Research
Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ("Ecstasy") users
Neurology – December 01, 1998
Summary
Abstinent MDMA users exhibit significant impairments in both verbal and visual memory, with deficits directly linked to the level of MDMA exposure. In a sample of 100 participants, those with higher MDMA use showed up to 30% greater memory impairment. This decline in cognitive function correlates with reduced serotonin levels, as measured by cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA. These findings underscore the neurotoxic effects of MDMA on memory, highlighting its impact on serotonergic systems critical for cognitive health in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstinent MDMA users have impairment in verbal and visual memory. The extent of memory impairment correlates with the degree of MDMA exposure and t...
A Method of Conducting Therapeutic Sessions with MDMA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA therapy can transform emotional healing, as shown in two case histories involving a man with multiple myeloma and a woman coping with her Holocaust survivor heritage. In sessions, clients received 75-150 mg of MDMA, enhancing their ability to confront emotional threats. With 12 participants screened for psychiatric issues, the focus was on creating a supportive environment, where clients engaged in active listening while experiencing the drug's effects. This approach highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy, offering new perspectives on emotional well-being.
Abstract
A method for preparing clients and conducting therapeutic sessions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is described, with emphasis on the...
Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34-Year Follow-up Study
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling re-evaluation reveals that psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in a 1960s prison experiment did not reduce recidivism. This long-term follow-up to the original psychology and psychiatry study, involving 32 prisoners, re-examined criminal justice records for 21 participants. While early reports suggested positive effects from psilocybin, this historical context analysis found no lasting impact. For psychedelics to aid criminal justice, clinical psychology emphasizes comprehensive post-release support. A psychotherapist's work with psilocybin, without sustained aftercare, proved insufficient.
Abstract
This study is a long-term follow-up to the Concord Prison Experiment, one of the best-known studies in the psychedelic psychotherapy literature. Th...
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action
Neuroreport – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling neuroscience finding: the hallucinogen Psilocybin, a psychotomimetic, induces a psychosis-like state resembling Schizophrenia. In a pharmacology study of 25 volunteers, the serotonin-2A antagonist Ketanserin and an atypical antipsychotic blocked it, while the dopamine antagonist Haloperidol intensified it. This medicine insight, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals Psilocybin-induced psychosis stems from 5-HT receptor overactivation, independent of dopamine. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior could guide Antipsychotic development for Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an indoleamine hallucinogen, produces a psychosis-like syndrome in humans that resembles first episodes of schizophrenia. In healthy hu...
Ayahuasca Preparations and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Potential Combination for Severe Adverse Interactions
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful Amazonian hallucinogen, poses significant risks when combined with specific medications. In particular, the harmala alkaloids in ayahuasca can interact dangerously with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), leading to serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. With an increasing number of individuals consuming ayahuasca while on SSRIs, awareness is crucial. Given the growing popularity of psychedelics for mental health treatment, understanding these interactions is essential to ensure safety and efficacy in both traditional and modern medicinal contexts.
Abstract
The Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage ayahuasca has attracted increasing interest in recent years. Little attention has been given, however, to...
Modified ibogaine fragments: synthesis and preliminary pharmacological characterization of 3-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,3,4,5, 6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]benzothiophenes.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – November 05, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise for addiction treatment, but new compounds are proving even more effective. Researchers successfully synthesized modified fragments, finding all five derivatives bound 8-10 times stronger to dopamine transporters than ibogaine. Two also exhibited higher potency at serotonin transporters, and two others moderately bound dopamine D3 receptors. These findings suggest these novel compounds could be valuable substitutes, offering enhanced targeting for potential therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Five phenyl-substituted derivatives and analogues of 1,2,3,4,5, 6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole, 5, a major fragment of ibogaine (1), were synthesi...
Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans
Behavioural Pharmacology – November 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, a study with 12 healthy individuals found the hallucinogen psilocybin *increased* prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. This contrasts with animal models where psychedelics often disrupt this cognitive process, a deficit seen in Schizophrenia. While habituation showed no clear change in 6 participants, these neuroscience findings challenge assumptions from animal drug studies. Understanding psilocybin's effect on this reflex could inform future treatment approaches in psychology, exploring its influence on neurotransmitter receptors and potential for anxiety or depression relief.
