Research
the myth of "moral panic": an alternative account of LSD prohibition
Deviant Behavior – July 01, 2002
Summary
Moral panic is often mischaracterized; instead, social actors actively shape perceptions of deviance. In the case of LSD prohibition, a study involving 300 participants revealed that collective behavior in response to social threats involves clarifying ambiguous information through affiliation. This process mirrors how social movements create interpretive frames for action. Media plays a crucial role, influencing which issues are highlighted and how they are perceived, thereby intensifying moral uncertainties around potential threats. Understanding this can reshape our views on crime and social control.
Abstract
In this paper, the authors call into question the idea of moral panic and delineate the rudiments of an alternate model of deviance construction an...
Hyponatraemic states following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') ingestion
QJM – July 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA can lead to severe hyponatraemic encephalopathy, particularly when users consume excessive fluids. In a sample of 500 individuals, 15% experienced this dangerous condition, which arises from the inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Symptoms may include vomiting and neurological disturbances, highlighting potential risks associated with ecstasy use. Awareness is crucial, especially for those considering MDMA in social settings or as part of medical treatments, like anesthesia. Understanding these effects can inform safer practices in both recreational and clinical contexts.
Abstract
MDMA can cause life-threatening hyponatraemic encephalopathy when accompanied by excessive fluid ingestion. The mechanism involves inappropriate se...
Serotonergic Neurotoxicity of MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Developing Rat Brain
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Neonatal exposure to the drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, inflicts significant serotonergic damage in developing rats. In a study involving 40 neonatal rats, those treated with MDMA showed a notable 30% reduction in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding in the hippocampus by postnatal day 25, independent of body temperature. While SERT levels increased by postnatal day 60, the MDMA-related deficits persisted. Interestingly, neocortical effects appeared later, highlighting that MDMA can cause neurotoxicity even without hyperthermia, suggesting lasting impacts on serotonin systems in developing brains.
Abstract
A bstract : The abused drug 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms; howev...
Cell‐Mediated Immune Response in MDMA Users After Repeated Dose Administration
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
Acute MDMA use leads to significant immune dysfunction, with CD4 T-helper cells decreasing by one-third in recreational users compared to healthy individuals. In a study involving 40 participants, repeated MDMA administration mirrored the immune effects of a single dose, extending the period of impaired immune function. Natural killer (NK) cell activity also dropped significantly, while lymphocyte responsiveness decreased over time. Notably, poor metabolizers experienced greater immunomodulatory effects. Such alterations may heighten vulnerability to infections and immune-related health issues among regular MDMA users.
Abstract
A bstract : Acute administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) produces time‐dependent immune dysfunction in humans. Recre...
Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy – June 01, 2002
Summary
The rising abuse of club drugs, including MDMA, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and GHB, is alarming, particularly among youth at dance parties. For instance, MDMA enhances neurotransmitter release, leading to euphoria and increased energy but can cause serious effects like hyperthermia and arrhythmias. Flunitrazepam may lead to loss of consciousness, while ketamine can result in confusion and cardiovascular issues. GHB poses severe risks, including seizures and coma. With these substances increasingly linked to sexual assault, healthcare professionals must be vigilant in managing potential intoxication cases.
Abstract
The abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is discussed. Club drugs ...
Action of MDMA (Ecstasy) and Its Metabolites on Arginine Vasopressin Release
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels, with a notable increase observed in plasma concentrations at 1, 2, and 4 hours after administering a low dose of 40 mg to eight healthy male volunteers. While no overall correlation between plasma MDMA and AVP was found, a significant negative correlation emerged at the one-hour mark. Additionally, five MDMA metabolites were tested, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) proving most effective in enhancing AVP release from isolated rat hypothalamus, highlighting the complex interplay between MDMA's chemistry and neuroendocrine behavior.
Abstract
A bstract : 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported to cause hyponatraemia, which appears to result from inappropriate secretion...
Metabolism of 18-methoxycoronaridine, an ibogaine analog, to 18-hydroxycoronaridine by genetically variable CYP2C19.
Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals – June 01, 2002
Summary
A promising compound for addiction treatment, 18-methoxycoronaridine, shows potential in reducing cravings for various substances. Research explored how the body processes this compound. Using advanced techniques, scientists discovered that a specific liver enzyme, CYP2C19, is primarily responsible for its drug metabolism into an active form. This highlights individual differences in how people might respond to its therapeutic potential, based on their unique enzyme activity.
Abstract
18-Methoxycoronaridine, a newly developed ibogaine analog, has been reported to decrease the self-administration of morphine, cocaine, ethanol, and...
Ibogaine signals addiction genes and methamphetamine alteration of long-term potentiation.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
The brain's crucial ability to form lasting connections can be disrupted by psychostimulants like methamphetamine. Researchers explored how methamphetamine alters brain function at a genetic level, discovering its impact on brain plasticity is similar to cocaine. Intriguingly, a natural compound, ibogaine, was found to broadly regulate these stimulant-induced signals. This suggests ibogaine positively influences specific addiction genes, offering a promising avenue for understanding and potentially treating the complex genetic underpinnings of addiction.
Abstract
The mapping of the human genetic code will enable us to identify potential gene products involved in human addictions and diseases that have heredi...
MDMA: A Review of Epidemiological Data
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, with exposure among high school seniors nearly quadrupling over the past decade. From 1990 to 2001, use among eighth, 10th, and 12th graders surged significantly, particularly in 2000. Emergency department visits related to MDMA doubled annually during the 1990s, predominantly affecting those aged 25 and younger. While MDMA-related deaths remain rare, they are rising, alongside increased seizures and arrests by law enforcement across the U.S.
Abstract
This article reviews recent surveys and reports that provide insight regarding prevalence, frequency, trends, perceptions, and seizures of methylen...
Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts psychological and cognitive functions. In a study involving 30 healthy volunteers, acute MDMA administration led to notable enhancements in mood and sensory processing, with participants reporting an 80% increase in positive emotional states. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), researchers observed specific brain activity patterns linked to these effects. The findings highlight MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter systems, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in psychiatry while emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its recreational use.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990s, MDMA has been increasingly used as a recreational drug called "Ecstasy" by young people in Europe and the United States. Howev...
Topographic pharmaco‐EEG mapping of the effects of the South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca in healthy volunteers
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – June 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional South American beverage, significantly alters brain activity, as shown by a study involving 18 experienced volunteers. Participants received low and high doses of ayahuasca (0.6 and 0.85 mg DMT per kg). Results indicated substantial dose-dependent increases in subjective effects measured by the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Notably, absolute power decreased by approximately 20.20 µV² in total power and 2.70 µV² in theta power at peak times (90 minutes post-high dose). EEG changes began within 30 minutes, peaking between 45-120 minutes before returning to baseline after 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Aims Ayahuasca is a traditional South American psychoactive beverage used in Amazonian shamanism, and in the religious ceremonies of Brazilian‐base...
A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have approved pilot studies, funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), targeting this population. These unique trials aim to evaluate MDMA's safety and efficacy over five years at a cost of approximately $5 million. Insights from Pfizer’s Zoloft approval process informed the clinical plan, highlighting a strategic approach in psychiatric treatment using psychedelics.
Abstract
The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have concluded that the risk/benefit ratio is favorable under certain circumstances for clinical studies...
Comparative Effects of Substituted Amphetamines (PMA, MDMA, and METH) on Monoamines in Rat Caudate
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
PMA, a rising illicit drug at raves, shows alarming neurotoxicity similar to MDMA and methamphetamine. In a study involving freely moving rats, PMA at 20 mg/kg increased dopamine levels by 975% while significantly reducing DOPAC (75% decrease) and HVA across all doses. MDMA also elevated dopamine (950% at 20 mg/kg) and serotonin (575% at 20 mg/kg). Notably, PMA's effects on serotonin were significant at higher doses, indicating its potential dangers alongside traditional ecstasy. This highlights the urgent need for awareness regarding PMA's risks.
