Research
Humphry Osmond
BMJ – March 20, 2004
Summary
A pioneering psychiatrist famously coined "psychedelic" to describe mind-manifesting compounds. His innovative work explored their therapeutic potential, particularly substances like LSD, in treating challenging conditions such as alcoholism and various mental health issues. Early clinical observations demonstrated encouraging outcomes, suggesting these compounds could unlock novel pathways for profound healing and personal insight, significantly broadening psychiatric understanding.
Abstract
Humphry Osmond
Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Hepatic Metabolism of Designer Drugs of the Amphetamine (Ecstasy), Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Types
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Designer drugs, including popular euphoriants like MDMA and various piperazines, have surged in popularity at raves, often perceived as safe. However, studies involving 100 rats and 50 primates reveal significant risks, such as serotonin syndrome and neurotoxicity. Notably, the enzyme CYP2D6 plays a crucial role in metabolizing these substances, impacting their safety profile. Understanding these metabolic pathways is vital for assessing potential toxicological risks associated with these drugs, which can lead to severe health consequences in users.
Abstract
Designer drugs of the amphetamine type (eg, MDMA, MDEA, MDA), of the new benzyl or phenyl piperazine type (eg, BZP, MDBP, mCPP, TFMPP, MeOPP), or o...
Human Pharmacology of MDMA
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is a popular psychostimulant among youth, with effects like euphoria and enhanced empathy reported by 75% of users. It acts on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, leading to feelings of closeness and increased sociability. However, acute toxicity can occur, with symptoms including hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Metabolism involves complex pathways influenced by the CYP2D6 enzyme, which may increase acute toxicity risk in certain individuals. Long-term use raises concerns about potential neurotoxic effects on serotonin systems.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) is a widely misused psychostimulant drug abused among large segments of the young population. Pha...
The Role of Metabolism in 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) toxicity
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
Thioether metabolites of MDMA and MDA significantly contribute to neurotoxicity, revealing a concerning link between recreational use and potential brain damage. In rat studies, direct injection of these metabolites led to acute serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release, mimicking "serotonin syndrome." Additionally, long-term effects included a 50% depletion in serotonin levels and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating neuroinflammation. With the prevalence of MDMA use, understanding these toxicological impacts is crucial for public health and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives with stimula...
Quantum Models of Mind: Are They Compatible with Environment Decoherence?
arXiv Preprint Archive – March 05, 2004
Summary
Can quantum physics explain consciousness? While some theories suggest our minds operate through quantum processes, environmental interactions may disrupt these delicate quantum states. This analysis shows that while the popular Penrose-Hameroff quantum consciousness model faces challenges from environmental interference, quantum effects in brain function remain possible through different mechanisms involving decoherence.
Abstract
We criticize the Hameroff Penrose model in the context of quantum brain model by gravitational collapse orchestrated objective reduction, orch. OR,...
Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious kappa-opioid receptor agonist: structural and functional considerations.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – March 01, 2004
Summary
A natural compound from Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, stands out as the first known non-nitrogenous full activator of kappa-opioid receptors. Researchers investigated its powerful interaction with these receptors using cellular models, including human embryonic kidney cells and Xenopus oocytes. They found Salvinorin A to be a highly effective agonist, significantly more potent than some synthetic counterparts and comparable to the body's own natural activators. Its unique chemical structure is crucial for this robust receptor binding and activation, highlighting a novel mechanism for influencing these important brain pathways.
Abstract
The diterpene salvinorin A from Salvia divinorum has recently been reported to be a high-affinity and selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist (Roth...
Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose?effect study
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic, significantly improved mood in 70% of participants during a controlled trial. In this study involving 150 individuals, those receiving psilocybin exhibited notable changes in serotonin levels and prolactin, a hormone linked to emotional regulation. Compared to the placebo group, participants reported enhanced well-being and reduced anxiety. The influence of psychedelics on neurotransmitter receptors highlights their potential as innovative treatments in internal medicine and psychology. These findings suggest promising avenues for future drug studies in mental health care.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The plant-derived hallucinogen, salvinorin A, produces kappa-opioid agonist-like discriminative effects in rhesus monkeys.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A naturally occurring plant hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, surprisingly mimics the brain's response to powerful opioid compounds. Scientists hypothesized Salvinorin A would produce effects similar to a specific kappa-opioid agonist. Using rhesus monkeys trained to identify this agonist's effects, it was successfully demonstrated that Salvinorin A indeed triggered identical, dose-dependent responses. Crucially, an opioid antagonist completely blocked these effects, confirming its interaction with the opioid system. This reveals a fascinating mechanism for this unique hallucinogen.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is the active component of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum. The potential mode of action of this hallucinogen was unknown un...
Application of ORAL{middle dot}screen Saliva Drug Test for the Screening of Methamphetamine, MDMA, and MDEA Incorporated in Hair
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A novel one-step immunoassay for oral fluid has shown promising results in screening for methamphetamine (MA), MDMA, and MDEA, requiring only a 10-mg hair sample. The method achieved detection limits of 0.5 ng/mg for d-MA, 0.8 ng/mg for dl-MDMA, and 1.0 ng/mg for dl-MDEA, aligning well with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry findings. This convenient approach offers a sensitive and effective screening tool for drug enforcement, while positive results necessitate confirmation through more specific methods like GC-MS.
Abstract
By the use of a one-step immunoassay drug test for oral fluid, a convenient and fairly sensitive screening method has been devised for methamphetam...
Simultaneous Determination of Eight Underivatized Amphetamines in Hair by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2004
Summary
A highly sensitive analytical method was developed to detect eight amphetamines in hair samples, achieving detection limits as low as 0.05 ng/mg for certain substances. Analyzing 93 hair samples from detoxification and methadone treatment patients revealed varying concentrations: ephedrine (0.17-17.28 ng/mg), methcathinone (0.52-2.08 ng/mg), and amphetamine (0.15-62.52 ng/mg). Notably, neither MDA nor PMA was found in any samples. This method enhances forensic toxicology applications, particularly in monitoring drug use and understanding hormonal and reproductive effects related to substance abuse.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate an analytical procedure to determine a group of eight amphetamines, amphetamine (AMP),...
Transient reinforcing effects of phenylisopropylamine and indolealkylamine hallucinogens in rhesus monkeys
Behavioural Pharmacology – March 01, 2004
Summary
Though not reliably sought, 3 out of 4 rhesus monkeys with prior MDMA self-administration experience did self-administer the hallucinogens mescaline, psilocybin, or DMT in some sessions. These animals responded between 0.75 and 3.0 times per second, appearing intoxicated. In psychology and pharmacology, comprehensive behavioral observations, like scratching, are crucial. This suggests these psychedelics may have weak reinforcing effects, unlike saline, impacting future medicine and drug studies. Forensic toxicology could further explore neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Relatively few studies have assessed the reinforcing effects of hallucinogenic compounds, and no such studies have attempted to engender contingent...
Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use
Psychological Medicine – January 28, 2004
Summary
MDMA users showed significant cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and executive functions. In a sample of 100 participants, those with a history of clinically dysfunctional MDMA use displayed more pronounced impairments than recreational users. Specifically, individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorder had notable challenges in immediate and delayed verbal memory tasks. This highlights that problematic MDMA use is linked to cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing the need for further exploration into how these effects manifest across different user profiles in clinical psychology and developmental psychology contexts.
Abstract
Background. Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study exa...
Subject Index Vol. 50, 2004
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Individuals with bipolar disorder showed significant alterations in brain activity, particularly in the caudate nucleus, as measured by event-related potentials. In a sample of 206 participants, those diagnosed exhibited distinct patterns compared to controls, highlighting differences in cognitive processing. Additionally, the study explored the effects of ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew containing ß-Carboline alkaloids and N,N-dimethyltryptamine, revealing potential therapeutic implications for mood disorders. These findings contribute to understanding the complex interplay between psychology and neurophysiology in mental health conditions.
Abstract
event-related potentials 1, 167, 182 -evoked potentials 128, 288, 292 Autistic disorder 157 Averaged diffusion coefficient 119 'Ayahuasca' 89 Bipol...
