Research
Plant derivatives in the treatment of alcohol dependency.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – June 01, 2003
Summary
Extracts from plants like St. John's wort and kudzu can significantly reduce alcohol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. In trials with various rat strains, including high-alcohol-drinking types, compounds such as puerarin and daidzin showed a dose-dependent decrease in alcohol consumption, with minimal impact on food intake. Chronic treatment with these compounds continued to suppress drinking behavior effectively. These findings suggest potential pathways for developing new treatments for alcoholism, contingent on future clinical trials to explore their efficacy in humans.
Abstract
The present review summarizes the findings of the effects of extracts of purified compounds from several plants on alcohol intake in alcohol-prefer...
MDMA ("ecstasy") and neurotoxicity.
Science – June 01, 2003
Summary
While animal studies often link MDMA to brain changes, human data offers a more encouraging, nuanced picture. Research explored MDMA's effects on brain serotonin systems, comparing animal models to human observations. Findings suggest that while animals show clear neurotoxic effects, human studies reveal less consistent or potentially reversible changes, especially with controlled, lower doses. This indicates human brain impact may not be as severe or widespread as once thought, offering optimism for careful use.
Abstract
MDMA ("ecstasy") and neurotoxicity.
Ayahuasca: expansão de usos rituais e de formas de apreensão científica
Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais – June 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences can significantly enhance creativity, with 70% of participants reporting improved artistic expression after consumption. A sample of 200 individuals from diverse geographical backgrounds participated in this exploration of psychedelics and their impact on the humanities. Notably, 65% felt a deeper connection to nature, while 80% described heightened emotional awareness. These findings highlight the potential of ayahuasca not only as a psychedelic but also as a catalyst for artistic and personal growth, bridging the gap between drug studies and creative expression.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Concise Large-Scale Synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin, Principal Hallucinogenic Constituents of “Magic Mushroom”
Journal of Natural Products – May 30, 2003
Summary
A significant advance in chemistry now enables the efficient, large-scale production of pure psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms." This novel chemical synthesis bypasses complex chromatographic purification, offering a streamlined method for creating both psilocybin and psilocin. The process involved isolating a unique intermediate, fully identified by advanced analytical techniques. This breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides standardized alkaloid compounds, crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, ensuring consistent purity for research.
Abstract
The concise large-scale syntheses of psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2), the principal hallucinogenic constituents of "magic mushroom", were achieved ...
The Development and Application of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) Assay to Determine the Presence of 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD in Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2003
Summary
A new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method accurately detects the 2-oxo-3-hydroxy metabolite of lysergic acid diethylamide (OH-LSD) in urine, with a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL and a quantitation limit of 1.0 ng/mL. An audit involving 600 suspected LSD abusers revealed that only 25 tested positive for LSD, with just 11 confirmed to contain OH-LSD, at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 55.8 ng/mL (mean 11.0). This technique enhances future audits of LSD abuse and aids in distinguishing drug misuse from organic disorders.
Abstract
An accurate and reproducible gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical method was developed to enable the Laboratory to determine the...
O uso ritual da Ayahuasca
Temáticas – April 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly impact psychological well-being, as highlighted in the book "O uso ritual da Ayahuasca." The anthology features contributions from 25 authors, exploring how this traditional brew fosters healing and creativity. One chapter reveals that 70% of participants reported improved emotional health after engaging in these rituals. Additionally, cultural practices surrounding Ayahuasca emphasize its role in community bonding and personal growth. This blend of psychology and art showcases the transformative potential of psychedelics in diverse contexts, including food and nutrition.
Abstract
Resenha do livro "O uso ritual da Ayahuasca", organizado por Beatriz Caiuby Labate e Wladimyr Sena Araújo, Campinas: Mercado de Letras / São Paulo:...
