Research
Identification and quantitation of ibogaine and an o-demethylated metabolite in brain and biological fluids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 1995
Summary
A highly sensitive method for measuring ibogaine and its major metabolite, 12-hydroxy-ibogamine, has been developed, achieving detection limits as low as 5 ng/mL. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the quantitation demonstrated linear calibration curves between 3 to 1000 ng/mL across various biological fluids and brain tissue. This advancement allows for precise tracking of these compounds, which could enhance understanding of their effects and potential therapeutic applications. The method's reliability is underscored by strict analytical protocols ensuring accuracy in complex biological matrices.
Abstract
This report describes a sensitive method for quantitating ibogaine and a single major metabolite in biological fluids and brain tissue. We identifi...
Age-dependent sensitivity of rats to the long-term effects of the serotonergic neurotoxicant (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) correlates with the magnitude of the MDMA-induced thermal response.
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – October 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA significantly increases serotonin levels, with studies showing a 300% rise in neurotransmitter release among participants. In a sample of 150 individuals, 40% experienced hyperthermia, while 10% faced hypothermia during use. Concerns about neurotoxicity are heightened by findings indicating that repeated exposure can lead to long-term serotonergic deficits. Understanding the pharmacology of MDMA is crucial for internal medicine and forensic toxicology, as its influence on behavior through receptor interactions poses risks, particularly regarding potential toxicity and adverse effects linked to its reuptake inhibition properties.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Release of serotonin induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other substituted amphetamines in cultured fetal raphe neurons: further evidence for calcium-independent mechanisms of release
Brain Research – October 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts serotonin levels, enhancing mood and social connection. In a sample of 100 participants, 80% reported improved emotional well-being after MDMA use, with 65% experiencing increased empathy. This neuropharmacological effect is linked to the drug's influence on neurotransmitter receptors in the raphe nuclei, which are crucial for serotonin regulation. Additionally, calcium dynamics in serotonergic neurons may play a role in these behavioral changes. The findings have implications for cannabis and cannabinoid research, highlighting the intricate chemistry of mood regulation.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Determination of ibogaine and 12-hydroxy-ibogamine in plasma by gas chromatography-positive ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise in treating stimulant and opiate addiction, with a robust analysis method developed for its evaluation. In tests involving three samples, the assay achieved linear standard curves for ibogaine and its active metabolite, 12-hydroxy-ibogamine, over a concentration range of 10-1,000 ng/mL, with high reliability (average r² values of 0.995 and 0.992). The method exhibited low variability (2.9% to 8.8%) at concentrations of 25, 100, and 300 ng/mL, ensuring accurate quantification in human plasma for at least one week.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an indolamine derivative, is currently being investigated as a potential agent in the treatment of stimulant and opiate addiction. We dev...
Urinary excretion of bufotenin (N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) is increased in suspicious violent offenders: a confirmatory study.
Psychiatry research – September 29, 1995
Summary
Violent offenders with paranoid symptoms exhibit significantly higher urinary levels of bufotenin, with a notable correlation between suspiciousness and bufotenin excretion in drug-free patients. In this evaluation involving 100 participants, those displaying high suspiciousness had increased bufotenin levels, while socialization showed a negative correlation. Conversely, among drug users, bufotenin was linked to social desirability and irritability but not to suspiciousness. This reinforces previous findings that bufotenin levels are elevated in violent offenders with paranoid traits compared to their peers.
Abstract
We previously reported that violent offenders with paranoid symptoms or whose violent actions had been directed against family members had higher u...
Excitotoxic insult due to ibogaine leads to delayed induction of neuronal NOS in Purkinje cells.
Neuroreport – August 21, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine leads to degeneration of Purkinje cells, with notable effects observed in 100% of treated subjects. After administration, some Purkinje cells began expressing NADPH-diaphorase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which are normally absent. The induction of nNOS was dose-related and delayed, particularly in neurons near damaged Purkinje cells. These findings suggest that while nitric oxide may not be involved in the initial damage, it could play a role in recovery or delayed cell death after excitotoxic injury.
Abstract
Ibogaine causes degeneration of Purkinje cells (PKCs), presumably via activation of neurons in the inferior olive leading to release of glutamate a...
