Research
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity: Clinical Studies
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as 'Ecstasy,' poses significant risks to brain health, particularly regarding serotonin levels. In studies involving human users, about 30% exhibited reduced cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and altered brain serotonin transporters, mirroring findings in nonhuman primates exposed to MDMA. This neurotoxicity is linked to cognitive deficits, disrupted sleep patterns, and increased impulsivity. Given these findings, there’s concern that long-term MDMA use could heighten the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders as individuals age, warranting further investigation into its effects.
Abstract
(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is a brain serotonergic neurotoxin in experimental animals, including nonhuman primates. It ...
Deconstructing Ecstasy: The Politics Of Mdma Research
Addiction Research – January 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy, a profound emotional state often linked to beauty and creativity, has deep historical roots in shamanic practices. Anthropologist Mircea Eliade illustrates how select individuals, through rigorous initiation, become shamans—intermediaries between the everyday and sacred realms. This journey involves isolation and ritual suffering, leading to trance states where the soul transcends the physical body. Understanding these ecstatic experiences can inform contemporary discussions in psychology, substance abuse treatment, and forensic toxicology, shedding light on altered states of consciousness associated with substances like MDMA and cannabis.
Abstract
What is Ecstasy? Defined by the New Webster's Dictionary as a state of intense overpowering emotion, a condition of exultation or mental rapture in...
Neurotropic Effect of Extracts from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing. (Agaricomycetideae). In Vitro Studies
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – January 01, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly inhibits brain activity, revealing key insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Extracts from magic mushrooms, containing these chemical synthesis and alkaloids, suppressed spike activity in 73.5% to 81% of 50 rat hippocampal formation neurons. This pharmacology demonstrates how psilocybin's chemistry primarily reduces neuronal firing, with only 5.9% showing excitation. Blocking serotonin receptors reversed these effects in half of the units, underscoring the Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The neurotropic effect of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing, dried biomass and fruiting bodies containing the indole hallucinogens psilocybin and psi...
Development of novel medications for drug addiction. The legacy of an African shrub.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – January 01, 2000
Summary
Imagine an addiction treatment that curbs cravings for substances like cocaine and opioids without serious side effects. Scientists developed 18-MC, a novel compound, to improve upon a natural African shrub extract. In animal models, 18-MC significantly reduced the desire for morphine, cocaine, ethanol, and nicotine. Crucially, it did not cause tremors, heart issues, or brain damage observed with the original compound, nor did it affect natural rewards like water. This research highlights 18-MC's potential as a safer, effective anti-addiction therapy.
Abstract
Ibogaine, one of several alkaloids found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has been claimed to be effective in treating mult...
The paradox of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine: an indoleamine hallucinogen that induces stimulus control via 5-HT1A receptors.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2000
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 5-MeO-DMT, surprisingly creates its unique effects primarily through a different brain receptor than many other similar compounds. Researchers explored how 5-MeO-DMT induces its distinct internal state. Using trained rats, they found its behavioral control was predominantly blocked by compounds targeting 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. While some interaction with 5-HT2 receptors was noted, it wasn't essential for 5-MeO-DMT's main influence. This work shows 5-MeO-DMT's core mechanism differs from other hallucinogens, which typically act via 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
Stimulus control was established in rats trained to discriminate either 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (3 mg/kg) or (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamp...
LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder treatment with clonidine: an open pilot study
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Clonidine shows promise in alleviating LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), with six out of eight patients reporting significant symptom reduction. Initially, participants averaged a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) score of 5.25, indicating severe psychopathology. After two months on a low dose of clonidine (0.025 mg, three times daily), the average CGI score dropped to 2.5, reflecting mild symptoms. This suggests that clonidine may effectively influence neurotransmitter receptors involved in managing excessive sympathetic nervous activity linked to LSD-related flashbacks.
Abstract
A pilot open study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine in the treatment of LSD-induced hallucinogen persisting perception ...
Acute ibogaine injection induces expression of the immediate early genes, egr-1 and c-fos, in mouse brain.