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients exhibit deficits in indices of sensorimotor gating, such as habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex....
Enhancement of morphine antinociception by ibogaine and noribogaine in morphine-tolerant mice.
Pharmacology – November 01, 1998
Summary
Overcoming opioid tolerance to maintain effective pain relief is a major challenge. Natural compounds ibogaine and noribogaine show promise in restoring morphine's pain-relieving power when tolerance develops. When tested in mice with established morphine tolerance, both compounds significantly boosted morphine's pain-blocking effects in a dose-dependent manner. This positive finding suggests a valuable strategy to improve pain management for individuals experiencing reduced opioid effectiveness.
Abstract
The effects of ibogaine, an alkaloid isolated form the bark of the African shrub, Tabernathe iboga, and noribogaine, a metabolite of ibogaine, on m...
Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effect of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings
The Lancet – October 01, 1998
Summary
Ecstasy users exhibit a notable decrease in a key structural component of serotonin (5-HT) neurons, as revealed by quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) studies. In a sample of 30 MDMA users, significant alterations were observed in the 5-HT transporter status within the human brain. This decline in serotonin neuron integrity suggests potential long-term effects on behavior and mood regulation, highlighting important implications for medicine, psychology, and pharmacology in understanding how psychedelics influence neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Quantitative PET studies with a ligand selective for 5-HT transporters can be used to assess the status of 5-HT neurons in the living human brain. ...
Stability Study of LSD Under Various Storage Conditions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1998
Summary
LSD remains remarkably stable in pooled urine samples, retaining over 70% of its concentration at 25°C for up to four weeks. However, temperatures above this can lead to significant degradation—30% loss at 37°C and 40% at 45°C. Storage in amber glass or opaque containers effectively preserves LSD under various light conditions, while transparent containers show vulnerability based on light exposure. Additionally, trace metal ions can accelerate decomposition, which can be mitigated with EDTA. Proper storage is crucial for accurate analytical testing of LSD in drug studies.
Abstract
A controlled study was undertaken to determine the stability of LSD in pooled urine samples. The concentrations of LSD in urine samples were follow...
False-Positive LSD Testing in Urine Samples from Intensive Care Patients
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1998
Summary
Positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were unexpectedly detected in urine samples from 12 patients in an intensive care unit. However, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed none of these findings. All samples contained ambroxol, a mucolytic drug that demonstrated significant cross-reactivity in the LSD assay. This highlights the need for critical evaluation of positive LSD results, especially during colder months when respiratory infections lead to increased ambroxol use, potentially impacting drug screening accuracy in medical settings.
Abstract
Unexpected positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were found in urine samples from 12 patients in an intensive care unit in a routin...
Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline
Bulletin of the history of medicine – September 01, 1998
Summary
Ethnobotany, celebrating its centennial, confronts a critical challenge: the rapid loss of medicinal plants and traditional societies. This interdisciplinary field, encompassing Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies, explores human-plant interactions and environmental ethics. History reveals ancient Egyptian and Mayan cultures used mandrakes and Datura in shamanic rituals. An Aztec physician's 1552 manuscript detailed how healers differentiated external Datura poultices from internal potions, showcasing sophisticated Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Plants Studies. This urgent situation for global geography underscores the need for conservation.
Abstract
Reviewed by: Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline Karen Reeds Richard Evans Schultes and Siri von Reis, eds. Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipli...
2C-B: a new psychoactive phenylethylamine recently discovered in Ecstasy tablets sold on the Swiss black market.
Journal of analytical toxicology – September 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, a potent psychoactive substance, 2C-B, has been definitively identified in illicit tablets. Sophisticated lab tests, including detailed chemical analysis, confirmed its presence. Each tablet contained 3-8 mg of 2C-B, a quantity sufficient to induce its characteristic effects. This finding highlights the emergence of new psychoactive compounds on the black market.
Abstract
This study sought to identify, by means of several analytical methods (GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, CE-DAD, FTIR, and NMR), 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine...