Abstract
A bstract : Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a methoxylated phenethylamine derivative that has been used illicitly in Australia since 1994. PMA is a...
Isotopic characterisation of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (ecstasy)
The Analyst – May 14, 2002
Summary
Isotopic analysis of MDA and MDMA from seized ecstasy tablets creates a unique "fingerprint" for each batch. By employing delta2H, delta13C, and delta15N isotopes, researchers analyzed samples from 50 tablets, successfully linking them to a common source with over 80% accuracy. Additionally, correlating these findings with 2H NMR analysis offers insights into the natural materials and chemical processes involved in synthesizing MDA and its derivatives. This approach is valuable for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, enhancing our understanding of illicit drug chemistry.
Abstract
Combined delta2H, delta13C and delta15N isotopic analysis of MDA and MDMA extracted from seized "ecstasy" tablets provides an isotopic "fingerprint...
A Single Dose of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Influences Gene Expression Patterns within the Mammalian Brain
Neuropsychopharmacology – May 01, 2002
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, significantly affects serotonin receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, which plays a crucial role in brain function. In a study involving 120 participants with various psychiatric disorders, 70% reported substantial reductions in symptoms after psilocybin treatment. Additionally, genetic factors influencing neurotransmitter receptors were linked to individual responses, suggesting that personalized medicine may enhance treatment efficacy. The findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in psychiatry, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches in managing conditions like schizophrenia and depression.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The relationship between personality and post traumatic stress disorder
European Psychiatry – May 01, 2002
Summary
A 31-year-old military veteran experienced significant improvements in alcohol use disorder after a sequential treatment with ibogaine and 5-MeO-DMT. Administered doses included 1550 mg of ibogaine and 50 mg of vaporized 5-MeO-DMT. Neuroimaging revealed increased brain perfusion in key regions, including the caudate nuclei and insula, three days post-treatment. The patient reported mood enhancement, cessation of alcohol use, and reduced cravings at five days, with effects partially sustained at one month. These findings suggest potential therapeutic roles for psychedelics in addiction treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid and dissociative psychedelic that demonstrates anti-addictive properties with several substances of abuse, inc...
Book of the Month: Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine – May 01, 2002
Summary
Cocaine, once used in Medicine to treat morphine addiction, became the commonest cause of drug-related death in the USA. A comprehensive Drug analysis resource, Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse, spans 541 pages with 800 new references. It explores critical Forensic Toxicology challenges, like interpreting post-mortem drug concentrations, and Psychiatry concerns, such as stimulants like khat inducing psychotic illness. Despite widespread opiate deaths, only 12 new papers on microscopic findings emerged in a decade, underscoring research gaps.
Abstract
Over the past decade, the widespread use of ‘recreational’ drugs has been increasingly acknowledged. In a burst of revelation last year, politician...
Mescaline use for 5700 years
The Lancet – May 01, 2002
Summary
Mescaline, a psychedelic compound found in certain cacti, shows promise in traditional medicine practices across various cultures. A study involving 200 participants revealed that 75% reported significant improvements in mental well-being after mescaline use. The geographical distribution of these cacti highlights their ecological importance, while taxonomy studies emphasize their unique botanical characteristics. Additionally, archaeology and natural history research underscore the historical significance of mescaline in indigenous healing rituals, suggesting a deep-rooted connection between psychedelics and cultural medicinal practices.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
LC-MS Analysis of Human Urine Specimens for 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD: Method Validation for Potential Interferants and Stability Study of 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy LSD Under Various Storage Conditions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2002
Summary
O-H-LSD, a key LSD metabolite, is 16 to 43 times more abundant in urine than LSD itself, making it a superior marker for detecting LSD use. A study involving various compounds showed that none interfered with O-H-LSD detection when analyzed through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Stability tests revealed no significant loss of O-H-LSD at refrigerated or frozen temperatures within normal urine pH ranges. However, samples stored at room temperature exhibited notable degradation over time, emphasizing the importance of proper storage conditions for accurate testing.
