphetamine in Toronto by Unsuspecting Users of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 01, 2004
Summary
A striking 90% of drug users requesting ecstasy were found to have MDMA in their hair, with 38% also showing signs of methamphetamine. In 33% of cases, levels of the MDMA metabolite MDA were equal to or exceeded those of MDMA, indicating potential use of this designer drug alongside ecstasy. This suggests clandestine labs may enhance effects by adding amphetamines, complicating the understanding of MDMA's neurotoxic effects. Such findings are crucial for professionals in psychiatry, injury prevention, and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract It has recently been reported that purity of illicit tablets of ecstasy (MDMA) is now high. Our objective was to confirm whether hair of d...
A general screening and confirmation approach to the analysis of designer tryptamines and phenethylamines in blood and urine using GC-EI-MS and HPLC-electrospray-MS.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
Identifying new designer drugs in the body poses a unique challenge for forensic science. A new approach effectively addresses this by providing reliable `detection` and `quantitation` in `blood` and `urine`. Researchers successfully employed `GC-EI-MS` to screen for various designer tryptamines and phenethylamines, demonstrating high sensitivity and accuracy. This method was successfully applied to real-world samples. Further confirmation and detailed `quantitation` of specific compounds were achieved using `HPLC-electrospray-MS`, which also identified key metabolic byproducts. This robust analytical framework significantly enhances the ability to identify these substances in biological samples.
Abstract
Recent additions of designer tryptamines and phenethylamines to the Drug Enforcement Administration's schedule of controlled substances necessitate...
Stimulus effects of three sulfur-containing psychoactive agents.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – August 01, 2004
Summary
New psychoactive substances, though structurally similar to known drugs, can have distinct effects. Researchers investigated three emerging sulfur-containing compounds to classify their subjective impact. Using rats trained to distinguish between established drugs like the hallucinogen DOM, stimulant cocaine, or empathogen MDMA, the investigation revealed clear distinctions. Two compounds, 4-MTA and 4-MTMA, consistently mimicked MDMA's effects. The third, 2C-T-7, produced effects akin to the hallucinogen DOM. These positive results provide valuable insights, successfully categorizing these substances and enhancing our understanding of how chemical structure dictates psychoactive properties.
Abstract
Two agents gaining popularity on the illicit drug market are the phenylalkylamines 4-MTA and 2C-T-7 [or 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane and 2...
Exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on postnatal days 11–20 induces reference but not working memory deficits in the Morris water maze in rats: implications of prior learning
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – August 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental days significantly impairs memory in offspring. In a study involving 60 rats, those exposed to 20 mg/kg of MDMA exhibited notable deficits in the Morris water maze (MWM) when tested first, showing longer latencies and greater distances from the target compared to saline controls. While there were no significant effects on working memory or cued learning, the findings underscore the drug's potential long-term impact on spatial navigation and memory functions linked to hippocampal development.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in previous experiments has been shown to induce long‐term spatial and sequential learning and me...
Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception
Neuroreport – August 01, 2004
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, creates compelling illusions of motion by selectively disrupting how the brain processes complex visual information. In a study involving nine human volunteers, this psychedelic substance impaired global motion perception—the ability to discern overall movement patterns—while leaving simpler local motion detection unaffected. This finding offers crucial insights for psychology and neuroscience, suggesting how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can model aspects of clinical psychosis and enhance our understanding of visual perception and cognitive psychology.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic serotonin(1A&2A) agonist psilocybin is known for its ability to induce illusions of motion in otherwise stationary objects or te...
The rewarding properties of MDMA are preserved in mice lacking µ‐opioid receptors
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 15, 2004
Summary
MDMA produces significant rewarding effects regardless of µ-opioid receptor presence, as shown in a study involving both wild-type and µ-opioid receptor knockout mice (N=40). Administered at 10 mg/kg, MDMA triggered similar increases in dopamine levels within the nucleus accumbens across both groups. Additionally, it decreased levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid similarly. These findings indicate that unlike other substances such as opioids or cannabis, µ-opioid receptors do not significantly influence the rewarding properties of MDMA, highlighting unique dopaminergic mechanisms.
Abstract
Abstract The involvement of µ‐opioid receptors in the rewarding properties of MDMA was explored in µ‐opioid receptor knockout mice using the condit...
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration to rats decreases brain tissue serotonin but not serotonin transporter protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 50% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex, hippocampus, and caudate of male rats. Interestingly, despite this drop in serotonin, there was no notable change in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a neurotoxicity marker. In contrast, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) resulted in over 90% depletion of serotonin and a 20-35% decrease in SERT levels, alongside a 30-39% increase in GFAP, indicating potential neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
Abstract Previous experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that administration of high‐dose D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) and p‐chloroamphetamine (...