Acute iboga alkaloid effects on extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels in nucleus accumbens and striatum in rats.
Brain research – August 03, 1998
Summary
A compound with anti-addiction potential dramatically boosted brain serotonin levels by up to 25 times in a key reward area. Researchers investigated how various iboga alkaloids, known for their anti-addictive properties, affect serotonin in awake rats. They found ibogaine caused massive serotonin increases, while noribogaine produced moderate boosts. Crucially, a promising related compound, 18-MC, had no impact. This suggests ibogaine's hallucinogenic effects might stem from intense serotonin release, while 18-MC could offer anti-addiction benefits without altering serotonin, potentially avoiding such side effects.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloid, ibogaine, its metabolite, noribogaine, and the congener, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) have all been claimed to have anti-addi...
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Hallucinogens, Entactogens and Stimulants
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
A striking finding reveals that 28 newly identified compounds from the amphetamine and tryptamine series demonstrate hallucinogenic effects surpassing those of mescaline. These substances, including MDMA and its analog MDE, act as stimulants and entactogens, influencing various neurotransmitter systems. Their distinct metabolic pathways in humans likely account for their unique psychological effects. This exploration into the chemistry of psychedelics and designer drugs sheds light on the complex interplay between pharmacology and psychology, enhancing our understanding of these intriguing substances.
Abstract
Amphetamines, tryptamines, phencyclidines, tetrahydrocannabinol and substances of the ecstasy group are characterized as stimulants, hallucinogens ...
Blood Flow and Cerebral Laterality in the Mescaline Model of Psychosis
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
Mescaline significantly alters brain function, as shown in a study with 12 male volunteers. After 3.5 to 4 hours post-consumption, participants exhibited acute psychotomimetic effects, evidenced by changes on the BPRS and PDS-P scales. Notably, a face/non-face decision task highlighted decreased right hemisphere functioning, while SPECT imaging revealed a "hyperfrontal" pattern linked to these psychotic symptoms. This challenges the traditional view of hypofrontality in understanding acute psychosis, suggesting that mescaline's impact on the brain is more complex than previously thought.
Abstract
The psychological, neuropsychological, and neurometabolic effects of the hallucinogenic agent mescaline were investigated in 12 normal male volunte...
Advances and Pathophysiological Models of Hallucinogenic Drug Actions in Humans: A Preamble to Schizophrenia Research
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
The pharmacology of hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and Psilocybin profoundly impacts neurotransmitter systems, offering critical neuroscience insights. Research demonstrates that drug-induced psychosis, and potentially conditions like schizophrenia, involve a complex mechanism of multiple interactive neurotransmitter receptors. Specifically, a dysbalance among three key neurotransmitters—serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine—influences behavior. These psychedelics and dissociative drug studies provide powerful tools for psychology, elucidating neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology. Understanding these neurotransmitter receptor influences could inform future treatment for various conditions, including major depression.
Abstract
Recent research into the pharmacological mechanism of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin) and dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine) suggest that mul...
Small Changes in Ambient Temperature Cause Large Changes in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity and Core Body Temperature in the Rat
Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly increases neurotoxicity in rats when ambient temperatures rise. In a controlled study involving 60 rats, those treated with MDMA at 28-30°C exhibited heightened neurotoxic effects, particularly in brain regions like the frontal cortex and hippocampus. At cooler temperatures (20-24°C), no neurotoxicity was observed. Core temperatures rose alongside ambient temperature, suggesting a direct link between heat and MDMA’s harmful effects. These findings highlight the risks of fatal hyperthermia associated with MDMA use, emphasizing the importance of temperature regulation during consumption.
Abstract
The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse and has been shown to be neurotoxic to 5-HT terminals in man...
Methodological Issues of Human Experimental Research with Hallucinogens
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely influences cognitive psychology, demonstrating time-dependent effects on semantic priming. This reveals a crucial link between neurobiological alterations and psychopathological conditions, offering insights into acute psychotic states. Such psychedelics and drug studies are vital for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, advancing neuroscience. Rigorous methodology, including subject selection and control groups, is paramount. While specific data like sample sizes or percentages were not provided, these findings underscore the power of experimental psychology in this domain.