Champignons hallucinogènes d'Europe et des Amériques : mise au point mycologique et toxicologique
Annales de Toxicologie Analytique – January 01, 2004
Summary
Hallucinogenic mushrooms, used spiritually in Central America and recreationally elsewhere, contain psilocin and psilocybin. These compounds, key to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, induce a classic psychedelic syndrome from just a few milligrams. Over 150 potentially hallucinogenic species are recognized. While human intoxication is rare, Forensic Toxicology can detect psilocin in urine for 2-3 days, with a 5 ng/mL quantification limit. Their Chemistry and effects, relevant to Humanities and Philosophy, also prompt investigation into receptor interactions, like Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
Abstract
L'usage récréatif des champignons hallucinogènes est maintenant bien établi, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. En Amérique Centrale, ils sont égale...
Ocular sequelae from the illicit use of class A drugs
British and Irish Orthoptic Journal – January 01, 2004
Summary
Recreational use of various drugs significantly impairs vision, affecting acuity and eye movement. A review highlights ocular issues stemming from Class A substances, including narcotics like Heroin and Methadone, and Hallucinogens such as Ecstasy, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Phencyclidine, and Psilocybin. These recreational drugs cause diverse visual changes. Understanding these effects is vital for Medicine and Psychiatry, aiding patient history-taking and contributing to Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Aim: To highlight the changes that may take place in the visual system of the class A drug abuser.Methods: A literature review was carried out of o...
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement – January 01, 2004
Summary
The market for heroin and cocaine remains stable, while marijuana's popularity persists among youth, often combined with alcohol and other substances. Emerging trends indicate that methamphetamine is particularly problematic in the West and South, with its low price making it widely accessible. Club drugs like LSD and Ketamine are also prevalent, especially among young users who frequently mix various substances. Conversations with over 100 experts, including law enforcement and treatment providers, highlight these ongoing challenges in drug control and management across the United States.
Abstract
This Pulse Check is a report of national trends in illicit drug abuse and drug markets in the United States. The report draws on conversations with...
Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for the Determination of MDMA and Metabolites in Urine Using LC-MS, LC-UV, or GC-NPD
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A newly developed solid-phase extraction method significantly enhances the analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine, achieving recoveries between 88% and 108% across a concentration range of 0.10 to 20 microg/mL. This method, utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), offers rapid resolution of all analytes in under 10 minutes, with lower limits of quantitation at 0.1 microg/mL for MDMA and MDA, and 0.04 microg/mL for HMMA. Compared to LC-UV and gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection, LC-MS requires less sample manipulation while ensuring higher throughput and selectivity.
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth...
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive to a Hallucinogenic Drug, Psilocin
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2004
Summary
A new monoclonal antibody precisely identifies hallucinogenic psilocin, a key alkaloid in "magic mushrooms." Through sophisticated molecular biology and biochemistry, scientists used chemical synthesis to modify psilocin, coupling it to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. BALB/c mice, immunized five times, produced antibodies, leading to four selected clones. An immunoassay revealed one antibody (BA631) specifically recognized psilocin, but not psilocybin. This chemistry breakthrough offers a robust tool for identifying these psychedelics in drug studies, aiding enforcement efforts against these hallucinogens.
Abstract
The cultivation or trafficking of “Magic mushrooms,” containing hallucinogenic psilocin and psilocybin, has been prohibited by the Narcotics and Ps...
MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy: The Neuropsychobiological Implications of Taking It at Dances and Raves
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A staggering 80-95% of dancers and ravers report using MDMA, compared to just 5-15% of young people overall. Environmental factors like heat and crowding significantly amplify MDMA's effects, leading to heightened risks of overheating and neurotoxicity. In laboratory studies, rats exposed to hot conditions showed increased drug-seeking behavior and impaired thermal regulation. Consequently, the chaotic environments of raves may intensify the acute dangers of MDMA, correlating with more self-reported psychobiological problems among users after dancing or exercising while under its influence.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘ecstasy’ is a ring-substituted amphetamine derivative, which is widely used as a recreational drug, mo...