Brain research. Molecular brain research – December 10, 1999
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound of growing interest, rapidly triggers specific brain responses. Scientists investigated how a single dose of ibogaine impacts the quick-responding genes in mouse brains. Adult mice received one injection. Within 30 minutes, a significant surge in egr-1 and c-fos gene activity was observed across crucial areas like the nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. This rapid genetic activation highlights ibogaine's stimulant-like effects, comparable to other known psychostimulants.
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if an acute injection of ibogaine (IBO) induces immediate early gene expression in different regions o...
Breakdown or Breakthrough? A History of European Research into Drugs and Creativity
The Journal of Creative Behavior – December 01, 1999
Summary
European **drug studies** from the 1940s-1970s, largely unknown to American **psychology**, reveal how **psilocybin** and other **hallucinogens** influenced **creativity**. An art historian unearths Swiss, English, French, and **German** research, offering insights into **aesthetics** and artistic practice during a period when **psychedelics** became illegal. The review highlights how framing drugs as "dictating" or "liberating" artists overlooked the crucial role of "set" and "setting." Intentional use for artistic breakthroughs is reframed as a disinhibiting technique, contributing to **Drug Studies**.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Language barriers have largely prevented American scholars from learning about European studies concerning drugs and creativity. An art hi...
Glutathione and N-Acetylcysteine Conjugates of α-Methyldopamine Produce Serotonergic Neurotoxicity: Possible Role in Methylenedioxyamphetamine-Mediated Neurotoxicity
Chemical Research in Toxicology – November 19, 1999
Summary
Direct injection of MDMA or MDA into the brain does not replicate their known serotonergic neurotoxicity, which depends on a neurotoxic metabolite. In a study involving various doses, 2,5-bis(glutathion-S-yl)-alpha-methyldopamine significantly reduced serotonin (5-HT) levels in the striatum and cortex for up to seven days. Specifically, doses of 4 x 200 nmol led to notable declines in serotonin concentrations. This research highlights that certain metabolites selectively target serotonin nerve terminals without affecting dopamine or norepinephrine levels, underscoring their potential role in neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Direct injection of either 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) into the brain fails to repr...
Ibogaine pretreatment dramatically enhances the dynorphin response to cocaine.
Brain research – November 13, 1999
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals how a natural compound, ibogaine, profoundly alters the brain's reaction to cocaine. Researchers explored whether ibogaine, known for its anti-addiction potential, influences brain pathways involving dynorphin, a key neurochemical. While ibogaine alone didn't change dynorphin levels, a remarkable finding emerged: when administered before cocaine, ibogaine significantly boosted the brain's dynorphin response to the stimulant. This suggests ibogaine powerfully modifies how the brain processes cocaine, potentially offering new insights into addiction treatment.
Abstract
Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the shrub, Tabernanthe iboga, which has been used to treat stimulant addiction. Beca...
α-Lipoic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity
Neuroreport – November 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) caused significant hyperthermia in rats and led to a 40-60% reduction in serotonin levels and transporter density in key brain regions like the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after one week. Additionally, MDMA increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. Interestingly, administering α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) before MDMA did not prevent hyperthermia but completely countered serotonin deficits and glial changes, suggesting that free radical formation drives MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
A single administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), induced significant hyperthermia in rats and reduced 5-hydrox...
Investigation of the prejunctional α2‐adrenoceptor mediated actions of MDMA in rat atrium and vas deferens
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly inhibits noradrenaline release in rat atrial slices, showcasing its powerful effects on neurotransmission. In experiments with 4 rats, MDMA (10 μM) reduced tritium release during nerve stimulation, an effect reversed by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 μM). In the vas deferens, MDMA also inhibited contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, with pD2 values of 5.88 and 5.12. These findings highlight MDMA's role as an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, influencing neurotransmitter activity and potential clinical implications in internal medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat. In ra...
Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) Enantiomers by GC-MS
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay effectively measures the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in urine. Utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it accurately analyzes samples with concentrations as low as 10 ng/mL for amphetamines and 25 ng/mL for MDMA-related compounds. In a controlled MDMA study involving eight subjects, the l-enantiomer of MDMA was initially predominant, increasing over time. Notably, l-MDA surpassed d-MDA within 36 hours postdose, highlighting significant enantiomeric shifts after drug administration.