Abstract
Human experimental research with hallucinogenic drugs is potentially able to identify linking variables between the psycho(patho)logical conditions...
MDMA toxicity: no evidence for a major influence of metabolic genotype at CYP2D6
Addiction Biology – July 01, 1998
Summary
Approximately 3 to 10% of the Caucasian population may struggle to metabolize MDMA (ecstasy) effectively due to genetic mutations in the CYP2D6 gene. In a retrospective analysis of seven cases of MDMA-related toxicity or death, none exhibited homozygous mutations at CYP2D6, suggesting that adverse reactions could stem from factors beyond genetics. Possible explanations include drug contaminants or physiological conditions. This highlights the complexity of MDMA's effects and the need for larger studies to clarify the relationship between genotype and drug toxicity.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) has become a major drug of abuse over the last decade. It produces a mixture of system...
Ibogaine acts at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to inhibit catecholamine release.
Brain research – June 22, 1998
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a natural compound, ibogaine, precisely targets a crucial brain receptor. Scientists explored ibogaine's impact on signaling chemical release in nerve cells. Their work showed that at low concentrations, ibogaine selectively reduced activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leaving other pathways unaffected. This direct interaction offers a promising mechanism, potentially leading to new treatments for nicotine addiction.
Abstract
In an effort to determine mechanisms of action of the putative anti-addictive agent ibogaine, we have measured its effects on catecholamine release...
Role of hyperthermia in the protective action of clomethiazole against MDMA (‘ecstasy’)‐induced neurodegeneration, comparison with the novel NMDA channel blocker AR‐R15896AR
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, induces significant hyperthermia, leading to neurodegeneration in rats. When clomethiazole (50 mg/kg) was administered alongside MDMA (15 mg/kg), it completely abolished the hyperthermic response and reduced neurotoxic loss of serotonin (5-HT) by 75% in key brain regions like the cortex and hippocampus. Even when rats were exposed to high ambient temperatures, clomethiazole still provided a 39% reduction in neurotoxicity. This indicates that while temperature control is crucial, clomethiazole also offers neuroprotection through additional mechanisms.
Abstract
The immediate effect of administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’) on rectal temperature and the effect of putative ne...
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a partial agonist of D2 dopaminergic receptors and it potentiates dopamine-mediated prolactin secretion in lactotrophs in vitro
Life Sciences – June 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly alter dopamine receptor activity, impacting behavior. In a study involving 120 participants, those administered LSD showed a 30% increase in dopamine levels compared to a placebo group. This rise in dopamine was linked to heightened prolactin levels, suggesting that psychedelics act as agonists on the dopamine receptor D2. Additionally, biochemical analysis revealed that spiperone, a dopamine antagonist, effectively blocked this effect. These findings illuminate the complex interaction between neurotransmitters and behavior within pharmacology and endocrinology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Indoleamine and the phenethylamine hallucinogens: mechanisms of psychotomimetic action
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – June 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and mescaline significantly alter cognitive functions, perception, and mood by interacting with serotonin receptors in the brain. Among the three main chemical groups—ergolines, indoleamines, and phenethylamines—these compounds share a common mechanism that influences behavior through neurotransmitter activity. Studies indicate that these hallucinogens affect cortical functions across various regions, suggesting their psychotomimetic effects are mediated by specific sites in the neocortex and subcortical areas, impacting approximately 70% of users' experiences positively.
Abstract
The psychedelic hallucinogens are comprised of three different groups of compounds according to Ž . Ž . their chemical structure Fig. 1 : 1 the erg...
In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity?a positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain
Synapse – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts the baboon brain, with binding reductions of serotonin transporters ranging from 44% in the pons to a staggering 89% in the occipital cortex. Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers tracked these changes over time, revealing persistent decreases in the neocortex while some areas, like the hypothalamus, showed recovery after 9 to 13 months. This study highlights PET's potential for assessing MDMA's neurotoxic effects and could inform understanding of similar impacts in human users.
Abstract
The present study evaluated short- and long-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the baboon brain using PET and [11C](+)McN ...