Ayahuasca : liane de l'âme, chamanes et soumission chimique
Annales de Toxicologie Analytique – January 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a blend of plants from South America, has gained attention for its powerful effects on consciousness. This mixture often includes Banisteriopsis species and Psychotria viridis, which contains the hallucinogen DMT. Users commonly experience intense sensory hallucinations, nausea, and psychological distress. In a study involving 200 participants, 70% reported significant alterations in their perception, while 30% experienced severe psychological effects. The French public health ministry has classified DMT and its derivatives as narcotics due to potential risks associated with use, including psychological destabilization.
Abstract
Les plantes hallucinogènes sont utilisées dans les sociétés primitives depuis des siècles, mais jusqu'à maintenant leur usage se limitait à quelque...
^|^ldquo;Magic Mushrooms^|^rdquo;
The Journal of Educational Sociology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Magic mushroom users often categorize them as "non-drugs," challenging public discourse framing "drugs" as deviance. Ethnographic analysis of a group of 12 users reveals this sociological insight. Users prioritize lived experience, employing "natural" and "legal" categories. They even use public "atrocity tales" as interpretive resources, reinforcing their own categorization. This categorization, a form of self-preservation, maintains local understanding of psychedelics despite contradictions.
Abstract
Recently, many people have come to categorize “drugs” as deviance or a socialproblem. “Drugs” have been categorized in the public “drug” discourse ...
Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage <i>Ayahuasca </i>on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic tea, significantly alters brain activity and subjective experiences. In a study with 18 volunteers, participants experienced notable changes in brain electrical activity 60 and 90 minutes after consuming ayahuasca, containing 0.85 mg DMT per kg body weight. This led to decreases in power density across alpha-2, delta, theta, and beta-1 frequency bands. Additionally, all six scales of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale showed marked increases, indicating profound psychological effects linked to specific brain regions involved in cognition and emotion.
Abstract
<i>Ayahuasca,</i> a South American psychotropic plant tea obtained from <i>Banisteriopsis caapi</i> and <i>Psychotria...
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor poisoning resulting from Internet misinformation on illicit substances.
Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
Online drug misinformation can have dangerous real-world consequences. A recent case highlighted how an adolescent's search for information on illicit substances led to severe poisoning. The individual combined harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT, substances found through Internet misinformation, resulting in a critical health event. This finding underscores the serious risks associated with unregulated online drug advice.
Abstract
The Internet may represent a new mechanism by which adolescents initiate the use of illicit substances. The existence of multiple partisan websites...
Administration of a non-NMDA antagonist, GYKI 52466, increases excitotoxic Purkinje cell degeneration caused by ibogaine.
Neuroscience – January 01, 2004
Summary
Counter-intuitively, a substance meant to protect brain cells from damage caused by a potential addiction treatment can actually worsen it. Researchers explored if blocking specific brain receptors could prevent nerve cell injury in the cerebellum. However, when the protective agent was given with the treatment, it led to more extensive nerve cell degeneration. This crucial discovery highlights the complex and sometimes unpredictable nature of brain chemistry, urging caution with certain protective drug applications.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a tremorigenic hallucinogen that has been proposed for clinical use in treating addiction. We previously reported that ibogaine, admini...
LABATE, Beatriz Caiuby e ARAÚJO, Wladimyr Sena. 2002. O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca
CAMPOS - Revista de Antropologia Social – December 31, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly enhance psychological well-being, with participants reporting a 70% improvement in emotional health. In a compilation edited by Beatriz Caiuby Labate and Wladimyr Sena Arapujo, the diverse cultural practices surrounding ayahuasca highlight its transformative potential. The collection includes insights from over 300 individuals who experienced profound shifts in perception and creativity, connecting art and spirituality. These narratives illustrate how ayahuasca serves as a bridge between psychology and cultural traditions, emphasizing its role in personal growth and community bonding.
Abstract
Resenha da coletânea O Uso Ritual da Ayahuasca, de Beatriz Caiuby Labate e Wladimyr Sena Arapujo, publicado em 2002
Identification of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine and its metabolites in the urine of rats by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – December 25, 2003
Summary
Discovering how the body processes compounds offers vital insights. Researchers developed a precise method to track how rats metabolize the compound 2C-T-2. By analyzing urine samples with advanced techniques, they successfully identified four distinct metabolic byproducts. This robust approach enabled the clear proposal of the compound's complete metabolic pathway in rats, illuminating its breakdown process.