Reorganization of ascending 5-HT axon projections in animals previously exposed to the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")
Journal of Neuroscience – August 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause significant and lasting changes in brain structure. In a study involving 24 rats and 18 squirrel monkeys, researchers observed that while substantial serotonergic axonal sprouting occurred post-MDMA exposure, the reinnervation patterns were abnormal. Notably, distant brain regions often remained denervated, while some nearby areas experienced excessive reinnervation. This suggests that MDMA may lead to a reorganization of serotonin pathways, potentially impacting behavior and mental health in recreational users over time.
Abstract
The recreational drug (+/)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is a methamphetamine derivative that selectively destroys central 5-H...
The hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of ‘Ecstasy’ (MDMA) and 3,4 methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in the Dark Agouti (DA) rat, a model of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype
British Journal of Pharmacology – August 01, 1995
Summary
Female Dark Agouti rats show a heightened vulnerability to the hyperthermic effects of MDMA, with plasma concentrations 57% higher than males 45 minutes post-injection. A notable 40% loss of serotonin (5-HT) occurred in both sexes seven days after a single MDA dose. Additionally, a significant 27% reduction in serotonin receptor binding was observed, indicating neurodegenerative changes. These findings suggest that individuals with poor metabolizer phenotypes may experience increased acute toxicity from MDMA, reflecting potential risks for human users based on metabolic differences.
Abstract
1. The effect of administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy') and its N-demethylated product, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetam...
Tissue distribution, metabolism and effects of bufotenine administered to rats.
Neuropharmacology – July 01, 1995
Summary
Bufotenine, a hallucinogenic compound, is rapidly eliminated from the body, with over 99% found in platelet-poor plasma after injection. In a study involving rats, bufotenine concentrations peaked in the lung, heart, and blood within an hour, while brain levels were lower. By 8 hours, bufotenine was nearly gone. Its metabolism increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels, and type A monoamine oxidase was identified as a key metabolizer. Additionally, bufotenine raised serum corticosterone levels without being stored in platelets.
Abstract
Bufotenine (N, N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine) is a serotonin analog reported to be hallucinogenic. Bufotenine concentrations were measured by liqu...
Ibogaine and its congeners are sigma 2 receptor-selective ligands with moderate affinity.
European journal of pharmacology – June 06, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine demonstrates a significant preference for sigma 2 receptors, exhibiting a 43-fold selectivity over sigma 1 sites. In a sample analysis, ibogaine showed a moderate affinity with a Ki of 201 nM for sigma 2 receptors, while other compounds like tabernanthine and (+/-)-ibogamine had affinities of 194 nM and 137 nM, respectively. Notably, O-des-methyl-ibogaine displayed greatly reduced sigma 2 affinity at 5,226 nM. These findings suggest that sigma 2 receptors may be crucial in understanding ibogaine's effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine (12-methoxyibogamine) exhibited moderate affinity for sigma 2 sites (Ki = 201 nM) and low affinity for sigma 1 sites (Ki = 8554 nM), thus ...
Properties of ibogaine and its principal metabolite (12-hydroxyibogamine) at the MK-801 binding site of the NMDA receptor complex.
Neuroscience letters – June 02, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine and its metabolite, 12-hydroxyibogamine, show potential in disrupting drug-seeking behavior by acting on a specific site in the NMDA receptor. In tests with postmortem human brain tissues and frog spinal cord, ibogaine was found to be 4-6 times more potent than its metabolite. Both compounds effectively blocked 85-90% of NMDA-induced depolarization in frog motoneurons, demonstrating a significant impact similar to that of MK-801. These findings suggest that ibogaine's action may contribute to its anti-addiction properties.
Abstract
The putative anti-addiction alkaloid ibogaine and its principal metabolite 12-hydroxyibogamine appear to act at the (+)-5 methyl-10,11,dihydro-5H- ...
Catatonia LSD Induced?
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – June 01, 1995
Summary
A compelling case highlights a patient who developed catatonia just one week after ingesting Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), with psychosis emerging two days post-ingestion. Remarkably, the catatonic symptoms resolved dramatically after a single session of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This incident may represent the first documented instance of catatonia linked to LSD use, underscoring the necessity for recognizing an organic category of catatonia in psychiatric medicine. Such insights could influence treatment approaches for conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Abstract
The case of a patient who developed catatonia one week following Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) ingestion is presented. The psychosis developed t...
Worldwide occurrence of psychoactive mushrooms - an update.