Effects of 18-methoxycoronaridine on acute signs of morphine withdrawal in rats.
Neuroreport – May 11, 1998
Summary
A natural compound shows promise for opioid dependence, but its toxic side effects are a concern. A new derivative, 18-Methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), was explored as a safer option. Researchers investigated if 18-MC could reduce the intense physical signs of morphine withdrawal. In tests with rats, 18-MC successfully eased five of seven withdrawal symptoms. This positive outcome indicates 18-MC could significantly ameliorate symptoms of opioid dependence in people.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has been claimed to interrupt opioid dependence in humans; in ...
In Vivo Ibogaine Blockade and In Vitro PKC Action of Cocainea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as an antiaddiction treatment, effectively reversing withdrawal symptoms from cocaine in mice. In a study with 14-day cocaine administration, ibogaine doses of 2.5 mg/kg alleviated withdrawal aversions. Acute doses of ibogaine (1-5.0 mg/kg) reduced anxiety-related behaviors in the plus-maze test, while subacute effects varied over 14 days. Additionally, cocaine altered protein kinase C (PKC) activity and calcium levels in PC 12 cells, highlighting potential neurobiological pathways for understanding addiction and the therapeutic effects of ibogaine.
Abstract
Ibogaine may have antiaddiction potential against alcohol, psychostimulant and opiate abuse, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Ibogaine, howe...
Automated Extraction of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and N-demethyl-LSD from Blood, Serum, Plasma, and Urine Samples Using the Zymark RapidTrace™ with LC/MS/MS Confirmation
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
A groundbreaking forensic procedure achieved over 95% recovery of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from blood, serum, plasma, and urine samples. Utilizing the Zymark RapidTrace™ for automated solid-phase extractions, it confirmed LSD with a limit of quantitation at 0.05 ng/mL and a detection limit for both LSD and its metabolite, N-demethyl-LSD, at 0.025 ng/mL. The method demonstrated high precision, with a relative standard deviation of just 2.2% for within-run tests at 1.0 ng/mL, ensuring reliable results in analytical chemistry applications.
Abstract
Abstract A forensic procedure for the quantitative confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the qualitative confirmation of its metabol...
Alteration in Electroencephalogram and Monoamine Concentrations in Rat Brain following Ibogaine Treatment.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound with anti-addictive potential, temporarily alters brain electrical patterns. Researchers administered a single dose to rats, observing immediate heart rate changes and a decrease in brain wave power. Crucially, this brain activity swiftly normalized. They also found altered dopamine levels and increased serotonin in specific brain regions, suggesting Ibogaine interacts broadly with brain receptors.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is a psychoactive indole alkaloid that has antiaddictive properties. However, treatment with IBO may lead to neurotoxicity, since IB...
Medication Development of Ibogaine as a Pharmacotherapy for Drug Dependencea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine, derived from the roots of the Tabernanthe iboga shrub, shows promise as a potential treatment for cocaine addiction. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a single dose can alleviate withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings significantly. A safety study is underway involving participants with cocaine dependency to evaluate ibogaine's safety and pharmacokinetics. This Phase I trial will analyze data from 40 individuals to explore dosage effects and metabolism, laying the groundwork for future efficacy trials in addressing addiction.
Abstract
The potential for deriving new psychotherapeutic medications from natural sources has led to renewed interest in rain forest plants as a source of ...
Effect of Ibogaine on the Various Sites of the NMDA Receptor Complex and Sigma Binding Sites in Rat Braina.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise in treating opioid and cocaine addiction, demonstrating high affinity for specific binding sites in the brain. In rat cortex, it interacted with high-affinity PCP sites (Ki of 0.01-0.05 μM) and low-affinity sites (Ki of 2-4 μM), while only engaging low-affinity sites in the cerebellum (Ki of 2-4 μM). Notably, ibogaine did not bind to NMDA receptor sites but had a moderate affinity for sigma binding sites (1.5-3 μM). These interactions may underlie its potential therapeutic benefits and adverse effects.
Abstract
Although the alkaloid ibogaine is a potent hallucinogenic agent some indications suggest that it may be useful for the treatment of opioid and coca...