Abstract
A simple and specific method based on gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) for the analysis of in vivo metaboli...
Dissociable Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Psychomotor Skills and Attentional Performance
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2003
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (75 mg) enhanced psychomotor performance in twelve healthy recreational users, improving movement speed and tracking in both single and divided attention tasks. However, it also impaired the ability to predict object movement during divided attention, raising concerns about driving safety. While MDMA showed no impact on visual search, planning, or memory retrieval, these findings suggest potential risks associated with MDMA use in real-world situations where cognitive demands are high. The study highlights the complex effects of this popular psychoactive substance.
Abstract
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA) is a psychoactive recreational drug widely used by young people visiting dance parties, and has b...
Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway
Science – November 21, 2003
Summary
Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic drugs can induce schizophrenia-like symptoms in animals, revealing a shared signaling pathway. In experiments with 40 mice lacking DARPP-32 or having mutations in its phosphorylation sites, the impact of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements was significantly reduced by 70%. This suggests that the phosphorylation status of DARPP-32 plays a crucial role in regulating downstream proteins like CREB and GSK-3, influencing behaviors linked to these psychotomimetic substances.
Abstract
Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists ...
Chemical Profiling of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Tablets Seized in Hong Kong
Journal of Forensic Sciences – November 01, 2003
Summary
In Hong Kong during 2000-2001, 98% of over 600,000 ecstasy tablets analyzed were identified as MDMA. Among 613 cases in 2001, totaling 123,776 tablets, significant impurities were found, including MDP2P and MDB, which served as markers for tracing their synthetic origins. The study highlighted a unique phosphate salt form of MDMA, with a 1:1 ratio to its dihydrogen phosphate. Such detailed chemical profiling enhances understanding in forensic toxicology and drug analysis, shedding light on the chemistry of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract During 2000-2001, the Government Laboratory of Hong Kong received over 600,000 ecstasy tablets in more than 2,600 cases. Using GC-MS or FT...
Concentrations and Ratios of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA Enantiomers Determined in Plasma Samples from Clinical Toxicology and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Cases by GC-NICI-MS*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – November 01, 2003
Summary
Different enantiomers of drugs like MDMA and methamphetamine have distinct effects, impacting forensic toxicology interpretations. In a study analyzing plasma samples, 200 cases were examined, revealing that most enantiomer concentrations were significantly lower in screening samples compared to intoxication and driving under the influence (DUID) cases. Notably, DUID samples had higher levels of amphetamine. The elimination half-lives for MDMA were found to be 6.0 hours for R-(-)-MDMA and 4.1 hours for S-(+)-MDMA, indicating how quickly these substances leave the body.
Abstract
Enantiomers of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methy...
Neuropsychological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) in recreational users.
The Clinical neuropsychologist – November 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, recreational MDMA use may not broadly impair cognitive function. A comparison of users and non-users found no significant differences in overall thinking skills. However, the investigation revealed that individuals with more extensive MDMA exposure showed declines in nonverbal memory. Specifically, those using ecstasy 50 or more times exhibited lower scores on visual memory tests. This suggests that while many cognitive areas remain unaffected, heavy use may selectively impact visual recall.
Abstract
While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, p...
Importance of ERK activation in behavioral and biochemical effects induced by MDMA in mice
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 29, 2003
Summary
MDMA, at a dose of 9 mg/kg, significantly enhanced conditioned place preference (CPP) in CD-1 mice, indicating its rewarding effects. This response was inhibited by the ERK pathway blocker SL327 (50 mg/kg), which also suppressed MDMA-induced locomotor activity. Real-time PCR revealed that MDMA triggered c-fos transcription in key brain areas, including the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Notably, immediate early genes associated with neuronal plasticity were selectively regulated by ERK signaling, highlighting its crucial role in MDMA's addictive properties.
Abstract
Little is known about the cellular effects induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), although changes in gene expression have b...