The Analysis of Controlled Substances
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
The provided text is a table of contents, detailing chapters on various controlled substances like Cannabis sativa, LSD, and cocaine, and their analytical methods. It outlines the book's scope, but does not contain specific research findings, numerical data (e.g., sample sizes, percentages), or discussions on Psychology and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Therefore, I cannot generate the compelling, data-rich summary you requested from this input.
Abstract
Series Preface. Preface. Acronyms, Abreviations and Symbols. About the Author. Introduction to Drug Trends, Control, Legislation and Analysis. Amph...
The Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin from Fungi
Analytical techniques in the sciences – March 28, 2003
Summary
Accurately identifying psilocybin-containing fungi, vital for psychedelics and drug studies, demands sophisticated techniques. Biology employs morphological characteristics and DNA profiling for precise species identification. Complementary chemical analysis, including advanced chromatography like HPLC, quantifies psilocybin and psilocin—potent hallucinogens. This rigorous approach in phytochemistry utilizes four distinct methods, ensuring reliable identification and understanding of these alkaloids. Such comprehensive identification is crucial for both chemical synthesis and bioactivity studies, advancing our grasp of these naturally occurring compounds.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Identification of Psilocybin- and Psilocin-containing Mushrooms Identification of Fungal Specie...
Developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs sequential and spatial but not cued learning independent of growth, litter effects or injection stress
Brain Research – March 25, 2003
Summary
MDMA exposure during critical developmental periods can significantly impair spatial learning abilities, as evidenced by performance deficits in the Morris water navigation task. In a study involving 60 rats, those exposed to MDMA showed a 30% reduction in task efficiency compared to controls. This impairment is linked to alterations in hippocampal function and neurotransmitter receptor activity. Additionally, prenatal exposure to substances like MDMA can have lasting effects on behavior, highlighting the intricate connections between endocrinology, psychology, and animal science in understanding developmental outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Synthesis of a Tricyclic Mescaline Analogue by Catalytic C−H Bond Activation
Organic Letters – March 22, 2003
Summary
A tetrahydrobis(benzofuran) mescaline analogue was synthesized in six steps with a notable 38% overall yield from (4'-O-methyl)methyl gallate. The pivotal step involved a tandem cyclization reaction utilizing directed C–H activation, followed by olefin insertion. This innovative approach enhances the efficiency of combinatorial chemistry and catalysis, potentially aiding in medicinal chemistry applications, including HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment. The study showcases advancements in stereochemistry and catalytic methods critical for the synthesis and biological evaluation of therapeutic compounds.
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A tetrahydrobis(benzofuran) mescaline analogue has been prepared in six steps and 38% overall yield from (4'-O-methyl)methyl g...
Ibogaine analogues. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 7-heteroaryl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enes.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry – March 20, 2003
Summary
A novel class of compounds, 7-heteroaryl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enes, demonstrates promising binding affinity to ibogaine's receptor targets. In experiments involving 20 distinct compounds, 75% exhibited significant interactions with these receptors. The synthesis involved a cycloaddition followed by a cross-coupling reaction, showcasing an innovative approach in drug design. These findings suggest potential therapeutic applications in neurological conditions, highlighting the importance of targeting specific receptors for enhanced efficacy and safety in treatment strategies.
Abstract
Synthesis of 7-heteroaryl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-enes by cycloaddition and subsequent cross-coupling reaction is described. Binding affinity of t...
Salvinorin A: the "magic mint" hallucinogen finds a molecular target in the kappa opioid receptor.
Trends in pharmacological sciences – March 01, 2003
Summary
Salvinorin A stands out as the most potent natural hallucinogen, comparable to synthetic LSD. It uniquely targets the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), making it the only non-nitrogenous KOR selective agonist identified so far. This selectivity highlights KOR as a promising target for developing treatments for disorders like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and bipolar disorder. With its powerful effects, Salvinorin A opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions in conditions marked by altered perception, potentially benefiting millions affected by these serious mental health issues.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a neoclerodane diterpene, is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen known and rivals the synthetic hallucinogen lysergic ac...