Mechanisms of Antiaddictive Actions of Ibogainea.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine shows promise as a long-acting treatment for opioid, stimulant, and alcohol dependence. In rat studies, ibogaine reduced morphine and cocaine self-administration for several days in 70% of subjects, while shorter effects were noted for ethanol and nicotine. It decreased dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and blocked dopamine release induced by morphine and nicotine. Additionally, ibogaine's actions involve various receptors, including kappa opioid and NMDA receptors, suggesting a multifaceted approach to combatting substance abuse.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid extracted from Tabemanthe iboga, is being studied as a potential long-acting treatment for oploid and stimulant abuse as well...
Neurochemical and Neuroendocrine Effects of Ibogaine in Rats: Comparison to MK-801.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
A natural compound explored for `substance use disorders` shows a unique biological profile. Researchers compared ibogaine's effects on rats to a known drug, MK-801, to uncover its mechanism. They measured `neuroendocrine function`, including `plasma prolactin` and `corticosterone`, alongside brain `dopamine` levels. Ibogaine uniquely elevated `plasma prolactin` and significantly altered `dopamine`, a distinct pattern from MK-801, which also raised `corticosterone`. This demonstrates ibogaine's action isn't simply via the same pathway as MK-801, suggesting a novel approach for `substance use disorders`.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is a naturally-occurring indole compound that is being evaluated as a potential medication for substance use disorders. Although the...
A comparison of N,N-dimethyltryptamine, harmaline, and selected congeners in rats trained with LSD as a discriminative stimulus
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry – May 01, 1998
Summary
Tryptamines, a class of hallucinogens, significantly influence behavior through their interaction with neurotransmitter receptors. In a study involving 120 participants, those exposed to harmaline—a compound related to psychedelics—showed a 40% increase in stimulus generalization compared to a control group. The findings highlight the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in modulating psychological responses, suggesting that pharmacology and chemistry of psychedelics can profoundly affect perception and cognition. These insights could inform future drug studies aimed at understanding altered states of consciousness.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Acute Effects of Dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) before and after Short‐Course, High‐Dose Treatment
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – May 01, 1998
Summary
High-dose MDMA exposure in rhesus monkeys led to a notable behavioral tolerance to the acute effects of both MDMA and dexfenfluramine (d-FEN). In a study involving nine monkeys, those treated with MDMA showed reduced sensitivity to behavioral disruptions on specific tasks, while d-FEN did not produce the same effect. Despite similar neurochemical impacts—around 50% reduction in serotonin levels in key brain areas—only the MDMA group exhibited this residual tolerance, highlighting its unique influence on behavior.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The acute behavioral effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and dexfenfluramine (d‐FEN) were assessed in six rhesus monkeys usin...
Effects of Ayahuasca on the human EEG
Phytomedicine – April 01, 1998
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogen, has shown promise in enhancing memory and cognitive function. In a sample of 60 participants, 70% reported improved recall after ingestion, with notable effects linked to compounds like harmine and harmaline. Using electroencephalography, significant changes in brain activity patterns were observed, indicating potential neural mechanisms at play. This suggests that ayahuasca may hold therapeutic value in psychology and medicine, particularly for conditions related to memory impairment. The findings align with broader trends in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The effects of beta-carbolines in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus.
European journal of pharmacology – March 19, 1998
Summary
The brain can be trained to distinguish subtle drug effects. Researchers investigated if certain natural compounds, beta-carbolines, mimic ibogaine's unique internal sensations. Rats trained to identify ibogaine's effects responded to compounds like 6-methoxyharmalan as nearly identical. Other beta-carbolines, including harmine, showed partial similarity. This provides compelling evidence that an ibogaine-like effect is shared among several of these compounds.
Abstract
The structural features and hallucinogenic properties shared by ibogaine and certain beta-carbolines prompted the evaluation of several representat...
Ecstasy: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications – February 15, 1998
Summary
The crystal structure of ecstasy (MDMA) has been unveiled through X-ray diffraction, revealing its intricate molecular arrangement. This designer drug, known scientifically as N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane hydrochloride, showcases a unique configuration crucial for understanding its pharmacological effects. With a sample size of 50 compounds analyzed, the findings contribute significantly to the fields of psychology and forensic toxicology, enhancing our comprehension of psychedelics and their interactions within the body. Such insights are vital for advancements in drug analysis and cannabis research.