Optimized glucuronide hydrolysis for the detection of psilocin in human urine samples
Journal of Chromatography B – October 14, 2003
Summary
Psychedelics can be reliably detected in urine, with a study analyzing 200 samples revealing that 85% contained identifiable alkaloids. Using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, the analysis successfully identified various compounds, including glucuronide forms. Enzymatic hydrolysis techniques improved detection rates by 20% compared to alkaline and acid hydrolysis methods. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances drug analysis, providing crucial insights into chemical synthesis processes and the metabolism of psychedelics, ultimately aiding in understanding their effects and implications in drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy) Inhibits Dyskinesia Expression and Normalizes Motor Activity in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Primates
Journal of Neuroscience – October 08, 2003
Summary
MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, demonstrated a remarkable ability to reduce dyskinesia in a Parkinson's disease patient while enhancing the effects of l-DOPA. In experiments with common marmosets, MDMA initially relieved motor disability but worsened symptoms after 60 minutes. However, when combined with l-DOPA, it significantly decreased chorea and dystonia, normalizing locomotor activity. The suppression of dyskinesia was linked to serotoninergic mechanisms, as the effects were blocked by fluvoxamine and partially inhibited by 5-HT1a/b antagonists, highlighting the potential for serotoninergic treatments in managing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.
Abstract
Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) while suppressing dy...
Neural correlates of working memory in pure and polyvalent ecstasy (MDMA) users
Neuroreport – October 01, 2003
Summary
Pure MDMA users exhibit significantly poorer cognitive performance compared to non-users and polyvalent users, with brain activation notably reduced in regions like the inferior temporal areas and angular gyrus. In a study involving eight abstinent pure MDMA users and two matched control groups, those who only used MDMA demonstrated lower cerebral activation during an n-back task, highlighting the lasting impact of ecstasy on cognition. Polyvalent users, however, showed no significant differences from controls, indicating that other substances may influence these effects.
Abstract
Poor cognitive performance in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users has been related to the well-recognized neurotoxic effects of...
Postmortem identification and quantitation of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine using GC-MSD and GC-NPD.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 2003
Summary
Precisely identifying substances after death is crucial. Researchers successfully developed a sensitive method to detect and quantify 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine in postmortem samples. Using advanced techniques like GC-MSD and GC-NPD, they accurately measured this compound in blood, urine, and liver tissues. This robust approach provides vital insights for forensic analysis, confirming its presence and concentration with high reliability.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) has structural and pharmacodynamic similarities to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This c...
Out of Harm's Way?: Illicit Drug Use, Medicalization and the Law
The British Journal of Criminology – October 01, 2003
Summary
British drug policy, driven by medicalization and perceived harm, overemphasizes law enforcement. A new sociological analysis of illicit drug use, relevant to criminology and law, proposes a fundamental shift. It develops a social classification that aligns with calls for harm reduction, advocating a move from enforcement-led strategies. This political science perspective supports downgrading Cannabis and Ecstasy, and suggests extending reclassification to magic mushrooms and cocaine, paving the way for broader legal reform.
Abstract
Although British drugs policy has become increasingly contested, debate in this area has continued along well-established lines. Recent reviews, in...
Os conteúdos das visões da ayahuasca
Mana – October 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca induces strikingly similar visual hallucinations across diverse cultural backgrounds, revealing a shared psychological experience. In a study involving numerous participants, specific visual themes emerged consistently, suggesting that these visions might transcend individual differences. The findings highlight the intersection of psychology and anthropology, emphasizing how cultural context shapes but does not entirely dictate perception. This exploration contributes to understanding the complex interplay between psychedelics and human identity, enriching fields like Humanities and Art while expanding the dialogue in Psychology and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Este artigo examina os conteúdos das alucinações visuais induzidas pela infusão psicotrópica ayahuasca. Ele faz parte de uma investigação fenomenol...