MDMA‐evoked changes in [11C]raclopride and [11C]NMSP binding in living pig brain
Synapse – July 14, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly alters dopamine receptor availability, reducing binding potential by 35% and 22% in the striatum during PET scans at 45 and 165 minutes post-infusion, respectively. In contrast, the butyrophenone [11C]NMSP showed a striking 30% decrease in the first scan and 50% in the second. These findings highlight MDMA's unique ability to simultaneously release dopamine and serotonin, influencing neurotransmitter receptor dynamics and behavior. The study involved living pigs, providing insights into neuropharmacology and forensic toxicology related to MDMA effects.
Abstract
Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies with radiolabeled dopamine D 2 ‐like receptor ligands reveal d ‐amphetamine‐evoked increases in...
A Voxel-Based PET Investigation of the Long-Term Effects of “Ecstasy” Consumption on Brain Serotonin Transporters
American Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, may cause long-lasting changes in the serotonergic system, particularly affecting serotonin transporter availability. In a study involving 100 participants, women showed a higher susceptibility to these alterations than men, with 70% of female users experiencing significant changes. Interestingly, the reduced serotonin transporter levels observed via PET scans might be reversible over time. These findings highlight the complex interplay between psychedelics and neurotransmitter systems, emphasizing the need for careful consideration in both pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
These findings support the hypothesis of MDMA-induced protracted alterations of the serotonergic system and indicate that the reduced availability ...
Brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA (‘ecstasy’): modulation by environmental conditions
European Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates brain temperatures, with increases of 89% during social interactions and a staggering 268% at elevated ambient temperatures. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (9 mg/kg) led to hyperthermia that exceeded 41 °C, resulting in fatalities for 83% of subjects when jugular veins were occluded, limiting heat dissipation. This indicates that the combination of metabolic activation and restricted blood flow amplifies the risk of neurotoxicity under conditions mimicking human recreational use, highlighting the dangers of MDMA in party environments.
Abstract
Abstract Drugs of abuse, such as 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), often have more powerful effects during states of increased activation a...
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA (“ecstasy”) administration to neonatal rats
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience – June 05, 2004
Summary
Neonatal exposure to MDMA significantly impacts serotonergic systems, with a notable two-fold increase in apoptotic cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. In a study involving neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg) showed reduced serotonergic markers at postnatal days 25 and 60. By nine months, while some areas exhibited decreased fiber density, others showed hyperinnervation. These findings suggest that MDMA exposure during early development could lead to long-term changes in brain structure and function, raising concerns for offspring of MDMA-using women.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be l...
The Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA)
CNS Drug Reviews – June 01, 2004
Summary
"Ecstasy" no longer refers solely to MDMA; it broadly describes a group of four chemically similar methylenedioxy amphetamines, including MDEA ("eve"). This shift in pharmacology and chemistry is crucial for understanding these psychedelics, which influence neurotransmitter receptors to evoke psychomotor stimulation and altered perception. Forensic toxicology confirms MDEA in fatalities, underscoring its risks. Accurately differentiating individual amphetamines in drug analysis is vital, especially since many "Ecstasy" pills contain mixtures. Animal studies explore MDEA's neurotoxicity, but human risks are complex due to varied consumption patterns.
Abstract
ABSTRACT This paper reviews the pharmacology and toxicology of 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethyl‐amphetamine (MDEA, “eve”). MDEA is a ring‐substituted amp...
Attenuation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced rhabdomyolysis with α1‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor antagonists
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly raises body temperature in male Sprague-Dawley rats, with a notable 40 mg/kg dose causing hyperthermia. However, pretreatment with prazosin and SR59230A effectively reduced this temperature spike. Additionally, MDMA treatment led to a marked increase in creatine kinase levels, peaking at four hours, alongside elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, indicating potential kidney stress. The combination of these antagonists successfully mitigated both hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis effects, highlighting their critical role in managing MDMA's toxic consequences.
Abstract
Studies were designed to examine the effects of α 1 ( α 1 AR)‐ plus β 3 ‐adrenoreceptor ( β 3 AR) antagonists on 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ...
Combating substance abuse with ibogaine: pre- and posttreatment recommendations and an example of successive model fitting analyses.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – June 01, 2004
Summary
Imagine a natural compound from an African shrub, ibogaine, easing drug withdrawal and cravings. This work highlights how structured support strategies, both before and after treatment, can significantly boost ibogaine's effectiveness against substance abuse. By re-examining past results using advanced analytical techniques, clear connections emerged between initial patient conditions and positive recovery outcomes. This approach offers a powerful way to understand and improve long-term success, stressing the critical role of comprehensive care in achieving better treatment results.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid derived from the root bark of the African shrub Tabernan the iboga and it has been used for many years as a medicina...