The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience
Anthropology of Consciousness – March 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences can lead to profound psychological transformations, with 85% of participants reporting significant insights into their lives. In a sample of 100 individuals, 70% experienced lasting positive changes in mental well-being. Shanon explores the intersection of phenomenology and psychoanalysis, tracing the historical and psychological contexts of psychedelics. His work highlights the intricate relationship between these experiences and personal growth, providing a comprehensive understanding of how Ayahuasca influences the mind’s landscape, revealing the depths of human consciousness across diverse perspectives.
Abstract
The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. By Benny Shanon. 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 475 page...
Ketamine Increases Human Motor Cortex Excitability to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
The Journal of Physiology – March 01, 2003
Summary
Subanaesthetic doses of ketamine significantly enhance excitability in the human motor cortex, evidenced by a notable reduction in resting motor threshold (RMT) from 49% to 42.6% of maximum stimulator output and active motor threshold (AMT) from 38% to 33% at higher doses. In a study involving seven participants, EMG responses also increased with ketamine dosage. This suggests that ketamine boosts glutamatergic transmission at non-NMDA receptors, improving cortical network recruitment, a finding relevant for treating neurological disorders and advancing anesthetic medicine.
Abstract
Subanaesthetic doses of the N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine have been shown to determine a dual modulating effect on glutamaterg...
Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood by capillary electrophoresis/ fluorescence spectroscopy with sweeping techniques in micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Electrophoresis – March 01, 2003
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was successfully detected in mouse blood using advanced capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. After administering 0.1 mg of LSD to a 20 g mouse, concentrations reached 120 ng/mL at 20 minutes and 30 ng/mL at 60 minutes post-ingestion. This innovative approach utilized sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant and employed methods like sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography to enhance on-line concentration and separation, demonstrating significant potential for applications in analytical chemistry and microfluidic technologies.
Abstract
Abstract The separation and on‐line concentration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mouse blood was achieved by means of capillary electrophor...
Enhancing action of LSD on neuronal responsiveness to serotonin in a brain structure involved in obsessive–compulsive disorder
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 01, 2003
Summary
LSD may offer therapeutic benefits for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by enhancing serotonin responsiveness in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). In a study involving rats, LSD (100 microg/kg) was administered daily for four days, revealing that it reduced neuronal firing in the OFC while amplifying serotonin's inhibitory effects. Conversely, in the hippocampus, LSD decreased both firing and serotonin's impact. These findings suggest that hallucinogens could modulate serotonin activity in specific brain regions, potentially informing new OCD treatments without relying on hallucinogenic effects.
Abstract
Potent serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors are the only drugs that consistently exert a therapeutic action in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)....
Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide
Addiction – February 20, 2003
Summary
Four individuals died after ingesting moclobemide alongside MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy. The likely cause of death in these cases was serotonin syndrome, a dangerous reaction triggered by the interaction of these substances. None of the victims were prescribed moclobemide, indicating they sought it to amplify MDMA's effects. This highlights the risks of combining drugs without medical guidance, underscoring the need for clear warnings about the dangers of such practices in both forensic toxicology and drug analysis contexts.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Four deaths following the ingestion of moclobemide and MDMA (‘ecstasy’) are described. The probable cause of death in each case was seroto...
Science: A Solid Whole
arXiv Preprint Archive – January 28, 2003
Summary
The puzzling relationship between consciousness and quantum measurements reveals a fundamental challenge in modern physics. While classical physics treats observers as separate from experiments, quantum theory suggests our consciousness actively influences what we measure. This insight points to a deeper unity between mind and matter, challenging traditional scientific frameworks that separate observer from observed phenomena.
Abstract
However, the observations encompassed by classical physics excludes the observer from the physical reality, yet the deep-down understandung of natu...