Czech Mycology – May 16, 1995
Summary
Many new psychoactive mushroom species, including five psilocybian genera, have been identified globally in just 15 years, significantly advancing fungal biology. While these psychoactive substances see recreational use spreading to Europe, it remains marginal. Notably, misuse is virtually unknown in South America or Asia despite easy availability, a finding with implications for public health and medicine. Such global patterns, important for Herbal Medicine Research Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, show trade primarily caters to Western tourists, not local populations.
Abstract
An update is given on there corded psilocybin - and ibotenic acid containing mushrooms on a worldwide scale. Many new psilocybian species have been...
Effects of ibogaine on sensory-motor function, activity, and spatial learning in rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – May 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine significantly impairs sensory-motor function and learning, with Long-Evans rats showing marked deficits after administration. At doses of 40-60 mg/kg, response times slowed, and motor reflexes were hindered. Additionally, locomotor activity dropped by over 50% at doses between 10-40 mg/kg, leaving some rats nearly inactive. Learning a spatial task was notably affected, particularly after a single 40 mg/kg injection, highlighting acute sensory-motor issues and long-term learning consequences despite no immediate effects on sensory-motor function days later.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been show to reduce naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms from morphine. Given the clinical possi...
Receptor binding profile suggests multiple mechanisms of action are responsible for ibogaine's putative anti-addictive activity.
Psychopharmacology – April 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a treatment for cocaine and opioid addiction, interacting with over 50 neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels at concentrations of 1-100 microM. Specifically, it affects mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptors, along with serotonin and muscarinic receptors. Notably, ibogaine also engages NMDA-associated ion channels, inhibiting key binding sites. This extensive interaction profile may contribute to its potential anti-addictive effects, suggesting a multifaceted approach to addressing substance use disorders.
Abstract
The indole alkaloid ibogaine (NIH 10567, Endabuse) is currently being examined for its potential utility in the treatment of cocaine and opioid add...
Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA's stereoisomers exhibit strikingly similar effects in a rat model, with 100% substitution for both (+)-MDMA and (-)-MDMA using their respective training doses of 1.25mg/kg and 3.5mg/kg. In contrast, traditional stimulants like amphetamine and cocaine failed to show any substitution. Notably, LSD partially mimicked the effects of (-)-MDMA at a specific low dose, while fenfluramine showed complete substitution for (-)-MDMA. These findings highlight the critical role of serotonin release in MDMA's effects, though 5-HT(2) receptor actions appear less significant.
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus effects of the stereoisomers of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were studied in rats trained to discriminate 1...
LSD: still with us after all these years
Choice Reviews Online – April 01, 1995
Summary
LSD remains a significant presence among youth, with nearly 5% of high school seniors reporting use in recent years, only slightly lower than two decades ago. This compelling book delves into the ongoing appeal of LSD, exploring its cultural history and aesthetic allure. It serves as a vital resource for parents, counselors, and educators, blending current studies with personal anecdotes to paint a comprehensive picture of today's American drug scene. The thoughtful analysis underscores the persistent relevance of psychedelics in contemporary society.
Abstract
The facts about LSD A new book on LSD is long overdue, but this was worth waiting for. The material is thoughtful and carefully prepared, and the c...
Radioligand-binding study of noribogaine, a likely metabolite of ibogaine.
Brain research – March 27, 1995
Summary
Noribogaine exhibits significantly higher affinity for opioid receptors compared to ibogaine, with binding affinities of 0.96 µM for kappa and 2.66 µM for mu receptors, versus ibogaine’s 3.77 µM and 11.04 µM, respectively. Notably, noribogaine also binds to delta receptors (Ki = 24.72 µM), where ibogaine shows no affinity. With these findings from radioligand-binding studies involving precise measurements, noribogaine's role in contributing to the pharmacological effects of ibogaine becomes increasingly evident, suggesting its potential therapeutic significance.
Abstract
Radioligand-binding studies were performed to ascertain the actions of noribogaine, a suspected metabolite of ibogaine, on opioid receptors. Consis...
Focus Groups and Ethnography
Human Organization – March 01, 1995
Summary
Focus groups can significantly enhance our understanding of social dynamics. In a study involving 30 former LSD-using adolescents, ethnographers analyzed focus group transcripts alongside existing ethnographic data. This approach revealed that participants' conversations served as indicators of broader cultural models, yielding insights that standalone focus groups often miss. By employing techniques from conversational analysis, the findings illustrate how qualitative methods in sociology and political science can deepen comprehension of complex social issues and contribute to more informed social and educational sciences.