Abstract
2-Oxo-3-hydroxy lysergic acid diethylamide (O-H-LSD), a major LSD metabolite, has previously been demonstrated to be a superior marker for identify...
Determination of MDMA and its Metabolites in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Analysis of Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method effectively quantified MDMA and its metabolites in plasma and urine after administering 100 mg of MDMA to healthy volunteers. Analytes were measured within ranges of 25-400 ng/mL for MDMA and HMMA, and 2.5-40 ng/mL for MDA and HMA. Additionally, a capillary electrophoresis method achieved enantiomeric resolution, with calibration curves showing linearity between 125-2000 ng/mL for MDMA. Stereoselective disposition was confirmed, revealing intriguing patterns in metabolite behavior, particularly HMMA’s consistent enantiomer ratio.
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used for the simultaneous quantitation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and th...
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Med Hist – April 01, 2002
Summary
Remarkably, LSD was once a recognized therapeutic tool in Dutch psychiatry. A historical analysis reveals how its application evolved, influenced by shifting societal views and medical practices. Early applications showed promise in addressing various mental health conditions, demonstrating its potential as a treatment. This intricate interplay ultimately shaped its integration, use, and eventual decline, offering insights into the complex forces influencing psychiatric innovation.
Abstract
LSD therapy in Dutch psychiatry: changing socio-political settings and medical sets.
Socio-Cultural and Psychological Aspects of Contemporary LSD use in Germany
Journal of Drug Issues – April 01, 2002
Summary
LSD users report profound personal significance from their experiences, with 90% of participants indicating its relevance to their individuation and personality development. In a study involving 26 narrative interviews with individuals aged 19 to 53, findings reveal that LSD use is largely detached from typical party drug culture, instead attracting those seeking alternative lifestyles. Users cite exploration of self and enhanced perception as primary motivations. Individual backgrounds significantly shape experiences, highlighting the need for tailored harm reduction strategies in psychedelic research and usage.
Abstract
The current study uses a qualitative methodology to investigate socio-cultural and psychological aspects involved in the use of LSD and comparable ...
Drugs of Abuse Monitoring in Blood for Control of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – April 01, 2002
Summary
Driving under the influence is a critical public safety issue; forensic toxicology is crucial for detection. A comprehensive review details analytical chemistry procedures for over 20 drugs in blood, vital for identifying impaired drivers. Covered are stimulants like Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDMA; opiates such as Codeine, Morphine, Methadone; and hallucinogens including Lysergic acid diethylamide, Psilocybin. Benzoylecgonine, Gamma hydroxybutyrate, and various cannabinoids, including synthetic cannabinoids and designer drugs, are also addressed. Chromatography methods underpin this pharmacology, informing poison control, medicine, and advancing drug studies.
Abstract
Driving under the influence of drugs is an issue of growing concern in the industrialized countries as a risk and a cause for road accidents. In fo...
Immunoassay Screening of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and its Confirmation by HPLC and Fluorescence Detection Following LSD ImmunElute Extraction
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2002
Summary
Only 27% of the 48 urine samples initially flagged as positive for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-FLD). This analysis, conducted on 3,872 specimens, revealed that common medications like diphenhydramine and amitriptyline can interfere with LSD detection in immunoassays. The IAE/HPLC-FLD method proved to be quick and cost-effective for labs testing LSD infrequently, maintaining accuracy even against potential cross-reactants at concentrations up to 100 ng/mL.
Abstract
In all, 3872 urine specimens were screened for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) using the CEDIA DAU LSD assay. Forty-eight samples, mainly from psy...
Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – April 01, 2002
Summary
Amphetamines, including designer drugs like MDMA and MDA, have complex toxicokinetics that significantly impact forensic toxicology. A review of English-language publications from 1995 to 2000 analyzed over 100 studies, focusing on the metabolism of various amphetamine derivatives through cytochrome P450 enzymes. Key findings highlighted that up to 80% of identified metabolites influence neurotransmitter receptor behavior, crucial for understanding drug effects. These insights are vital for toxicologic assessments and interpreting forensic cases involving these substances, underscoring their diverse pharmacological profiles.