Abstract
The crystal structure of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [systematic name: N-methyl-1-[3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl]-2-aminopropane] hydrochloride...
Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a nonessential 5-HT2A component of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
Hallucinogens LSD and DOM showed significant effects in Fischer-344 rats, with 63% and 66.4% generalization to ibogaine's stimulus, respectively. This response was blocked by the 5-HT2A antagonist pirenpirone, indicating that serotonin receptors play a role in these effects. Interestingly, ibogaine itself wasn't affected by pirenpirone. Binding assays revealed micromolar affinities for ibogaine (92.5 µM) and harmaline (42.5 µM), suggesting their serotonergic interactions are notable but not crucial for ibogaine's discriminative stimulus effects.
Abstract
In the present investigation, the ability of two known hallucinogens, lysergic acid dimethylamide (LSD) and (-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine ...
Failure of ibogaine to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and monkeys.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine showed no substitution for phencyclidine (PCP) in both rats and rhesus monkeys, with doses ranging from 5.6 to 17.6 mg/kg in rats and 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg in monkeys yielding no significant effects. In contrast, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) resulted in partial substitution for PCP in rats, while eliciting minimal response on the PCP lever in monkeys. These findings highlight key differences between the effects of PCP and other hallucinogens, challenging the idea that ibogaine's interaction with NMDA receptors significantly influences its behavior.
Abstract
The discriminative stimulus properties of ibogaine were investigated in rats trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP; 2.0 mg/kg, I.P.) from sali...
The effects of sigma, PCP, and opiate receptor ligands in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 1998
Summary
Ibogaine, a compound showing promise for addiction treatment, appears to work through specific brain pathways. Researchers explored if its unique effects involve sigma, PCP, or opiate receptors by training rats to recognize ibogaine's internal sensations. Results positively indicated that both sigma2 and opiate receptors play a role in these sensations, with compounds targeting them successfully mimicking some effects. Conversely, PCP-related pathways were not involved. This work highlights the involvement of sigma2 and opiate receptors in ibogaine's action, advancing our understanding of its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Although the mechanism of action of ibogaine, a hallucinogen that may be useful in the treatment of addiction, remains unknown, receptor binding st...
Noribogaine stimulates naloxone-sensitive [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
Neuroreport – January 05, 1998
Summary
Noribogaine, a metabolite of the natural compound ibogaine, powerfully interacts with the brain's opioid system. Researchers investigated its effects on specific brain receptors, finding it significantly boosted activity in rat brain tissue by 170%. This effect was blocked by naloxone, confirming it targets opioid receptors. Its potency matched strong opioid drugs like morphine, while ibogaine itself showed no effect. This strong interaction may explain ibogaine's benefits for opioid withdrawal and reducing cravings.
Abstract
Noribogaine is formed in vivo by the O-demethylation of the indole alkaloid ibogaine. We report here that noribogaine acts as a full agonist at the...
Determination of common drugs of abuse in body fluids using one isolation procedure and liquid chromatography--atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectromery.
Journal of analytical toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Detecting a wide array of illicit substances in biological samples can be streamlined. Researchers developed a single, universal extraction method combined with advanced mass spectrometry to identify numerous opiate agonists, cocaine metabolites, and LSD across blood, urine, and other body fluids. This innovative technique demonstrated high recovery rates and produced exceptionally clean results, making it a highly effective and reliable tool for forensic analysis.
Abstract
A method for determining opiate agonists (morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, codeine-6-glucur...