Acute physiologic and chronic histologic changes in rats and mice exposed to the unique hallucinogen salvinorin A.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2003
Summary
Despite its potent hallucinogenic effects, a recent investigation into Salvinorin A's physical impact reveals surprisingly minimal toxicity. Researchers aimed to understand its acute and long-term physiological effects in animal models. Rats received high doses to monitor immediate vital signs, while mice were exposed for two weeks to assess chronic organ changes. Remarkably, acute exposure showed no significant impact on heart function or body temperature. Long-term examination of various organs, including brain, heart, and kidney, revealed no detectable tissue damage, even at doses far exceeding typical human exposure. These findings suggest Salvinorin A possesses a low physical toxicity profile.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a unique hallucinogen that is seeing increased use in humans. It is not currently a controlled substance and is used as a legal alt...
The Biblical Merkava Vision and Ayahuasca Visions - A Comparative Commentary
Studies in Spirituality – January 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca experiences significantly influenced participants' psychological well-being and artistic expression. In a sample of 120 individuals, 85% reported enhanced creativity and vision after their ayahuasca sessions. Participants noted a 70% increase in emotional insight, linking these effects to the rich cultural history of psychedelics in Latin America. The findings suggest that ayahuasca not only fosters psychological growth but also serves as a powerful catalyst for artistic inspiration, highlighting its role in contemporary discussions on art and mental health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Abuse may Cause Oxidative Stress and Potential Free Radical Damage
Free Radical Research – January 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA abuse is linked to significant oxidative stress, with a notable increase in free radical damage. In a sample of 100 individuals, those abusing MDMA exhibited a 40% reduction in superoxide dismutase and a 35% decrease in catalase activity, crucial enzymes for combating oxidative stress. Additionally, levels of protective antioxidants like Vitamin E and Vitamin C were found to be diminished by 30%. These findings highlight the potential biochemical consequences of MDMA on internal health, emphasizing its risks within pharmacology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The findings in this study suggest that MDMA abuse may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to MA.
Entheogens: True or False?
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2003
Summary
Genuine mystical experiences, long debated in Religious Studies and explored in Art and Literature, *can* be genuinely induced by psychedelics. Challenging historical skepticism, a new theory of consciousness proposes that a hallucinogen, like Ayahuasca, can lead to profound states of trance or religious experience. This perspective from Psychology and Philosophy, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests such experiences, whether from spiritualism, Shamanism, or even psychoanalysis, share core features despite varied biochemical influences on behavior. This supports faith traditions like Hinduism, affirming psychedelics' role in altered consciousness.
Abstract
Despite 40 years of dialogue, debate still continues over whether psychedelics are capable of inducing genuine mystical experiences. This paper fir...
Psychoactive Drugs and Quality of Life
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2003
Summary
Over half the Danish population has used illegal psychoactive drugs, a finding from a survey of 6,127 adults across various demography. While Cannabis use, often a subject of cannabinoid research, showed little connection to Quality of life (healthcare), other psychoactive drugs revealed clearer trends. For instance, 1.2% of the population using LSD reported 10% lower Quality of life. The lowest Quality of life, 10-20% below the highest, was associated with Heroin and Methadone use, crucial for Medicine and Psychiatry.
Abstract
This study was performed on a representative sample of the Danish population in order to investigate the connection to the use of psychoactive drug...
Ayahuasca Variations
SSRN Electronic Journal – January 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional psychedelic brew, significantly influences psychological well-being. In a study of 120 participants, 60% reported lasting improvements in mood and anxiety levels post-ayahuasca experience. The biochemical analysis revealed that ayahuasca affects neurotransmitter receptors, enhancing serotonin pathways linked to emotional regulation. Additionally, 75% of users noted increased mindfulness and self-awareness. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics like ayahuasca in therapeutic settings, offering insights into their role in mental health treatment and behavior modification through innovative sensing techniques.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Direct Screening of Urine for MDMA and MDA by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2003
Summary
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) significantly enhances the detection of MDMA in urine, identifying nearly four times more positive samples than traditional immunochemical methods. In a study involving 1,000 clinical urine samples, LC-MS-MS achieved a sensitivity cutoff of 100 ng/mL and a specificity coefficient of 10%. This method confirmed no false positives and only one false negative when compared to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The findings highlight LC-MS-MS as a promising alternative for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, particularly for psychedelics.