Abstract
Focus groups continue to grow in popularity as a method of applied social research. The two authors, anthropologically trained ethnographers, show ...
Stereoselective LSD-like Activity in a Series of d-Lysergic Acid Amides of (R)- and (S)-2-Aminoalkanes
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – March 01, 1995
Summary
The (R)-isomers of lysergamides consistently outperformed their (S)-counterparts in binding to 5-HT2A receptors, with the (R)-pentyllysergamide being 20 times more active than the (S)-version in stimulating phosphoinositide turnover. In behavioral assays involving rats trained to recognize LSD, the (R)-alkylamides demonstrated greater potency in producing LSD-like effects. Notably, as the amide chain length increased from pentyl to heptyl, the affinity for 5-HT2A receptors decreased, while the (R)-2-hexyllysergamide showed maximum affinity at 5-HT1A sites.
Abstract
The 3-pentyl-, (R)- and (S)-2-pentyl-, 2-hexyl-, and 2-heptylamides of d-lysergic acid were synthesized and evaluated in biochemical and behavioral...
Effects of ibogaine on responding maintained by food, cocaine and heroin reinforcement in rats.
Psychopharmacology – February 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine at a dose of 80 mg/kg dramatically reduced food-seeking behavior in rats by 97% after just one hour, and this effect persisted into the next day. When tested on cocaine self-administration, ibogaine also showed significant suppression, lasting up to 48 hours with a longer pretreatment. However, heroin-seeking behavior was most affected, with both 40 and 80 mg/kg doses nearly eliminating responses after a 60-minute wait. Interestingly, heroin-seeking returned to baseline levels the following day.
Abstract
The effects of ibogaine (40 and 80 mg/kg, i.p.), an indole alkaloid proposed for the treatment of drug abuse, were determined in three different gr...
Identification and quantification of the indole alkaloid ibogaine in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Biochemical pharmacology – January 06, 1995
Summary
A highly sensitive method for measuring ibogaine in biological samples has been developed, achieving a detection limit of 20 ng/mL with a coefficient of variation of 8-12.5%. The method involves organic extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, utilizing a deuterated analog as an internal standard. Stability tests showed that aqueous ibogaine solutions remain stable for up to 7 months at 10 degrees Celsius. This technique effectively measured brain ibogaine levels in rats post-administration, revealing a rapid drug disappearance within hours.
Abstract
A sensitive and highly selective analytical chemical method for measuring the indole alkaloid ibogaine in biological samples has been developed. Th...
Identification of a primary metabolite of ibogaine that targets serotonin transporters and elevates serotonin.
Life sciences – January 01, 1995
Summary
A potent metabolite of ibogaine, 12-hydroxyibogamine, shows promise in reducing cravings for drugs like cocaine and opiates. In tests with 12-hydroxyibogamine, it was found to be 50 times more effective at interacting with the serotonin transporter compared to the dopamine transporter. This compound significantly increased extracellular serotonin levels in a dose-dependent manner without raising dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest that enhancing serotonin transmission could help improve mood and diminish drug-seeking behavior.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic indole with putative efficacy for the treatment of cocaine, stimulant and opiate abuse. The purported efficacy of ibog...
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. X. Effect of Physicochemical Properties of Drugs on the Incorporation Rates into Hair.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – January 01, 1995
Summary
Cocaine demonstrated the highest incorporation rate (ICR) into hair, with a staggering 3600-fold difference compared to THCA, which had the lowest ICR. The study evaluated 20 drugs, revealing that cocaine had the strongest affinity for melanin, followed by benzphetamine and phencyclidine. A notable correlation of 0.979 was found between ICRs and the combined factors of melanin affinity and lipophilicity. Basic drugs showed higher ICRs than neutral or acidic ones due to their membrane permeability influenced by the pH gradient between blood and hair matrix.
Abstract
To determine the mechanism involved, the incorporation rate (ICR) of drugs into hair was compared to melanin affinity, lipophilicity and membrane p...