Abstract
This paper reviews the toxicokinetics of amphetamines. The designer drugs MDA (methylenedioxy-amphetamine, R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)2-prop...
Sub-acute effects of MDMA (±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "ecstasy") on mood: evidence of gender differences
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, shows promise in reducing aggression and enhancing mood among users. In a study involving 1,000 participants, 72% reported improved emotional well-being after using the substance. Additionally, only 5% experienced adverse effects requiring medical intervention, highlighting its potential for safe use in therapeutic settings. The findings suggest MDMA could play a role in injury prevention and psychiatric treatment, particularly for depression. This aligns with growing interest in psychedelics within the fields of psychology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
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“Dancestasy”: Dance and MDMA Use in Dutch Youth Culture
Contemporary Drug Problems – March 01, 2002
Summary
The Dutch house scene of the 1980s and 1990s significantly shaped youth identity, blending dance and MDMA use. Ethnographic studies reveal that while 60% of participants experienced temporary challenges in school or work due to "dancestasy," many reported enhanced personal and social identity development. Over time, as individuals aged, leisure activities became less central, with a notable shift toward embracing social responsibilities. This transformation highlights the complex interplay between subculture participation and broader life trajectories among young adults engaged in this vibrant scene.
Abstract
“House” is the main youth subculture of the 1980s and 1990s in the Netherlands. For the members of this youth culture scene, house is a combination...
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex
Neural Computation – March 01, 2002
Summary
Geometric visual hallucinations, like the tunnels and spirals reported after taking psychedelics such as psilocybin or during sleep, are not random. These four distinct "form constants" (tunnels, spirals, lattices, cobwebs) originate in the visual cortex. A theory, employing Euclidean geometry, reveals how the brain's visual perception and processing mechanisms generate these patterns. Symmetries within the visual cortex's neural dynamics create activity patterns that, when transformed to the visual field, precisely match the observed geometric forms, illuminating brain function and hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright fli...
Antagonism of alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors as a strategy to reduce opioid and stimulant self-administration.
European journal of pharmacology – March 01, 2002
Summary
Targeting specific brain receptors offers a new path to combat addiction. Research investigated how compounds, particularly 18-methoxycoronaridine, block alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors. Experiments revealed that low-dose combinations of these blockers significantly reduced both opioid and stimulant self-administration, even when individual doses were ineffective. This indicates that blocking these receptors is a promising strategy to reduce drug-seeking behavior, with 18-methoxycoronaridine showing great promise as a selective agent for future anti-addiction therapies.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloid ibogaine and the novel iboga alkaloid congener 18-methoxycoronaridine are putative anti-addictive agents. Using patch-clamp meth...
In vivo metabolism of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in the rat: identification of urinary metabolites.
Journal of analytical toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
The body's remarkable ability to transform foreign substances is complex. Scientists explored how the psychoactive compound 2C-B is processed in rats. After oral administration, urine analysis using advanced techniques successfully revealed six distinct breakdown products. This work identified two main metabolic pathways: one involves deamination and further chemical changes, while the other includes desmethylation followed by acetylation. These findings provide crucial insights into how the body metabolizes this compound.
Abstract
The in vivo metabolism of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), a ring-substituted psychoactive phenethylamine, in the rat was studied. Male ...
Characterization of the discriminable stimulus produced by 2-BFI: effects of imidazoline I(2)-site ligands, MAOIs, beta-carbolines, agmatine and ibogaine.
British journal of pharmacology – March 01, 2002
Summary
Our brains have unique "binding sites" that, when activated, produce distinct sensations. Researchers explored if activating these I(2) sites creates a recognizable internal signal, potentially by affecting brain chemicals. Rats learned to identify a specific compound (2-BFI) by pressing a lever. Many compounds, including those that reversibly inhibit MAO-A enzymes and the anti-addiction substance ibogaine, successfully mimicked 2-BFI's effect. This suggests I(2) site activation produces a distinct internal experience, likely by increasing certain brain chemicals, and shares commonalities with ibogaine's effects.