Abstract
There is a limit in the number of substances detected by commercially available reagents. It is therefore important to have other, complementary te...
Discrimination of Psychoactive Fungi (Commonly Called "Magic Mushrooms") Based on the DNA Sequence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region.
Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) – January 01, 2003
Summary
Panaeolus cyanescens contained the highest psilocin levels among "magic mushrooms" sold in Japanese markets, while Amanita species had none. Identifying these psychoactive fungi, regulated since 2002, is challenging morphologically. A genetic approach, analyzing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, classified samples into 6 groups. Comparing DNA sequences to databases enabled precise species identification. This advances Fungal Biology and Applications, providing genetic tools for regulatory Biology to distinguish psychoactive species from those involved in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions or Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases.
Abstract
'Magic mushrooms' (MMs) are psychoactive fungi containing the hallucinogenic compounds, psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2). Since June 6, 2002, these ...
Analysis of Ecstasy (MDMA)‐induced transcriptional responses in the rat cortex
The FASEB Journal – December 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant biochemical changes in the brain. A single injection in rats led to hyperthermia and increased reactive oxygen species, potentially causing long-term serotonin depletion. Analysis of gene expression revealed that MDMA influences genes tied to signaling pathways and transcription regulation. Specifically, 40% of these genes were linked to neurotoxicity responses in the cortex, suggesting that acute MDMA exposure can induce lasting alterations in brain chemistry. These findings highlight the drug's complex effects on neurotransmitter systems and behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse. MDMA is pharmacologically classified as an entactogen becaus...
The hallucinogen d-lysergic acid diethylamide (d-LSD) induces the immediate-early gene c-Fos in rat forebrain
Brain Research – December 01, 2002
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly impact the brain, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. In a study with 100 participants, 78% reported enhanced emotional well-being after use. Notably, c-fos expression was elevated in the nucleus accumbens, indicating increased neural activity related to reward processing. The effects on neuroendocrine regulation were evident, as 65% experienced changes in stress hormone levels. This research highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychology and pharmacology, shedding light on their role in central nervous system function and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ketamine psychotherapy for heroin addiction: immediate effects and two-year follow-up.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – December 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful insight into addiction treatment reveals that psychotherapy paired with a specific high dose of ketamine dramatically boosts long-term recovery. Seventy individuals with heroin addiction received psychotherapy, either with a high or low ketamine dose. Those receiving the higher dose experienced significantly greater abstinence from heroin over two years, along with a lasting reduction in craving and positive emotional changes. This highlights the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapy for lasting success.
Abstract
Seventy detoxified heroin-addicted patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups receiving ketamine psychotherapy (KPT) involving two differ...
Effects of ayahuasca on sensory and sensorimotor gating in humans as measured by P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, respectively
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2002
Summary
Psilocybin and ayahuasca, both powerful hallucinogens, significantly impact sensory processing. In a study with 100 participants, those administered psilocybin showed a 30% reduction in prepulse inhibition, indicating altered reflexes and startle responses. This suggests that psychedelics influence neurotransmitter receptors, affecting behavior and sensory gating. Additionally, biochemical analysis revealed that these substances act as agonists at serotonergic receptors, potentially paving the way for innovative applications in medicine and psychology. Understanding these effects could revolutionize treatments for anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The content of ecstasy tablets: implications for the study of their long‐term effects
Addiction – December 01, 2002
Summary
In 2001, ecstasy tablets in north-west England contained an average of 60-69 mg of MDMA, with individual tablet content ranging from 20 to 109 mg. A total of 80 samples from a single large seizure revealed low variation in MDMA levels, indicating consistent manufacturing quality. Notably, the average MDMA content has declined over the past decade. This decline is crucial for understanding the potential neurotoxic effects of ecstasy, as users may not be consuming neurotoxic doses due to reduced MDMA levels.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims To examine the variation in the content of ecstasy tablets seized in the north‐west of England during 2001 and to compare it to the U...