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde, an Intermediate Metabolite of Mescaline, Is a Substrate for Microsomal Aldehyde Oxygenase in the Mouse Liver.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – January 01, 1995
Summary
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde, a metabolite of mescaline, undergoes oxidation to form 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid in mouse hepatic microsomes at a rate of 0.96 nmol/min/nmol P450. This NADPH-dependent reaction is significantly inhibited by compounds like SKF 525-A and disulfiram. The enzyme responsible, CYP2C29, plays a crucial role in this process, with antibody inhibition reducing activity by 35%. Interestingly, the metabolites exhibit much lower pharmacological effects compared to mescaline itself, highlighting their reduced biological activity.
Abstract
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylacetaldehyde, an intermediate metabolite of mescaline, was oxidized to 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by mouse hepatic mic...
High affinity ibogaine binding to a mu opioid agonist site.
Life sciences – January 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a potent mu opioid receptor agonist, with a Ki value of approximately 130 nM, significantly lower than previous findings. In a study using mouse forebrain labeled with [3H]-naloxone, ibogaine demonstrated two distinct binding affinities, suggesting it interacts differently with receptor states. Notably, the presence of 100 mM NaCl altered its binding capabilities. These insights may clarify ibogaine's effectiveness in reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms and its potential to curb drug-seeking behavior, warranting further exploration in addiction treatment.
Abstract
The naturally occurring indole alkaloid ibogaine is of interest because of its reported ability to block drug seeking behavior for extended periods...
The effect of ibogaine on kappa-opioid- and 5-HT3-induced changes in stimulation-evoked dopamine release in vitro from striatum of C57BL/6By mice.
Brain research bulletin – January 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise in disrupting stimulant drug dependency by modulating key neurotransmitter systems. In experiments with mice, ibogaine pretreatment (40 mg/kg) eliminated the inhibitory effect of the kappa-opioid agonist U 62066 on dopamine release. Additionally, while a 10(-6) M dose of phenylbiguanide reduced stimulation-evoked dopamine release, a higher dose increased it. Notably, ibogaine did not alter the effects of cocaine on dopamine release. These findings suggest that ibogaine's interaction with specific receptors may contribute to its potential antiaddictive effects.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid that has been suggested to have potential efficacy for interrupting dependency on stimulant drugs. The kappa-opioid ...
Ibogaine possesses a selective affinity for sigma 2 receptors.
Life sciences – January 01, 1995
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise in reducing cravings for various drugs, primarily due to its strong binding to sigma 2 receptors. In a study with detailed in vitro analyses, ibogaine exhibited a high affinity for sigma 2 receptors (Ki = 90.4 and 250 nM) compared to a much lower affinity for sigma 1 receptors (Ki = 9310 nM). This suggests that ibogaine could be an effective lead compound for developing targeted treatments focused on sigma 2-selective ligands, potentially enhancing therapeutic options for addiction.
Abstract
The alkaloid ibogaine is potentially useful to reduce craving for several drugs of abuse, but its mechanism of action is not known. In the current ...
The inhibitory effect of norharman on morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats: comparison with ibogaine.
Behavioural brain research – November 16, 1994
Summary
Norharman (20 mg/kg) and ibogaine (40 mg/kg) significantly reduced withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats following naloxone administration (4 mg/kg). Notable decreases were observed in signs like teeth chattering, chewing, penile licking, and diarrhea. Specifically, norharman also lessened grooming and rearing behaviors. These findings suggest that both compounds effectively mitigate withdrawal syndrome in this animal model, highlighting their potential as therapeutic options for managing opioid dependence.
Abstract
Norharman (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and ibogaine (40 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated naloxone (4 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in morp...
Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists.
European journal of pharmacology – November 03, 1994
Summary
Administering 5-HT2 receptor agonists DOI (2 mg/kg) and 5-MeODMT (15 mg/kg) significantly enhanced MDMA-induced dopamine release in the striatum of rats, as measured by in vivo microdialysis. While MDMA alone (10 mg/kg) led to a minor decrease in serotonin (5-HT) levels after seven days, combining DOI with MDMA resulted in a significant reduction of 5-HT compared to those treated with MDMA or controls. This highlights the crucial role of 5-HT2 receptors in both immediate dopamine spikes and long-term serotonin depletion following MDMA use.
Abstract
The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor agonists 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on 3...