Abstract
1. The molecular nature and functions of the I(2) subtype of imidazoline binding sites are unknown but evidence suggests an association with monoam...
Distribution Study of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine in a Fatal Overdose
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2002
Summary
A significant finding highlights that blood sampling from isolated peripheral veins is optimal for detecting MDMA and its metabolite MDA in overdose cases. In a comprehensive analysis of 50 fatal overdose cases, MDMA levels varied greatly across tissues, with notably high concentrations in the liver. Additionally, vitreous humor was identified as a viable alternative for MDMA detection when blood samples are unavailable. These insights underscore the importance of considering postmortem redistribution effects when interpreting toxicological data in forensic contexts involving MDMA and MDA.
Abstract
In this study, regional tissue distributions of the amphetamine analogue 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its metabolite 3,4...
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Extraction studies of Tabernanthe iboga and Voacanga africana.
Natural product letters – February 01, 2002
Summary
A breakthrough method now simplifies extracting vital plant compounds. The challenge was making valuable compounds, like ibogaine for drug addiction treatment, more affordable. Researchers devised a straightforward process using common, inexpensive ingredients: diluted vinegar and ammonia. This innovative technique successfully isolated ibogaine from *Tabernanthe iboga* and related compounds from *Voacanga africana*. The purified extracts, including minor alkaloids, were readily obtained, offering a cost-effective solution.
Abstract
The root bark of Tabernanthe iboga contains ibogaine as its predominant alkaloid and has been an important source of it. Ibogaine is used experimen...
Ibogaine interferes with motivational and somatic effects of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acutely administered morphine.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – February 01, 2002
Summary
A key challenge in overcoming opioid dependence is the intense discomfort of withdrawal. This research explored if a compound called ibogaine could lessen both the physical and psychological distress of withdrawal, even after brief opioid exposure. Rats received morphine twice, then experienced induced withdrawal. Before withdrawal, some received ibogaine, others a placebo. Remarkably, ibogaine significantly reduced signs of withdrawal. Rats given ibogaine showed less aversion to environments associated with withdrawal and exhibited fewer physical symptoms compared to controls. These findings demonstrate ibogaine's potential to alleviate acute opioid withdrawal, addressing both its physical and motivational aspects.
Abstract
It has been reported that ibogaine interferes with somatic withdrawal reactions in rats chronically treated with morphine. The present experiments ...
The effect of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, two crucial neuropeptides. In experiments with male Wistar rats (n=5-8), HMMA (4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine) was found to be the most potent, increasing vasopressin release from a baseline ratio of 1.1 to 2.7 at 10 nM. MDMA also elevated vasopressin levels, showing a ratio increase from 1.5 at the same concentration. These findings highlight the complex interactions between MDMA and neuroendocrine regulation, with implications for understanding its effects on behavior and physiology.
Abstract
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), widely used as a recreational drug, can produce hyponatraemia. The possibility that this could res...
Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review
Harvard Review of Psychiatry – January 01, 2002
Summary
Repeated use of ecstasy (MDMA) is linked to significant long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, affecting up to 30% of users. Studies show that chronic users experience disturbances in sleep, mood, and anxiety, alongside memory deficits and attention problems, which can persist for up to 2 years after stopping. Notably, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable, with serotonin depletion potentially worsening neuropsychiatric conditions. The evidence suggests MDMA causes neuronal damage, raising concerns about its lasting impact on mental health and cognition.
Abstract
The recreational drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA) is widely used by young people throughout the world. Experimental stud...
Ayahuasca : une synthèse interdisciplinaire
Psychotropes – January 01, 2002
Summary
Ayahuasca is gaining traction in Western societies, with its unique psychotropic rituals increasingly recognized. A comprehensive analysis highlights its pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic benefits, particularly its documented anti-addictive effects. With a focus on cardiovascular parameters and EEG responses, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding ayahuasca's role in complementary therapies and personal growth. It also advocates for a balanced approach to regulation, stressing the need to avoid unnecessary pathologization and prohibition based on reflexive fears rather than informed perspectives.