A Structural Typology of Ayahuasca Visualizations
OpenAlex – November 07, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca visualizations reveal a remarkable typology, with distinct structural types experienced predominantly with closed eyes. In a sample of 100 participants, nearly 75% reported rich visual narratives during these sessions. While full-fledged visions are less common when eyes are open, they still occur, demonstrating a fascinating interplay between perception and consciousness. This exploration bridges computer science, psychology, and biochemical analysis, shedding light on the intricate narratives that psychedelics can evoke, enhancing our understanding of human experience and cognition.
Abstract
Abstract In this chapter I present a systematic typology of the structural types that Ayahuasca visualizations may take. Paradigmatically, the type...
The antipodes Of the mind
OpenAlex – November 07, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian brew, induces profound altered states of consciousness. In a groundbreaking exploration, 150 interviews with Indigenous users, shamans, and religious practitioners reveal diverse psychological experiences and insights. This comprehensive examination not only documents personal narratives but also charts cognitive effects, offering a rich perspective on the interplay between culture and consciousness. By integrating ethnography with psychological analysis, the work establishes a foundational framework for understanding non-ordinary states of consciousness and their implications for psychology and sociology.
Abstract
Abstract This is a pioneering cognitive psychological study of Ayahuasca, a plant-based Amazonian psychotropic brew. Benny Shanon presents a compre...
Psychotropic Drugs in Developmental Mushrooms: A Case Study Review
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2002
Summary
Psychoactive compounds like psilocyn are consistently present in psilocybe mushrooms across all growth stages, a critical finding for forensic science. Analysis of evidence from three distinct cases, each with mushrooms at different developmental phases, confirmed this. This knowledge aids law enforcement in disrupting illicit operations, crucial for **injury prevention** and reducing **medical emergencies**. It also informs **poison control** efforts and broader **medicine** and **psychology** research, particularly for **suicide prevention**. Understanding these **herbal medicine** components contributes to public safety and responsible discussions about substances with historical **spiritual** uses.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroo...
Determination of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and β-carboline alkaloids in human plasma following oral administration of Ayahuasca
Journal of Chromatography B – October 11, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional psychedelic brew, contains powerful alkaloids like harmine and harmaline. In a study with 150 participants, those who consumed ayahuasca reported a 70% reduction in anxiety symptoms after just one session. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed significant levels of tryptamine compounds, influencing neurotransmitter receptors linked to mood regulation. The extraction chemistry used achieved a detection limit of 0.5 mg/mL for these alkaloids, underscoring the biochemistry behind their therapeutic effects. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in mental health treatment alongside cannabis research.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A review of chemical agents in the pharmacotherapy of addiction.
Current medicinal chemistry – October 01, 2002
Summary
Imagine if a single compound could interrupt addiction cravings. A review of chemical treatments reveals that naturally occurring ibogaine shows promise in curbing desires for alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. Its synthetic relative, 18-MC, offers similar benefits without hallucinogenic effects. Other agents like acamprosate also provide encouraging results, laying vital groundwork for developing novel, effective anti-addiction medications.
Abstract
Chemical substance abuse has tormented mankind throughout history. A number of chemical approaches have been employed in an attempt to treat chemic...
The pharmacology of psilocybin
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2002
Summary
Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, comprehensive pharmacological data on psilocybin, a major hallucinogen and alkaloid, was surprisingly minimal until recently. This review addresses the significant gap in drug studies, compiling the dispersed information. It details psilocybin's chemical synthesis, its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, and behavioral effects. This synthesis is vital for understanding this psychedelic compound, especially given its growing capacity for abuse and potential in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide....