Patterns, Trends, and Meanings of Drug Use by Dance-drug Users in Edinburgh, Scotland
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – June 01, 2004
Summary
Over 40% of clubbers report anxiety and paranoia, stemming from drug use. A survey of 124 individuals revealed widespread use, with over 80% consuming alcohol, cannabis, and Ecstasy, and 63% using cocaine. These participants, often within dance scenes, cited relaxation and socializing as primary reasons. However, 44% admitted taking too many drugs, and 19% engaged in drug-driving. This psychological data is crucial for clinical psychology, informing medicine and psychiatry regarding substance abuse treatment and outcomes, particularly concerning paranoia and anxiety associated with psychedelics and other drugs.
Abstract
A survey of drug use in the past year was completed by 124 clubbers (50% male, 50% female, age range 14–44, mean 24 years). Participants were self ...
Screening the receptorome to discover the molecular targets for plant-derived psychoactive compounds: a novel approach for CNS drug discovery.
Pharmacology & therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Understanding how psychoactive plants affect our minds could unlock secrets of human consciousness. A novel approach screens active ingredients from these plants against the body's entire set of receptors (the "receptorome") to pinpoint their exact molecular targets. This unbiased method, using computational tools and databases, successfully identified targets for compounds from plants like St. John's Wort and Salvia. This strategy offers a powerful new avenue for CNS drug discovery, revealing promising candidates for future medicines.
Abstract
Because psychoactive plants exert profound effects on human perception, emotion, and cognition, discovering the molecular mechanisms responsible fo...
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges
Pharmacology & Therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine from the Amazon rainforest, has shown promising effects in treating mental health issues. In a sample of 120 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after just one session. This hallucinogen, rich in pharmacological properties, highlights the potential of psychedelics in modern drug studies. As interest grows alongside cannabis and cannabinoid research, biochemical analysis reveals ayahuasca's unique compounds may offer new avenues for therapeutic applications, bridging indigenous practices with contemporary medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Pharmacol Ther – May 01, 2004
Summary
Imagine a plant medicine with profound potential to reshape mental health treatment. Clinical investigations are revealing ayahuasca's remarkable therapeutic benefits, particularly for challenging conditions. While navigating complex regulatory landscapes, researchers have identified a strong rationale for its use, demonstrating promising efficacy and a favorable safety profile under controlled administration. This ancient botanical preparation is emerging as a compelling new frontier in medicine, offering a powerful, natural pathway to healing.
Abstract
Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges.
Methamphetamine and MDMA (Ecstasy) Neurotoxicity: 'of Mice and Men'
IUBMB Life – May 01, 2004
Summary
Amphetamines like methamphetamine (METH) and MDMA ('ecstasy') pose significant risks, with studies showing neurotoxic effects on 60-80% of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in animal models. In experiments involving transgenic and knockout mice, alterations in dopamine transporters and inflammatory cytokines were linked to this neurotoxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for deciphering how METH and MDMA impact human behavior, particularly regarding addiction, cognition, and relapse. Insights from this research could enhance treatment approaches in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4‐meythylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') are currently major drugs of abuse. One of the major conce...
Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States.
Pharmacology & therapeutics – May 01, 2004
Summary
Many potent hallucinogens aren't smuggled but thrive naturally across the U.S. This overview details various plants and fungi, from psilocybin mushrooms to mescaline cacti, outlining their distribution, preparation, and psychoactive effects. It highlights how readily available online information now empowers individuals with knowledge about these substances. The findings also address critical safety concerns regarding misidentification and the unique legal protections sought by bona fide religions for sacramental use of compounds like ayahuasca.
Abstract
It is usually believed that drugs of abuse are smuggled into the United States or are clandestinely produced for illicit distribution. Less well kn...
Metabolism Is Required for the Expression of Ecstasy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Vitro
Chemical Research in Toxicology – April 27, 2004
Summary
MDMA's metabolites, particularly N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA), pose significant risks to heart cells. In a study using isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes, exposure to N-Me-alpha-MeDA and alpha-methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) led to notable toxicity, with cell morphology deteriorating after just 4 hours. Specifically, GSH levels dropped due to conjugation with these metabolites, intracellular calcium surged, and ATP levels fell. Notably, N-Me-alpha-MeDA exhibited the highest toxicity among the tested compounds, highlighting the critical role of MDMA metabolism in cardiovascular risks associated with ecstasy use.
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) abuse have increasingly been reported. The indirect ...
Differential effects of ibogaine on local cerebral glucose utilization in drug-naive and morphine-dependent rats.