Abstract
A method is described for the simultaneous determination of the ratio of l- and d-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyam...
Detection of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieved detection limits of 20 pg/mL and quantitation limits of 80 pg/mL using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Analyzing 5 mL of urine through solid-phase extraction, the method demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 20-2000 pg/mL with an impressive correlation coefficient of 0.999. Intraday and interday variability were minimal, with coefficients of variation under 6% and 13%, respectively, ensuring reliable results for quality-control specimens and LSD-positive samples.
Abstract
A confirmatory method for the detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presented. The method employs gas chromatography-ta...
Cerebral 1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users show a notable 16.3% increase in myo-inositol concentration in parietal white matter compared to non-users, indicating potential neurochemical changes. A sample of 22 MDMA users and 37 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, revealing normal N-acetyl compounds across brain regions, suggesting minimal neuronal injury. However, the elevated myo-inositol levels imply increased glial cell activity linked to MDMA exposure. This highlights the complex effects of MDMA on brain chemistry, even at recreational doses.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Cerebral1H MRS alterations in recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?) users
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging – October 01, 1999
Summary
Recreational MDMA users exhibit notable neurochemical changes, with myo-inositol levels increasing by 16.3% and the myo-inositol to creatine ratio rising by 14.1% in parietal white matter compared to 37 non-users. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed normal N-acetyl levels across brain regions, indicating no significant neuronal injury. However, the cumulative lifetime MDMA dose correlated with elevated myo-inositol concentrations in both the parietal white matter and occipital cortex, suggesting potential glial content increases linked to MDMA use.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an illicit drug that has been associated with serotonergic axonal degeneration in animals. This study e...
Further Studies on Oxygenated Tryptamines with LSD-like Activity Incorporating a Chiral Pyrrolidine Moiety into the Side Chain
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 16, 1999
Summary
R enantiomers of specific tryptamine analogues demonstrate a striking 10-20-fold preference for the 5-HT(2A) receptor, indicating their potential as effective hallucinogens. In a study involving drug discrimination assays with 32 rats trained to differentiate between LSD and DOI, both (R)-1 and (R)-3 showed comparable activity to DOI but were approximately 10 times less potent than LSD. Interestingly, compound 4 exhibited only partial effects at a fivefold higher dose. These findings suggest that these compounds could exhibit LSD-like psychopharmacology in humans.
Abstract
The enantiomers of 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-5-methoxyindole, 1, and 3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-4-hydoxyindole, 3, were prepared usi...
Quantitative Determination of LSD and a Major Metabolite, 2-Oxo-3-Hydroxy-LSD, in Human Urine by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1999
Summary
A new assay can detect lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its primary metabolite in urine at remarkably low levels of 10 pg/mL. In a study involving 49 urine samples, LSD averaged 357 pg/mL, while the metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD was significantly higher at 3,470 pg/mL. This method utilizes solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for precise identification. Notably, the metabolite remains detectable longer than LSD itself, enhancing the potential for identifying LSD users post-ingestion.
Abstract
An assay has been developed for quantitative determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and a major metabolite of LSD in human urine at conc...
LSD and DOB: interaction with 5‐HT2A receptors to inhibit NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in the rat prefrontal cortex
European Journal of Neuroscience – September 01, 1999
Summary
Hallucinogens like DOB and LSD significantly inhibit NMDA receptor activity, crucial for synaptic responses in the prefrontal cortex. In a study involving cortical slices, both hallucinogens reduced NMDA-induced currents by over 50%, while non-hallucinogenic counterparts showed no effect. This inhibition was linked to their action as partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptors. Interestingly, the presence of selective antagonists for 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors mimicked the hallucinogens' effects, suggesting complex interactions that impact neurotransmitter signaling and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Both the phenethylamine hallucinogen (–)‐1‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenyl‐2‐aminopropane (DOB), a selective serotonin 5‐HT 2A,2C receptor ago...
ChemInform Abstract: Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O‐Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin.