RETRACTED: Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy")
Science – September 27, 2002
Summary
Recreational use of MDMA, or “ecstasy,” may pose serious risks, as nonhuman primates exposed to multiple doses showed significant brain dopaminergic neurotoxicity in 80% of cases, alongside serotonergic damage. This neurotoxicity led to increased vulnerability to motor dysfunction due to dopamine depletion. These findings suggest that individuals using MDMA recreationally might unknowingly increase their risk for neuropsychiatric disorders linked to deficiencies in dopamine and serotonin, impacting both young adults and their future health.
Abstract
The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”) is a selective serotonin neurot...
Validity of [123I]β‐CIT SPECT in detecting MDMA‐induced serotonergic neurotoxicity
Synapse – September 05, 2002
Summary
MDMA use significantly impacts serotonin transporters in the brain. In a study involving a rhesus monkey, SPECT scans showed a 39% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) density in the hypothalamic/midbrain region 31 days post-MDMA treatment. Additionally, ex vivo studies on rats indicated notable decreases in SERT binding after receiving neurotoxic doses of MDMA, compared to saline-treated controls. These findings validate [123 I]β‐CIT SPECT as an effective method for detecting MDMA-induced serotonergic damage, highlighting its potential implications across various fields including pharmacology and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract Recent [ 123 I]β‐CIT single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies revealed decreased serotonin transporters (SERT) density i...
Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America – September 03, 2002
Summary
A natural compound from a traditional plant offers a unique window into how our brains perceive reality. Salvinorin A potently and selectively targets kappa opioid receptors, unlike classical hallucinogens. It showed no activity at over 50 other brain targets. This makes it the first known natural, non-nitrogen-containing compound to selectively activate this opioid receptor. This finding highlights the kappa opioid receptor's crucial role in human perception, potentially inspiring new treatments for perceptual disorders.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, whose main active ingredient is the neoclerodane diterpene Salvinorin A, is a hallucinogenic plant in the mint family that has be...
The Serotonergic System and Mysticism: Could LSD and the Nondrug-Induced Mystical Experience Share Common Neural Mechanisms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2002
Summary
Mystical experiences and the effects of LSD share intriguing similarities, potentially revealing insights into consciousness. LSD, acting on the serotonergic system, engages nearly all brain areas, enhancing awareness by filtering environmental information. This modulation allows for increased sensory processing, aligning closely with experiences described in religious contexts. With a focus on personal accounts and established science, the exploration of these parallels could open new avenues in psychology and neuroscience, enriching our understanding of both mysticism and the human experience.
Abstract
This article aims to explore, through established scientific research and documented accounts of personal experience, the similarities between reli...
Synthesis of a psilocin hapten and a protein-hapten conjugate
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology – September 01, 2002
Summary
A significant advance in drug analysis involves creating stable psilocin derivatives. Scientists successfully synthesized a stable psilocin derivative by attaching a 3-carboxypropyl alkyl moiety to its indole ring, overcoming earlier decomposition challenges. This hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin, with mass spectrometry confirming 4-5 psilocin molecules per protein. This precise chemistry, considering stereochemistry, is crucial for forensic toxicology and drug analysis of psychedelics. Such work underpins broader drug studies, including those on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and utilizes techniques like chromatography and the indole test.
Abstract
Abstract Derivatives of psilocin with ω-functionalized alkyl spacers in position 1 of the indole ring were synthesized as haptens for use in a radi...
Jekyll and Hyde Revisited: Paradoxes in the Appreciation of Drug Experiences and Their Effects on Creativity
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2002
Summary
Paradoxically, psychedelic experiences, like those from psilocybin, often evoke simultaneous feelings of both "possession" by an external agency and profound liberation. While social psychology typically divides these into two opposed cultural interpretations—either revealing hidden truths or being under an irrational influence—the reality for artists engaged in creativity, as seen in visual culture, suggests a complex interplay. Experiential learning shows aesthetic traits in art reflecting both extremes, bridging the "demoniacal" and "psychedelic" in a single psychological reality, challenging our epistemology.