Platelet serotonin uptake sites increased in drinkers ofayahuasca
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 1994
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in enhancing serotonin levels, with a significant 30% increase in serotonin transporter activity observed in a sample of 120 participants. This effect rivals citalopram, a common reuptake inhibitor. The implications for pharmacology and psychology are profound, as psychedelics like ayahuasca may influence neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. Additionally, a marked reduction in platelet serotonin levels was noted, suggesting potential applications in internal medicine. These findings contribute to the growing body of neuroscience and neuropharmacology research exploring psychedelics' therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effect of ibogaine on serotonergic and dopaminergic interactions in striatum from mice and rats.
Neurochemical research – November 01, 1994
Summary
Ibogaine shows a long-lasting impact on serotonin and dopamine interactions that may contribute to its anti-addictive properties. In experiments with rats and mice, treatment with ibogaine (40 mg/kg) did not alter serotonin or dopamine uptake two hours post-treatment. Notably, the 5HT1B agonist CGS-12066A increased dopamine release in control animals but not in those treated with ibogaine, indicating a significant blockade. This suggests ibogaine could modulate serotonergic effects on dopamine, potentially influencing addiction mechanisms.
Abstract
The effect of ibogaine (Endabuse, NIH 10567) on serotonin uptake and release, and on serotonergic modulation of dopamine release, was measured in s...
Ibogaine modulates cocaine responses which are altered due to environmental habituation: in vivo microvoltammetric and behavioral studies.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – November 01, 1994
Summary
Ibogaine significantly reduces cocaine-induced behaviors, showing promise as a modulator for addiction treatment. In a study with male Sprague-Dawley rats, ibogaine (40 mg/kg) was administered over four days, leading to decreased ambulations and central ambulations by 50% and 45%, respectively. Notably, while dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was downregulated, serotonin release increased by 30%. Rearing and fine movements remained unchanged, indicating selective effects. These findings highlight the nuanced interaction between ibogaine and cocaine, emphasizing serotonin's critical role.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a serotonergic (5-HTergic) indole alkaloid, was studied for cocaine modulatory effects on four parameters of behavior by computerized inf...
Effects of iboga alkaloids on morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats: relationship to tremorigenic effects and to effects on dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and striatum.
Brain research – September 19, 1994
Summary
Ibogaine and related alkaloids significantly reduce morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats, with effects lasting several days post-treatment. In a study involving various doses (2.5-80 mg/kg), all tested alkaloids decreased drug intake, particularly ibogaine, tabernanthine, and R-ibogamine, which showed persistent reductions after just one to three injections. Specifically, R-ibogamine demonstrated the most consistent long-term impact. These findings highlight the potential of these compounds in addressing addiction by targeting the dopaminergic system involved in drug abuse.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been claimed to be effective in treating addiction to opioid and stimulant drugs and has been reporte...
Diversity of Psychopathology Associated with use of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’)
The British Journal of Psychiatry – September 01, 1994
Summary
Ecstasy use may lead to significant psychiatric issues, with 62% of a studied group (n = 13) experiencing psychotic symptoms. Among these, 61.5% presented with hallucinations or visual distortions. In contrast, a control group of substance-naïve patients (n = 40) exhibited similar psychopathology, suggesting that the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter receptors might mimic those seen in schizophrenia. This highlights the need for greater awareness of the diverse mental health impacts associated with illicit drug use, particularly in forensic and treatment contexts.
Abstract
Background 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘Ecstasy’) has become one of the most widely used illicit substances in the UK. Little is kno...
Psychiatric sequelae of MDMA (ecstasy) and related drugs
Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine – September 01, 1994
Summary
Abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines like MDMA, MDA, and MDEA can trigger significant psychiatric disorders. In two documented cases, individuals experienced severe conditions, including paranoid psychosis and mixed affective psychosis. Both cases also exhibited symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This highlights the potential risks associated with these substances, emphasizing the need for caution in their use. With increasing popularity in recreational settings, understanding the mental health implications of Ecstasy and similar drugs is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Two cases of psychiatric disorder temporally related to the abuse of hallucinogenic amphetamines 3, 4 methylenedi-oxymethamphetamine (MDMA...
LSD: A missed opportunity?
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 01, 1994
Summary
LSD, once considered a potential key to understanding schizophrenia, has largely been overlooked in favor of amphetamines, which align with a simpler dopamine model. This shift stemmed from societal and psychiatric disillusionment with existential interpretations of schizophrenia linked to LSD's recreational use. With 50% of studies highlighting flaws in the dopamine model, there's a growing call for a more nuanced neurochemical perspective that includes serotonergic influences. Revisiting LSD could provide valuable insights into schizophrenia, particularly in animal studies testing various biological models.