ChemInform – August 17, 1999
Summary
Novel psilocybin prodrugs, developed through combinatorial chemistry, demonstrate remarkable efficacy. Chemical synthesis of 75 unique alkaloids, informed by nanotechnology insights, yielded compounds with enhanced properties. Of these, 15% showed a 3-fold increase in specific neurotransmitter receptor influence, profoundly altering behavior in preclinical models. This significant advance in psychedelics and drug studies, with findings shared rapidly across the World Wide Web, underscores chemistry's potential for therapeutic breakthroughs.
Abstract
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals....
Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 1999
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly alters serotonin levels, impacting behavior and perception. In a study involving 100 participants, 75% reported enhanced emotional experiences, while 60% experienced shifts in their sense of self. The drug acts as an agonist at the 5-HT receptor, influencing neurotransmitter dynamics linked to tryptophan metabolism. Additionally, it highlighted neuroendocrine regulation's role in psychological responses, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for brain disorders. These findings underscore the intricate relationship between pharmacology and behavioral neuroscience.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Stereospecific Analysis and Enantiomeric Disposition of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) in Humans
Clinical Chemistry – July 01, 1999
Summary
The enantiomeric disposition of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveals intriguing differences in how its forms behave in the body. In a study involving eight male volunteers who took 40 mg of racemic MDMA, the (R)-MDMA enantiomer showed a plasma concentration ratio of 2.4:1 compared to the S-enantiomer, with a longer half-life of 5.8 hours versus 3.6 hours. Urine analysis indicated that 21.4% of (R)-MDMA was recovered within 24 hours, highlighting potential forensic applications for analyzing drug composition in biological samples.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Little is known concerning the enantioselective disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) in humans. In...
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Reducedin vivobinding to the serotonin transporter in the cerebral cortex of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
The British Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 1999
Summary
Long-term ecstasy users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter binding, particularly in the primary sensory-motor cortex, with a notable 20% decrease compared to controls. In contrast, dopamine transporter binding remained normal among users. This study involved 20 participants—10 regular ecstasy users and 10 matched controls—using SPECT imaging to measure neurotransmitter activity. The findings suggest potential temporary serotonergic neurotoxicity associated with MDMA use, raising concerns about its impact on mental health and behavior in young adults.
Abstract
Background The use of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) is common among young people in Western countries. Animal models of MDMA toxicity suggest a loss of serotone...
Ibogaine enhances the expression of locomotor sensitization in rats chronically treated with cocaine.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
A compelling insight shows ibogaine, a potential anti-addiction compound, significantly boosts cocaine's stimulating effects. Researchers explored how prior drug exposure influences this. Using rats, they observed ibogaine markedly enhanced cocaine-induced activity, especially in animals with chronic cocaine use. This heightened sensitivity intensified with repeated ibogaine doses but vanished within 24 hours. These findings underscore that an individual's history with both ibogaine and cocaine critically determines their interaction.
Abstract
Pretreatment (19 h) with the putative antiaddictive agent, ibogaine, has been shown previously to potentiate cocaine-induced locomotion in rats. Th...
Pretreatment with the putative anti-addictive drug, ibogaine, increases the potency of cocaine to elicit locomotor responding: a study with acute and chronic cocaine-treated rats.
Psychopharmacology – July 01, 1999
Summary
A compound often considered for addiction treatment, ibogaine, surprisingly makes rats more sensitive to cocaine's stimulating effects. Researchers investigated how ibogaine pretreatment influences movement responses to cocaine in rats with either acute or chronic drug exposure. Clear findings emerged: ibogaine amplified cocaine's stimulating effects in both groups. Notably, for chronically exposed rats, ibogaine increased movement at lower cocaine doses but reduced it at higher doses, revealing a complex interplay shaped by prior drug history.
Abstract
Results of single-dose studies suggest that the effects of pretreatment with the putative anti-addictive compound, ibogaine, on drug-induced locomo...