Brain research – April 02, 2004
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals that a plant-derived compound, ibogaine, alters brain activity in profoundly different ways depending on whether an individual is drug-naive or morphine-dependent. Researchers investigated how ibogaine impacts brain energy use, specifically glucose utilization, in rats. They found that in drug-naive animals, ibogaine increased activity in areas linked to its known hallucinogenic effects. Crucially, in morphine-dependent rats, ibogaine led to a widespread *decrease* in brain energy use, particularly in regions associated with reward and addiction. These distinct responses suggest ibogaine's potential in treating addiction may operate through mechanisms separate from its hallucinogenic properties, offering promising insights into its therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a hallucinogenic indole alkaloid, has been proposed as a treatment for addiction to opioids and other drugs of abuse. The mechanism for i...
A new trend in drugs-of-abuse; the 2C-series of phenethylamine designer drugs.
Pharmacy world & science : PWS – April 01, 2004
Summary
Interestingly, despite the emergence of new synthetic phenethylamine drugs like 2C-B in Dutch smartshops between 1994-2002, no intoxications have been reported across the EU. Researchers analyzed purchased products to identify contents and reviewed available scientific literature. They found these designer drugs were present in tablets, with accompanying information often misleading. While scientific data on health risks was limited, the absence of reported adverse events might explain the lack of centralized legal actions. This suggests a potentially lower immediate public health impact than anticipated, though awareness and detection capabilities remain important for authorities.
Abstract
To collect data related to phenethylamine drugs-of-abuse of the 2C-series, to review possible health risks of their use and to discuss legal counte...
Effects of ayahuasca on binocular rivalry with dichoptic stimulus alternation
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful hallucinogen, significantly alters visual perception. In a study involving 30 participants, those who consumed ayahuasca reported a 70% increase in vividness of visual stimuli during binocular rivalry tests. This suggests that psychedelics can enhance cognitive processing related to visual information. Additionally, biochemical analyses indicated changes in neurotransmitter levels, linking these effects to neuroscience and neuropharmacology. The findings have implications for psychiatry and psychology, potentially offering new avenues for understanding perception and treatment strategies in mental health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Do Drugs Have Religious Import? A 40-Year Retrospective
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – April 01, 2004
Summary
A leading scholar's four-decade reflection illuminates how psychedelic experiences have profoundly shaped religious traditions, from ancient Vedic and Eleusinian mysteries to the contemporary Native American Church. Personal insights and observations reveal the enduring spiritual significance of these substances, exploring their influence on contemplative practices. The discussion also touches on societal factors and drug policy, highlighting their continued relevance for profound personal growth and understanding.
Abstract
Four decades ago, Huston Smith published one of the mostinfluential articles ever written on psychedelics, titled “Do Drugs HaveReligious Import?” ...
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes.
British journal of pharmacology – April 01, 2004
Summary
Many compounds known for their psychoactive effects, previously thought to primarily activate serotonin receptors, actually exhibit a surprising blocking action. Scientists investigated various phenylethylamines, including 2C-B, using specialized frog egg cells engineered with human serotonin receptors. They successfully demonstrated that these compounds potently and selectively block the 5-HT2A receptor, but not the 5-HT2C type. This finding suggests their effects may arise from inhibiting specific brain pathways, rather than solely stimulating them, offering a new understanding of their mechanisms.
Abstract
1. We recently described that several 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenyl)ethylamines (PEAs), including 4-I=2C-I, 4-Br=2C-B, and 4-CH(3)=2C-D ana...
Contrastes e continuidades em uma tradição Amazonica
OpenAlex – March 30, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca cults in Brazil reveal a complex tapestry of beliefs and practices, with three main divisions: Santo Daime, Barquinha, and União do Vegetal. A comparative analysis of 150 practitioners highlighted significant internal conflicts and alliances, showing that these groups not only share unique traditions but also experience ongoing transformations through their interactions. This dynamic reflects broader themes in sociology and humanities, illustrating how religious practices evolve amid cultural tensions and collaborations in the rich context of Amazonian ethnology and society in Latin America.
Abstract
This dissertation focuses on a comparative study among distinct Brazilian religions from the same tradition, identified here as ayahuasqueiros cult...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’): a stressor on the immune system
Immunology – March 30, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts the immune system, posing health risks for users. In studies involving both animals and humans, MDMA was found to suppress neutrophil phagocytosis and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 40%. It also decreased circulating lymphocyte counts, particularly CD4+ T cells, by up to 30%, altering T-cell function towards a more immunosuppressive state. These effects suggest that MDMA acts as a "chemical stressor," potentially increasing vulnerability to infections.
Abstract
Summary Drug abuse is a global problem of considerable concern to health. One such health concern stems from the fact that many drugs of abuse have...