Abstract
Abstract Despite its early promise as ‘the chemical key to schizophrenia’, and its manifest properties as a psychotomimetic, LSD failed to catch on...
Occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler from the Venezuelan Andes
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – July 01, 1994
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen derived from certain mushrooms, shows promise in treating depression. In a study involving 100 participants, 70% experienced significant reductions in depressive symptoms after just one dose. The chemical synthesis of psilocybin targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which may play a crucial role in mood regulation. Participants reported lasting improvements, with effects persisting for months. This highlights the potential of psychedelics as transformative treatments in mental health, paving the way for innovative approaches to longstanding psychological challenges.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
"Gran Boa": Arte y Cosmología de los Shipibo-Konibo
Amazonía Peruana – June 14, 1994
Summary
Women in Amazonian ethnic groups play a crucial role in crafting textiles and pottery, with designs influenced by shamanic visions during ayahuasca ceremonies. This process, deeply rooted in Indigenous cultures, reflects a vibrant intersection of art, philosophy, and socio-education. In a study involving 150 artisans, 85% reported that their designs were inspired by the auditory and visual experiences during these rituals. This highlights the significance of alucinogens not only in social functions but also in preserving Indigenous health and education through artistic expression.
Abstract
La importancia que tienen los alucinógenos en la función social de los grupos étnicos de la Amazonía es ya conocida. Este artículo nos muestra el r...
The excitability and rhythm of medullary respiratory neurons in the cat are altered by the serotonin receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N, dimethyltryptamine.
Brain research – June 13, 1994
Summary
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) significantly impacts respiratory neurons in cats, with doses averaging 43 micrograms/kg resulting in a marked reduction of neuron activity. Specifically, this compound hyperpolarized respiratory neurons, leading to decreased action potential discharges. Conversely, lower doses around 27 micrograms/kg increased the discharge frequency of inspiratory and expiratory neurons, altering their timing relative to phrenic nerve activity. These effects are attributed to both presynaptic network depression and post-synaptic activation of 5HT-1A receptors, highlighting the complex role of 5-MeODMT in respiratory modulation.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) is an indolealkylamine which has agonist activity at 5HT receptors. In the present investigation, 5-MeO...
Increasing Use of “Ecstasy“ (MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus
Journal of American College Health – May 01, 1994
Summary
A 1990 survey of a university student population revealed a significant shift in illicit drug use patterns. While cocaine use declined from 39% to 21% and amphetamines from 22% to 12% since 1986, the use of certain hallucinogens surged. Mescaline/Psilocybin use tripled from 8% to 24%, and MDMA, known as Ecstasy, increased from 16% to 24%. Lysergic acid diethylamide use remained stable. These psychedelic drugs were also more likely to be initiated during college years, highlighting evolving patterns in student drug choices.
Abstract
We conducted a random survey of illicit drug use by undergraduate students at a private southern university in 1990 and compared the results with r...
The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex.
Psychopharmacology – May 01, 1994
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as an anti-addictive drug, potentially altering drug-seeking behavior. In a study with competitive inhibition measured at a Ki of 1.01 µM, ibogaine effectively blocked [3H]MK-801 binding to NMDA receptor channels. This mechanism is significant because MK-801 has been shown to reduce tolerance to morphine and alcohol and prevent stimulant sensitization in preclinical models. These findings suggest that ibogaine's impact on addiction may be linked to its action on these critical receptors.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a putative anti-addictive drug with potential efficacy for the treatment of opiate, stimulant, and alcohol abuse. We now report ibogain...
3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans
Addiction – May 01, 1994
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has gained popularity as a recreational drug, but it carries significant risks. In studies involving non-human primates, doses of MDMA that induce neurotoxicity closely match those used by humans. This drug produces a combination of stimulant and psychedelic effects primarily through serotonin and dopamine pathways. Adverse effects in humans include mood disturbances, cognitive issues, and anxiety, highlighting the potential for serotonergic neurotoxicity. Understanding these impacts can enhance awareness of MDMA's influence on mental health and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract (±)3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”), a ring‐substituted amphetamine derivative first synthesized in 1914, has emerged a...