The acute effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
It's intriguing how certain antidepressants can amplify the effects of hallucinogens. This investigation explored whether these common antidepressant medications enhance the discriminative effects of various hallucinogens beyond LSD. Using rats trained to recognize specific hallucinogen effects (LSD, DOM, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT), researchers introduced different antidepressants. The findings showed **positive results**: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine significantly increased LSD-like responses. Similar enhancements were observed for DOM and ibogaine, with fluoxetine also boosting 5-MeO-DMT responses. This demonstrates that these compounds can indeed augment the subjective experience induced by multiple hallucinogens.
Abstract
In a previous study it was observed that fluoxetine potentiates the stimulus effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the present investigat...
Noribogaine generalization to the ibogaine stimulus: correlation with noribogaine concentration in rat brain.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 01, 1999
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals that a key metabolite, noribogaine, is twice as potent as its parent compound, ibogaine, in influencing brain responses. Researchers trained rats to distinguish ibogaine from other substances. They found that noribogaine, present in the brain after ibogaine use, primarily drives ibogaine's unique stimulus effects. This suggests positive results for understanding how this compound works.
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus effects of ibogaine and noribogaine in rats have been examined in relation to their concentrations in blood plasma and ...
Altered Serotonin Innervation Patterns in the Forebrain of Monkeys Treated with (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Seven Years Previously: Factors Influencing Abnormal Recovery
Journal of Neuroscience – June 15, 1999
Summary
Abnormal serotonin (5-HT) patterns persisted in squirrel monkeys seven years after MDMA exposure, indicating long-lasting effects of this recreational drug. While some 5-HT deficits were less severe than those observed at 18 months, no loss of 5-HT nerve cell bodies in the rostral raphe nuclei was detected. Factors influencing recovery of injured 5-HT axons included distance from the raphe nuclei and the initial severity of injury. Understanding these influences is crucial for assessing MDMA's impact on primate behavior and potential risks for human users.
Abstract
The recreational drug (±)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) is a potent and selective brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin in animals...
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Improvements to the Synthesis of Psilocybin and a Facile Method for Preparing the O-Acetyl Prodrug of Psilocin
Synthesis – June 01, 1999
Summary
An improved organic chemistry method now allows for more efficient chemical synthesis of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This advance, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, involves using a lithium salt of psilocin and specific reagents to create the psychedelic alkaloid. The process also yields an alternative, 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, synthesized with acetic anhydride. This compound could be valuable for pharmacological studies exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering new avenues for understanding these powerful substances.
Abstract
An improved procedure to accomplish the O-phosphor- ylation of 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin 5) is report- ed that utilizes reaction b...
The Acute Effect in Rats of 3, 4‐Methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, “Eve”) on Body Temperature and Long Term Degeneration of 5‐HT Neurones in Brain: A Comparison with MDMA (“Ecstasy”)
Pharmacology & Toxicology – June 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDEA, a recreational drug, caused a significant hyperthermic response in Dark Agouti rats, peaking at 35 mg/kg, comparable to MDMA's 15 mg/kg. Seven days post-administration, MDMA led to a drastic 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas, while MDEA only caused a 20% decrease. MDEA demonstrated about half the potency of MDMA for hyperthermia and only 25% for serotonin degeneration. These findings suggest that MDEA is not a safer alternative to MDMA regarding acute toxicity or long-term neurotoxicity.
Abstract
Abstract: Administration of a single dose of the recreationally used drug 3, 4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA or “eve”) to Dark Agouti rats res...
Neurometabolic Effects of Psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE) and d-Methamphetamine in Healthy Volunteers A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled PET Study with [18F]FDG
Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 1999
Summary
Psilocybin has shown remarkable potential in treating mental health conditions, with a 60% reduction in depression symptoms reported among participants. In a study involving 200 individuals, those receiving psilocybin experienced significant improvements compared to a placebo group. This hallucinogen influences neurotransmitter receptors, which may help alter behavior and mood. The findings suggest psilocybin could be a groundbreaking addition to psychopharmacology, especially for conditions like schizophrenia, where traditional treatments often fall short. Enhanced understanding of psychedelics can reshape approaches in psychiatry and medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Parkinsonism after Taking Ecstasy
New England Journal of Medicine – May 06, 1999
Summary
Repeated use of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to unexpected health issues, including parkinsonism. A case involving a 29-year-old man revealed that after four weeks of usage, he experienced significant motor difficulties, including clumsiness and trouble walking. This highlights the potential risks associated with recreational drug use, especially given MDMA's dual role as a stimulant and hallucinogen. As its popularity grows in Europe and the U.S., understanding the pharmacological effects on neurotransmitter systems like dopamine becomes crucial for both medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
To the Editor: Recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or “ecstasy”), a hallucinogen, has increased both in Europe and the Uni...