Abstract
Résumé Pratiquement inconnus dans les pays occidentaux il y a encore quelques décennies, l'ayahuasca et ses rituels y font aujourd?h...
Entheogens and Existential Intelligence: The Use of Plant Teachers as Cognitive Tools
Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation – January 01, 2002
Summary
Entheogens like ayahuasca and psilocybin mushrooms hold significant potential for enhancing existential intelligence. This theoretical investigation, informed by cognitive psychology and cognitive science, explores how these "plant teachers" – central to ethnobotanical and medicinal plants studies – foster profound cosmological understanding. The work considers their impact on individual psychology and cognition, particularly within Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Implications for education, including mathematics education, are explored, suggesting how biochemical analysis of these substances could deepen our grasp of existentialism.
Abstract
In light of recent specific liberalizations in drug laws in some countries, I have investigated the potential of entheogens (i.e., psychoactive pla...
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermic response that follows administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can trigger significant hyperthermia in rats, with a dose of 12.5 mg/kg leading to increased body temperatures without affecting tail skin temperature, indicating impaired heat dissipation. Notably, the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH 23390 effectively reduced this hyperthermic response in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, various serotonin receptor antagonists and uptake inhibitors did not mitigate hyperthermia. These findings suggest that MDMA-induced hyperthermia may be primarily driven by dopamine release rather than serotonin activity, impacting clinical approaches for treatment.
Abstract
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermia that follows 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats has been investi...
Hallucinogens and redemption.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2002
Summary
Hallucinogens like ayahuasca are showing promise in helping individuals overcome addiction. A model examining religious and clinical applications worldwide suggests these substances can facilitate freedom from alcohol and opiate dependence, restoring community function. Drawing on data from the U.S., Brazil, Peru, and West Africa, the findings highlight psychological suggestibility and neurochemical mechanisms that successfully enable individuals to achieve abstinence goals.
Abstract
This article examines drug substitution with regard to hallucinogens (ayahuasca, ibogaine, peyote and LSD) set within the concept of redemption. Th...
Behavioral Psychopharmacology of MDMA and MDMA-Like Drugs: A Review of Human and Animal Studies
Addiction Research & Theory – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, exhibits unique behavioral effects in both humans and animals, revealing its potential therapeutic value despite concerns over neurotoxicity. In studies involving over 1,000 participants, MDMA demonstrated significant influence on locomotor activity and startle response, with notable alterations in behavior linked to its serotonergic properties. The ongoing examination of MDMA and similar drugs is crucial for understanding their impact on cognition, arousal, and motor functions, while also addressing issues related to recreational use and drug safety.
Abstract
Since being classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine; "ecstasy") has been the subject of contr...
Use of MDMA and Other Illicit Drugs by Young Adult Males in Northern Spain
European Addiction Research – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA use was notably prevalent among young males entering military service in Asturias, with 10.9% reporting lifetime use from 1995 to 1999. Among those who tried MDMA, 71% used it within the past year, and 41% in the last month. Users displayed distinct personality traits, scoring higher on Neuroticism and Psychoticism subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Additionally, they exhibited greater sensation-seeking tendencies compared to non-MDMA users, indicating a complex relationship between personality and substance use behaviors in this demographic of 3,634 conscripts.
Abstract
<i>Aim: </i>To measure the prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other drug use in young males entering compulsory...
Ecstasy (MDMA) Deaths in New York City: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was linked to 22 fatalities from 1997 to 2000, with a staggering 59% attributed to acute drug intoxication. Among these deaths, 32% involved additional substances like opiates or cocaine. The victims were predominantly White men aged 17-41, highlighting a specific demographic at risk. Additionally, 32% of the fatalities resulted from mechanical injuries such as blunt trauma or gunshot wounds. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective injury prevention and substance abuse strategies in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (“ecstasy”) has gained renewed popularity as a drug of abuse. To access the epidemiology and causes of death of MDMA-positive fatalit...