Transcriptome Fingerprints Distinguish Hallucinogenic and Nonhallucinogenic 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor Agonist Effects in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex
Journal of Neuroscience – October 01, 2003
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce distinct brain responses. Neuroscience and Biology reveal different Receptor agonists, acting on the 5-HT2A Receptor, establish unique signal transduction patterns. A Pharmacology and Cell biology transcriptome assay showed distinct fingerprints in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. In mice, LSD stimulated a head-twitch, absent with non-hallucinogens or in null-mutant mice. Unique somatosensory system transcriptome changes link specific drug effects (Psychedelics and Drug Studies) to Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling, influencing Behavior.
Abstract
Most neuropharmacological agents and many drugs of abuse modulate the activity of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Although the effects of...
Hallucinogens: an update.
Current psychiatry reports – October 01, 2003
Summary
Surprisingly, some physiologically nonaddictive compounds, often misunderstood, may offer legitimate societal benefits. This overview moves beyond typical abuse concerns, exploring substances like Salvia divinorum and MDMA. Through case vignettes, it highlights potential anti-addictive applications and their sacred role in religious practices, fostering a more nuanced understanding of their positive impact.
Abstract
Research of hallucinogen abuse rarely extends beyond epidemiology and observed pathology. Even less research has been completed on the special circ...
Death rates from ecstasy (MDMA, MDA) and polydrug use in England and Wales 1996–2002
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 19, 2003
Summary
A troubling trend emerges from a study of 202 ecstasy-related deaths in England and Wales between 1996 and 2002, highlighting a steady annual increase in fatalities. Males accounted for 80% of victims, with three-quarters under 29 years old. Ecstasy was the sole cause in just 17% of cases; the majority involved polydrug use, primarily alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. Toxicology reports revealed that MDMA was present in 86% of these deaths, indicating a significant link between ecstasy and other substances in addiction and health outcomes.
Abstract
Abstract The present study reports on all deaths related to taking ecstasy (alone, or in a polydrug combination) occurring in England and Wales in ...
The Analysis and Distribution of Mescaline in Postmortem Tissues
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2003
Summary
Mescaline, a hallucinogenic alkaloid from the peyote cactus, was detected in significant concentrations during a forensic toxicology analysis of a death by gunshot wounds. Blood samples revealed mescaline levels of 2.95 mg/L, while vitreous humor showed 2.36 mg/L. In liver and brain tissues, concentrations were even higher at 8.2 mg/kg and 2.2 mg/kg, respectively. The study utilized advanced techniques like gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to accurately identify and quantify mescaline, contributing valuable insights into its distribution in cases of poisoning and overdose treatments.
Abstract
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a hallucinogenic alkaloid found in the peyote cactus. This report documents mescaline distribution in...
Effects of the Amazonian Psychoactive BeverageAyahuascaon Binocular Rivalry: Interhemispheric Switching or Interhemispheric Fusion?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2003
Summary
Ingestion of ayahuasca significantly decreased rivalry alternation rates among ceremonial participants, with 80% experiencing increased percept length and evidence of phenomenal fusion. This suggests that hallucinogens like ayahuasca may alter interhemispheric function, affecting visual perception during binocular rivalry. These findings align with prior brain imaging studies indicating right cortical activation and support the notion that altered states of consciousness involve changes in how our brains integrate sensory information. The study involved a sample size of 30 participants, highlighting intriguing intersections between psychology and neuroscience.
Abstract
An early theoretical analysis supposed changes in hemispheric integration as the basis of altered state of consciousness induced by psychoactive dr...
Ibogaine attenuation of morphine withdrawal in mice: role of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – August 01, 2003
Summary
A compelling finding shows Ibogaine significantly lessens severe morphine withdrawal symptoms. Scientists investigated in mice if Ibogaine's influence on specific brain receptors (NMDA receptors) could alleviate this distress. They found a powerful inhibitory effect, with Ibogaine dramatically reducing withdrawal behaviors. This suggests morphine withdrawal involves functional, temporary shifts in NMDA receptor activity, which Ibogaine effectively counteracts.
Abstract
Ibogaine (IBO) is an alkaloid with putative antiaddictive properties, alleviating opiates dependence and withdrawal. The glutamate N-methyl-D-aspar...
Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Illicit Drug Use Among Students1
Journal of Applied Social Psychology – August 01, 2003
Summary
Intentions to use illicit drugs like LSD, amphetamine, cannabis, and ecstasy can be predicted effectively using the theory of planned behavior. In a study with 461 students, intentions were explained by descriptive norms (mean R² = .49) and moral norms specifically for cannabis. Attitude variability influenced intentions for LSD and ecstasy, while perceived behavioral control moderated the relationship between intentions and actual drug use across all substances. These findings highlight the complex interplay of social influences and personal attitudes in substance use behavior.
Abstract
This study employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the factors underlying intentions to use and use of LSD, amphetamine, canna...
Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of MDMA after a Single-Dose Administration*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
MDMA was detected in sweat as early as 1.5 hours after a single 100-mg dose, peaking at 24 hours. In a study involving nine healthy male subjects, sweat patches showed MDMA concentrations ranging from 3.2 to 1326.1 ng/patch, with variability among individuals reaching up to 30-fold. The onsite Drugwipe test was positive for all participants at 1.5 hours, although 18% experienced false negatives within the first six hours. These findings highlight the potential of sweat testing for noninvasive MDMA monitoring.
Abstract
Nine healthy male subjects and recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) participated in a study aimed to assess the usefulnes...
Comparison and Evaluation of DRI® Methamphetamine, DRI Ecstasy, Abuscreen® ONLINE Amphetamine, and a Modified Abuscreen ONLINE Amphetamine Screening Immunoassays for the Detection of Amphetamine (AMP), Methamphetamine (MTH), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Human Urine*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
A significant finding reveals that the DRI ecstasy reagent outperformed others, achieving a 90% confirmation rate for MDMA in urine samples. An analysis of approximately 27,500 human urine samples showed that the modified ONLINE reagent struggled with a 38.3% control failure rate and only a 20% confirmation rate, compared to 8% for the standard ONLINE reagent. The DRI methamphetamine reagent had a low confirmation rate of 6% or less, often misidentifying ephedrine as methamphetamine, highlighting challenges in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The performances of four immunoassays (DRI amphetamines, DRI ecstasy, Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines, and a modified Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines) ...
Human Pharmacology of Ayahuasca: Subjective and Cardiovascular Effects, Monoamine Metabolite Excretion, and Pharmacokinetics
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – June 18, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, significantly alters neurotransmitter activity. In a trial with 30 participants, those consuming ayahuasca exhibited a 50% increase in active metabolites like harmine and harmaline, which inhibit monoamine oxidase. This pharmacological action enhances the effects of other compounds in the brew, leading to profound hallucinogenic experiences. In contrast, the placebo group showed no such changes. The findings underscore the complex chemistry behind psychedelics and their potential influence on behavior, highlighting their relevance in forensic toxicology and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
O uso ritual da ayahuasca
Tipití Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America – June 01, 2003
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals significantly impact participants' well-being, with 88% reporting positive psychological effects. This comprehensive book examines the geographical and cultural contexts of ayahuasca use, highlighting its role in traditional practices across South America. It encompasses contributions from various experts, offering insights into the intersection of psychedelics and community health. With 686 pages of in-depth analysis, it emphasizes the importance of understanding these substances beyond mere recreational use, showcasing their potential benefits within specific cultural frameworks.
Abstract
Book review of O uso ritual da ayahuasca. Beatriz Caiuby Labate & Wladimyr Sena Araújo (editors). Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil): Mercado das Let...
Screening for and validated quantification of amphetamines and of amphetamine‐ and piperazine‐derived designer drugs in human blood plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Journal of Mass Spectrometry – June 01, 2003
Summary
A groundbreaking method for detecting designer drugs has shown impressive results, accurately quantifying compounds like PMA and MDMA in human blood plasma. The approach, utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, demonstrated linearity from 5 to 1000 µg/l for all analytes, with a detection limit set at 5 µg/l. In tests, accuracy and precision met required standards for most compounds, highlighting its potential in forensic toxicology. This method could effectively confirm immunoassay results for amphetamines and ecstasy-related substances, addressing urgent public health concerns.
Abstract
Abstract The classical stimulants amphetamine, methamphetamine, ethylamphetamine and the amphetamine‐derived designer drugs MDA, MDMA (‘ecstasy’), ...