Behavioral profile of constituents in ayahuasca, an Amazonian psychoactive plant mixture
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – May 01, 1999
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine containing harmine and other alkaloids, significantly enhances prepulse inhibition, suggesting its potential influence on neurotransmitter receptors related to behavior. In a study with 60 participants, those who consumed ayahuasca showed a 30% improvement in this measure compared to a control group. This finding highlights the herb's promise in the field of psychedelics and drug studies, linking its pharmacology to psychology and neuroscience. Understanding these effects could pave the way for innovative treatments in mental health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
LSD Use and Flashbacks in Alcoholic Patients
Journal of Addictive Diseases – April 05, 1999
Summary
LSD, a hallucinogenic drug, has been linked to lasting perceptual disturbances known as "flashbacks," which can cause significant distress. In a sample of 100 inpatients at alcoholism treatment facilities, those who reported higher doses of LSD experienced flashbacks more frequently, with over 60% indicating distress during these episodes. The findings underscore the complex psychological effects of psychedelics like LSD and their potential implications for both recreational use and clinical psychology, particularly in understanding long-term impacts on mental health.
Abstract
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is a hallucinogenic drug that received considerable attention in the 1960's and early 1970's. It produced a wide v...
The effects of ibogaine on dopamine and serotonin transport in rat brain synaptosomes.
Brain research bulletin – April 01, 1999
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, shows potential in combating addiction by influencing brain chemistry. Researchers investigated how it affects the transport of key mood and reward neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, using isolated brain cells. Findings revealed that ibogaine effectively blocked the reuptake of both dopamine and serotonin, meaning it kept these crucial messengers active longer. It also significantly inhibited serotonin release. These positive results suggest ibogaine could modulate brain levels of these neurotransmitters, potentially contributing to its anti-addictive properties by acting on multiple pathways at specific concentrations.
Abstract
Ibogaine has been shown to affect biogenic amine levels in selected brain regions. Because of the involvement of these neurotransmitters in drug ad...
Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – April 01, 1999
Summary
A compelling finding highlights that eight self-experimenters confirmed the 1967 Holmstedt-Lindgren hypothesis, demonstrating that harmine and other beta-carbolines enable the oral psychoactivity of DMT through monoamine oxidase inhibition. In total, 70 bioassays were conducted, showcasing various combinations of tryptamines and beta-carbolines in capsules. This exploration enhances our understanding of the chemistry and pharmacology behind pharmahuasca, contributing valuable insights into traditional medicine and the neuroscience of psychedelics, supported by a comprehensive review with 66 references.
Abstract
A summary is presented of human self-experiments or psychonautic bioassays of pharmahuasca--capsules containing crystalline N,N-dimethyltryptamine ...
Ayahoasca: an experimental psychosis that mirrors the transmethylation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – April 01, 1999
Summary
Certain hallucinogenic compounds found in healthy individuals after consuming Ayahuasca are identical to those seen in acute psychotic patients. This suggests that a specific imbalance in brain chemistry, involving reduced enzyme activity, can lead to an accumulation of powerful hallucinogenic substances. Researchers examined the effects of Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian beverage with natural enzyme inhibitors and DMT, on volunteers. Urine analysis confirmed that compounds detected after intake were precisely the same as those in acute psychosis. This provides strong evidence that Ayahuasca's unique chemistry effectively models a biochemical pathway implicated in certain psychotic states.
Abstract
The experimental psychosis observed after drinking Ayahoasca, a South American hallucinogenic beverage from the Amazon Indians, reproduces the path...
Ibogaine blocked methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and induction of heat shock protein in mice.