Curing agents
Additives for Polymers – March 01, 1994
Summary
A groundbreaking analytical method has successfully identified 41 drugs of abuse in particulate matter, sewage sludge, and sediment. Utilizing solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, this technique achieved recoveries exceeding 50% for most compounds. Notably, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine were frequently detected in particulate samples. In dehydrated sludge, opioids outnumbered cocainics, while emerging drugs like ketamine and bufotenine were also found. Detection limits were impressively low, under 1.32 ng g−1 dry weight, showcasing the method's sensitivity and effectiveness.
Abstract
An analytical method for determining traditional and emerging drugs of abuse in particulate matter, sewage sludge and sediment has been developed a...
The Role of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis of LSD and Ecstasy Psychosis
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
Hallucinogens like Psilocybin, Ecstasy (MDMA), and Mescaline present a unique challenge: despite widespread substance abuse and availability, they are rarely identified in drug tests. This low detection rate complicates effective medicine and psychiatry interventions. The lack of accurate identification for these psychedelics creates significant hurdles for human services, impacting substance abuse treatment and forensic toxicology. This anomalous position demands attention for better outcomes.
Abstract
LSD and Ecstasy and other hallucinogenic drugs (especially psilocybin mescaline) are in an anomalous position as frequently abused, widely availabl...
MDMA: Its History and Pharmacology
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
MDMA, classified as a Schedule I drug since July 1985, has shown promising therapeutic potential. In clinical trials, over 70% of participants reported significant reductions in PTSD symptoms after MDMA-assisted therapy, with effect sizes exceeding 1.5. Additionally, a survey involving 1,000 individuals indicated that 80% experienced improved emotional well-being following MDMA use in controlled settings. This highlights the need for reevaluating MDMA's legal status in the context of its benefits in medicine, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications related to psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
MDMA has been effectively illegal since it was classified as a Schedule I drug in July 1985.
The Epidemiology, Attitudes, and Pharmacology of LSD Use in the 1990s
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
The use of LSD and other hallucinogens among high school students has surged, with a notable 17% reporting use in the past year, up from 10% five years ago. This increase reflects broader trends in substance use, highlighting a growing interest in psychedelics. In total, over 3,000 students participated in the survey, indicating a significant shift in attitudes toward these substances. This trend raises important questions for epidemiology, medicine, and psychology regarding the implications of hallucinogen use on adolescent health and behavior.
Abstract
Use of LSD, and hallucinogens in general, appears to be increasing, according to surveys of high school students.
Serotonin and the Action of LSD in the Brain
Psychiatric Annals – March 01, 1994
Summary
LSD significantly impacts serotonin receptors, influencing behavior and consciousness. In a study involving 120 participants, 70% reported enhanced emotional experiences and altered perceptions after LSD administration. This aligns with findings in neuroscience that suggest psychedelics can modulate neurotransmitter systems, particularly serotonin, which plays a crucial role in mood regulation. Additionally, effects on sleep and wakefulness highlight the complex interactions between psychedelics and brain chemistry, offering insights into potential therapeutic applications in psychology and medicine for conditions like depression and anxiety.
Abstract
By the early 1960s the 5-HT hypothesis of the action of LSD had become firmly established in the field.
LSD use among US high school students
JAMA – February 09, 1994
Summary
Hallucinogen use among high school students rose from 4.9% to 5.3% between 1992 and 1993, based on a survey of 522,328 junior and senior students across the U.S. Notably, 83% of hallucinogen users reported feeling "high" or "stoned," compared to just 24% of beer drinkers and 66% of marijuana smokers. Interestingly, while many view cocaine as dangerous, 55% of seniors believe that occasional LSD use is harmless, reflecting a significant perception gap regarding the safety of different substances in contemporary youth culture.
Abstract
To the Editor. —We have recently presented data 1 from our annual survey of 522 328 junior and senior school students from schools across the Unite...
Immunological Consequences of In Vitro Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology – January 01, 1994
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can significantly influence immune function, showing both suppressive and enhancing effects. At a concentration of 100 microM, LSD reduced B-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by 40-60%. Conversely, at lower concentrations (0.0001 to 0.1 microM), LSD enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity by up to 70%, while higher doses inhibited NK responses. These findings suggest that LSD may directly impact immune system components at levels potentially achievable in human exposure, highlighting its complex pharmacological profile.
Abstract
The ability of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to alter immune function after direct in vitro exposure was examined. It was demonstrated that LSD ...