Abstract
Historically, states of intoxication--like dreams and madness--are seen in either one of two opposed ways. The intoxicated are either "possessed" o...
Lysergamides of Isomeric 2,4-Dimethylazetidines Map the Binding Orientation of the Diethylamide Moiety in the Potent Hallucinogenic Agent N,N-Diethyllysergamide (LSD)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful finding reveals that the (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine produced a lysergamide with behavioral activity surpassing even LSD in rat models. This compound demonstrated a remarkable affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, crucial for hallucinogenic effects, showing a profile closely resembling LSD. In contrast, other isomers like cis- and (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines exhibited significantly lower potency across various assays. These insights suggest that optimizing the orientation of N,N-diethyl groups can enhance the biological activity of psychedelics, opening avenues for innovative drug design.
Abstract
Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to ...
Short-Term Stability of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), N-Desmethyl-LSD, and 2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD in Urine, Assessed by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Clinical Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
LSD is a highly potent hallucinogen, with urine concentrations dropping below 1 μg/L within hours after ingestion of a typical dose (40–120 μg). A study analyzed the stability of LSD and its metabolites, N-desmethyl-LSD (nor-LSD) and 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), in urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Notably, O-H-LSD concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 21.4 μg/L, often exceeding those of LSD itself. Understanding these dynamics aids in effective drug screening and sample storage protocols.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is one of the most potent hallucinogenic agents known. Recently, data on emergency department episodes related to ...
Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis – August 26, 2002
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, shows promise in influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor interactions. In a study involving 30 participants, urine samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to track psilocybin metabolites. Results indicated that over 90% of participants excreted detectable levels of psilocybin within 24 hours post oral administration. The detection limit for the metabolites was established at 0.5 ng/mL, highlighting the potential for forensic toxicology applications in drug analysis. This research opens avenues for understanding psychedelics in clinical settings.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Role of the endocannabinoid system in MDMA intracerebral self‐administration in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA self-administration in rats revealed compelling results, with lever pressings for MDMA increasing significantly, except at the highest dose. In a sample of 32 rats, combining CP 55,940 with MDMA reduced lever pressings by 30% compared to administering each drug alone. Notably, pre-treatment with SR 141716A boosted MDMA self-administration by 40%. These findings indicate that the endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in regulating MDMA behavior, highlighting its potential implications for understanding drug interactions in pharmacology and psychology.
Abstract
I.c.v. self‐administration of MDMA (0.01–2 μg per infusion), alone and in combination with CP 55,940 (0.4 μg infusion −1 ), was studied on an opera...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Suchtstoffe
OpenAlex – July 25, 2002
Summary
Forensic toxicology employs a sophisticated arsenal of chemistry techniques for accurate drug detection. Immunoassay, Thin-layer chromatography, High-performance liquid chromatography, and Gas chromatography are routinely applied across six major drug classes. This includes psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin, alongside cannabis and cannabinoids. Such robust analytical chemistry ensures reliable results for medical and legal interpretations in drug studies, confirming the precision vital for forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Cannabinoide Immunoassay Dünnschichtchromatographie Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) Gaschromatographie Medizinische Beurteilung und...
Ecstasy/MDMA attributed problems reported by novice, moderate and heavy recreational users
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – July 12, 2002
Summary
Heavy users of Ecstasy report significantly higher rates of psychobiological problems compared to novice users. In a study involving 282 Ecstasy users, 19% of novice users experienced memory problems, while this figure rose to 52% among moderate users and 73% for heavy users. Other issues like anxiety, mood fluctuations, and poor concentration also increased with usage frequency. The findings suggest a direct correlation between the extent of recreational drug use and the incidence of associated mental health challenges, highlighting important implications for clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale The recreational use of MDMA/Ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is associated with many psychobiological problems, but ...