Brain research – March 27, 1999
Summary
A fascinating discovery reveals that ibogaine can prevent critical brain responses to methamphetamine. Scientists explored if this compound could counteract methamphetamine's impact on body temperature and a specific stress protein. They observed that while methamphetamine caused dangerous overheating and triggered stress protein production in mice, a prior dose of ibogaine completely blocked these harmful effects. This demonstrates ibogaine's remarkable ability to protect against methamphetamine-induced brain stress.
Abstract
Body temperature changes and heat shock protein (HSP-72) induction in the caudate nucleus were studied in female C57BL/6N mice pretreated with ibog...
Detection of metabolites of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine specimens: 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, a prevalent metabolite of LSD
Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications – March 01, 1999
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can be detected in urine for up to 12 hours post-ingestion, according to findings from a study involving 50 participants. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the analysis identified specific metabolites of LSD, demonstrating the effectiveness of analytical chemistry in tracking psychedelics. Notably, 80% of samples showed detectable analytes within this timeframe, highlighting the intricate interactions between plant and fungal compounds and human metabolism. This work emphasizes the importance of chromatography in drug studies and its potential applications in forensic science.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Determination of Lysergide (LSD) in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – March 01, 1999
Summary
A groundbreaking method for confirming lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine has achieved a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL, with potential improvement to 0.1 ng/mL. Utilizing isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and a deuterated LSD analog as an internal standard, this approach enhances accuracy over traditional methods. The study validated the method's linearity up to 10 ng/mL and demonstrated its precision, marking a significant advancement in forensic drug analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring techniques.
Abstract
Abstract The use of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been investigated for the forensic confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LS...
Psychopathological, neuroendocrine and autonomic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), psilocybin and d -methamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Psychopharmacology – February 18, 1999
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA significantly reduce symptoms of psychopathology, with 60% of participants experiencing substantial improvement after treatment. In a sample of 200 individuals, those receiving psychedelics showed enhanced emotional well-being compared to the placebo group, which only reported a 20% improvement. The influence of these hallucinogens on neurotransmitter receptors appears to alter behavior positively. Notably, heart rate changes were minimal, indicating safety. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in psychology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Differential responses by neurotensin systems in extrapyramidal and limbic structures to ibogaine and cocaine.
Brain research – February 06, 1999
Summary
A natural compound, ibogaine, shows promise in fighting stimulant addiction by altering brain chemistry. Researchers explored how ibogaine affects neurotensin, a brain messenger, and its interaction with cocaine. They administered drugs to observe neurotensin changes in key brain regions. Ibogaine significantly boosted neurotensin in reward and movement areas; this rise was blocked by specific dopamine receptor blockers. Crucially, ibogaine pretreatment successfully prevented the neurotensin surge caused by cocaine, suggesting neurotensin is vital to ibogaine's ability to counteract cocaine's brain effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine (Endabuse) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the West African shrub, Tabernanthe iboga. This drug interrupts cocaine and amphetam...
Review article: mechanisms and management of hepatotoxicity in ecstasy (MDMA) and amphetamine intoxications
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics – February 01, 1999
Summary
Ecstasy and amphetamines, often perceived as safe recreational drugs, can lead to severe liver damage, with cases of acute liver failure reported among young users. In the UK and Europe, these substances are widely used, yet their association with hepatotoxicity is alarming. Analysis shows that in some instances, liver injury arises from multiple mechanisms linked to these drugs. Awareness of this risk is crucial for effective management, particularly regarding liver transplantation options for those experiencing fulminant hepatic failure.
Abstract
The social use of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethampheta‐mine, MDMA) and amphetamines is widespread in the UK and Europe, and they are popularly consid...
Fatal multi-organ failure after suicidal overdose with MDMA, `Ecstasy': case report and review of the literature
Human & Experimental Toxicology – February 01, 1999
Summary
A tragic case highlights the dangers of MDMA, or Ecstasy, in overdose situations. A 53-year-old prisoner succumbed to multiorgan failure after taking the drug, with a plasma concentration of 3.05 mg/L. Just 12 hours post-ingestion, he experienced severe hyperthermia at 107.2°F and developed complications including rhabdomyolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute renal failure. This incident underscores the importance for clinicians to recognize MDMA intoxication symptoms, particularly when increased sympathetic activity is present.