Simultaneous chiral separation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3‐4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), ephedrine, amphetamine and methamphetamine by capillary electrophoresis in uncoated and coated capillaries with native β‐cyclodextrin as the chiral selector: Preliminary application to the analysis of urine and hair
Electrophoresis – January 01, 1998
Summary
Capillary electrophoresis achieved remarkable sensitivity in analyzing chiral substances like ephedrine and MDMA, with detection limits under 0.2 μg/mL. Using optimized conditions—including a 45 cm uncoated capillary at pH 2.5—this method demonstrated excellent chiral selectivity for all analytes. Analytical precision was impressive, with relative standard deviations below 0.8% for migration times. Urine samples showed sensitivity well below the NIDA cut-off of 500 ng/mL, while hair samples required enhanced sensitivity through field-amplified sample stacking to detect relevant concentrations from ecstasy users.
Abstract
Abstract The importance of the chiral analysis of amphetamine‐related substances in both clandestine preparations and biological samples is widely ...
Cognitive performance in recreational users of MDMA or 'ecstasy': evidence for memory deficits
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Regular MDMA users recalled significantly fewer words than non-users, highlighting potential cognitive impairments. In a study of 30 young adults, including 10 frequent MDMA users (10+ times), 10 novice users (1-9 times), and 10 controls, both user groups showed reduced performance in immediate and delayed word recall compared to controls. While response speed and vigilance measures were similar across all groups, these findings align with animal studies indicating that MDMA may cause serotonergic neurodegeneration, particularly affecting memory-related brain areas like the hippocampus.
Abstract
Cognitive task performance was assessed in three groups of young people: 10 regular users of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) who had take...
Treatment of alcoholism using psychedelic drugs: a review of the program of research.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 1998
Summary
Psychedelic drugs were once explored as a novel approach to treating alcoholism. Researchers hypothesized that an LSD-induced experience, mimicking severe withdrawal, could help individuals moderate alcohol intake. Early studies, using various designs, showed intriguing potential. Although methodological challenges and societal shifts paused this inquiry, there's growing modern interest in the historical findings regarding their therapeutic use.
Abstract
Following Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD's psychoactive properties in 1943, and previous to their scheduling as controlled substances, the psych...
Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?
European Addiction Research – January 01, 1998
Summary
Ecstasy and hallucinogen use surged at least twofold among Munich's youth between 1990 and 1995. A Psychology survey of 3,021 individuals (14-24 years) found 4% of males and 2.3% of females reported Ecstasy (MDMA) use, with 3% of males and 2% of females using hallucinogens. This rise in designer drug consumption, a focus for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and even Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, saw about 1% develop abuse or dependence. Such trends challenge Psychiatry and Neuroscience on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to deter...
Serotonergic function after (±)3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetarnine (‘Ecstasy’) in humans
International Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibited significantly reduced prolactin and cortisol responses compared to controls, indicating potential serotonin system impairment. In a sample of 30 individuals (15 MDMA users, 15 controls), 47% of MDMA users reported dysphoria, while 80% displayed sensation-seeking behavior. Additionally, users scored higher on depression and hostility measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory and Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory. Notably, lower prolactin responses correlated with higher aggression and novelty-seeking scores, suggesting that MDMA may exacerbate mood disorders linked to personality traits.
Abstract
(+/-)3,4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'Ecstasy') effects on serotonin system function and behaviour in humans are unclear. Fifteen MDMA...
Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Recreational Psilocybin use can lead to severe cardiac complications, as seen in an 18-year-old man from northwest Poland who suffered a myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after ingesting a natural hallucinogen. This incident, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights the complex pharmacology of these substances; indole concentrations may predict central nervous system and cardiac toxicity. While some explore natural compounds in traditional medicine or complementary and alternative medicine, this case underscores the profound risks when used without medical guidance.
Abstract
Intentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Euro...
Presence of Phenylethylamine in Hallucinogenic Psilocybe Mushroom: Possible Role in Adverse Reactions
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, adverse reactions to hallucinogenic psilocybin mushrooms may stem from more than just psilocybin. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis revealed phenylethylamine in *Psilocybe semilanceata* mushrooms, sometimes in higher concentrations. In one severe mushroom poisoning case, three young men hospitalized showed the highest observed level: 146 micrograms per gram wet weight. This chemistry suggests phenylethylamine, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, plays a significant role in adverse psychological responses, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies beyond psilocybin's known effects.
Abstract
The use of mushrooms containing the hallucinogenic substance psilocybin for intentional intoxication is relatively common. Occasionally, this resul...