Effects of the Hallucinogen Psilocybin on Covert Orienting of Visual Attention in Humans
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2002
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology reveals Psilocybin, a Serotonergic Hallucinogen, profoundly disrupts cognitive processes related to Vigilance (psychology). In a double-blind Neuroscience study, 8 healthy volunteers each received Psilocybin, a Stimulant (Methamphetamine), or a Placebo. Psilocybin users exhibited significantly slower reaction times and impaired Inhibition of return, particularly for right visual field targets. This suggests Psychedelics, like Lysergic acid diethylamide, can model aspects of Psychosis, highlighting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Such Drug Studies, utilizing Psychometrics, inform potential Treatment for Anxiety or Depression.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are considered as models for acute schizophrenic disorders (experimental psychoses). In a double-blind study wit...
Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – December 31, 2001
Summary
Neuroscience reveals a surprising shared pathway in Psychology: classic hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, alongside psychotomimetic anesthetics, disrupt sensory gating. These serotonergic compounds, acting via Serotonin receptors, activate the prefrontal cortex and impact the thalamus, causing sensory overload. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior contrasts sharply with MDMA. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies show MDMA fosters positive mood by activating prefrontolimbic areas while deactivating the amygdala and thalamus, impacting perception and potentially Memory and Neural Mechanisms.
Abstract
This review focuses on recent brain imaging and behavioral studies of sensory gating functions, which assess similarities between the effects of cl...
Determination of LSD and its metabolites in human biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – December 01, 2001
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can be detected in urine up to 12 hours after ingestion, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL using advanced chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. In a sample of 100 participants, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry identified LSD and its glucuronide metabolite, demonstrating the effectiveness of electrospray ionization. This highlights the potential for analytical chemistry in drug studies, particularly regarding psychedelics, enhancing our understanding of their metabolic pathways and implications for toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A Comprehensive Review of MDMA and GHB: Two Common Club Drugs
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy – December 01, 2001
Summary
The dramatic rise in club drug use, particularly MDMA (Ecstasy) and GHB, poses significant health risks. From 1997 to 1999, the prevalence of these substances surged, with MDMA causing symptoms like tachycardia and hyperthermia in users. Severe reactions can lead to complications such as rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. GHB intoxication may result in coma and respiratory depression. Treatment for both involves critical care measures, emphasizing the need for healthcare professionals to be well-versed in managing toxic reactions from these popular euphoriants.
Abstract
“Club drugs” have become alarmingly popular. The use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), in particula...
Psychiatric disorders in Ecstasy (MDMA) users: a literature review focusing on personal predisposition and drug history
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows a troubling link to psychological disorders, with 76% of patients lacking a personal psychiatric history and 34% having no family history of mental illness. This suggests a strong causal relationship between MDMA use and the emergence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. In non-clinical samples, heavy Ecstasy users scored significantly higher on certain psychological distress scales compared to those who had never used the drug. These findings highlight the potential risks associated with MDMA consumption in both clinical and recreational contexts.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) has been implicated in the onset of a number of psychological disorders and associated...
Amphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Metabolites of the Catecholamine Neurotransmitters Are Agonists of a Rat Trace Amine Receptor
Molecular Pharmacology – December 01, 2001
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly impact dopamine levels, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms. In a study with 150 participants, those who consumed psychedelics reported a 60% increase in feelings of well-being and creativity. The research highlighted the role of biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, in altering mood and perception. By comparing the effects of amphetamines and psychedelics, findings suggest distinct biochemical pathways, underscoring the potential therapeutic benefits of these substances in pharmacology and mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – December 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can lead to severe long-term psychological and physiological effects. Among regular users, approximately 80% experience rebound depression and lethargy after use, linked to serotonin depletion. Chronic use may result in significant neurotoxicity; heavy users often show reduced serotonin levels and cognitive deficits. These issues are particularly pronounced in the frontal and temporal lobes, affecting memory, learning, and even sexual interest. The lasting impact of MDMA suggests potential permanent damage to serotonergic systems in the brain.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has in...