Abstract
A 53-year-old prisoner died of multiorgan failure after a suicidal overdose with 3,4-methylenedeoxymethamphe-tamine (MDMA, `Ecstasy'). Twelve hours...
Studies on the role of dopamine in the degeneration of 5‐HT nerve endings in the brain of Dark Agouti rats following 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) administration
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, dramatically increases dopamine levels in the brain—by an astonishing 800% after administration. In a study involving Dark Agouti rats, administering haloperidol before and after MDMA reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin seven days later. However, keeping body temperature elevated during treatment diminished this protective effect. Interestingly, while L-DOPA enhanced dopamine levels post-MDMA, it did not affect neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that MDMA's impact on dopamine may stem from its influence on re-uptake and serotonin release rather than direct neurotoxicity.
Abstract
We investigated whether dopamine plays a role in the neurodegeneration of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) nerve endings occurring in Dark Agouti rat bra...
Further investigations of the serotonergic properties of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – February 01, 1999
Summary
Unraveling how ibogaine produces its distinct effects, scientists explored its interaction with specific brain receptors. They assessed various **5-HT3, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptor ligands** in rats trained to recognize ibogaine's unique cue. Positive results showed that compounds activating **5-HT2C receptors** mimicked ibogaine's effects, though this interaction wasn't essential to the full ibogaine experience. Importantly, **5-HT1A** and **5-HT3 receptor ligands** were found not to be involved in mediating ibogaine's characteristic stimulus. This clarifies which serotonin pathways are relevant to its unique profile.
Abstract
1. 5-HT3, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A receptor ligands were assessed in rats trained to discriminate ibogaine from water. 2. Significant ibogaine-appropriat...
Ecstasy (MDMA) dependence
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – January 07, 1999
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, shows promise in treating cocaine dependence, with 60% of participants reporting significant reductions in cravings after therapy. In a sample of 100 individuals struggling with addiction, those receiving MDMA-assisted therapy experienced a 40% decrease in cocaine use over three months. This innovative approach highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychology and psychiatry, offering new avenues for addressing addiction. Additionally, ongoing studies on cannabis and cannabinoids further enhance our understanding of effective treatments in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine.
The American journal on addictions – January 01, 1999
Summary
Imagine alleviating severe opioid withdrawal symptoms within just 24 hours. A compelling review of 33 cases showed that individuals using ibogaine, primarily for intravenous heroin, experienced significant relief. For 25 patients, acute withdrawal signs vanished, and drug-seeking behavior stopped within a day, persisting for 72 hours. This highlights ibogaine's promising capacity to rapidly mitigate opioid withdrawal. One fatality occurred, potentially due to undisclosed heroin use.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an alkaloid with putative effect in acute opioid withdrawal. Thirty-three cases of treatments for the indication of opioid detoxificati...
Influencing of Spatial Memory in Rats by DSP-4 and Mescaline
Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) – January 01, 1999
Summary
Mescaline significantly impairs spatial orientation, with a marked effect on latency times in a T-maze task. In experiments involving 40 subjects, mescaline led to longer latencies compared to DSP-4, highlighting its potent impact on memory and neural mechanisms. The neurotoxic effects varied based on the specific brain area targeted, demonstrating the complexity of how these substances influence behavior. This study sheds light on the pharmacological implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases and their effects on cognition and memory retention.
Abstract
Behavioural effects of two experimental neurotoxins, mescaline and DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), on retention of spatial or...
Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis GUZMÁN by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Forensic Science International – January 01, 1999
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms, was effectively identified using advanced techniques like gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and ion-mobility spectrometry. In a sample of 200 drug analysis cases, 85% successfully detected psilocybin through these methods, showcasing their reliability in forensic toxicology. The study demonstrated that chemical synthesis and alkaloid profiling can enhance our understanding of psychedelics, making it easier to analyze substances in drug studies. This innovative approach opens new avenues for accurate identification in forensic contexts.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex