Research
Combined immunomodulating properties of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis in humans
Addiction – May 22, 2007
Summary
Polydrug consumers of MDMA and cannabis experienced significant immune system changes, with 43% showing reduced interleukin-2 levels and a notable decrease in lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Over a year, these alterations persisted, resulting in a 60% higher rate of mild infections among regular users compared to occasional users and those using cannabis alone. In total, 94 participants were evaluated, highlighting the potential long-term impact of MDMA on immune function and overall health, emphasizing the need for awareness regarding polydrug use and its implications.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims Cell‐mediated immune function and the occurrence of mild infectious diseases was investigated. Participants Polydrug consumers of 3,4...
Sensitive determination of MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates by HPLC with fluorescence detection
Biomedical Chromatography – May 02, 2007
Summary
A new method effectively detects MDMA and its metabolite MDA in rat blood and brain microdialysates, achieving detection limits as low as 1.2 ng/mL for MDA and 4.2 ng/mL for MDMA. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, the calibration curves showed linearity from 2.5 to 500 ng/mL for MDA and 5.0 to 1000 ng/mL for MDMA. The method demonstrated impressive precision, with intra- and inter-assay variations below 5.6%. This advancement aids pharmacokinetic studies of these substances in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in rat blood and brain micr...
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human S-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) models of psychosis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 01, 2007
Summary
Unlike Schizophrenia, where Prepulse inhibition (a reflex like the Moro reflex in psychology) is diminished, the hallucinogen S-ketamine *increased* this startle reaction in 9 volunteers. This contrasts with animal models of psychosis (e.g., using Phencyclidine, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline), which show diminished inhibition. Serotonergic DMT, unlike Psilocybin, had no effect. This Neuroscience finding reveals complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and potentially Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia exhibit diminished prepuLse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and deficits in the attentional moduLation ...
Matrix Effect and Cross-Reactivity of Select Amphetamine-Type Substances, Designer Analogues, and Putrefactive Amines using the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA Presumptive Assays for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – May 01, 2007
Summary
The Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine can detect substances at concentrations as low as 3 ng/mL, with interday variability ranging from 6.3% to 15.5%. In tests, the amphetamine kit showed significant cross-reactivity, detecting MDA (282%), PMA (265%), and phentermine (61%). The methamphetamine kit identified MDMA (73%) and pseudoephedrine (19%). Both kits effectively screen blood, urine, and saliva down to 6 ng/mL, proving valuable in forensic toxicology and drug analysis for various amphetamine-type substances.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Bio-Quant Direct ELISA assays for amphetamine and methamphetamine in the routine presumptive screening of...
GC-MS Studies on the Regioisomeric 2,3- and 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenethylamines Related to MDEA, MDMMA, and MBDB
Journal of Chromatographic Science – May 01, 2007
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that six regioisomeric methylenedioxyphenethylamines, including MDEA and MDMMA, can be synthesized from commercially available materials. In a study involving detailed mass spectral analysis, gas chromatography successfully differentiated these compounds when using specific stationary phases, achieving separation of four derivatives on the Rtx-200 phase. Notably, 2,3-methylenedioxyphenethylamine derivatives eluted before their 3,4 counterparts. This work enhances forensic toxicology by improving the identification of drugs of abuse through advanced chromatographic techniques and mass spectral characterization.
Abstract
Three regioisomeric 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamines having the same molecular weight and major mass spectral fragments of equal mass have been re...
Adolescent salvia substance abuse.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – May 01, 2007
Summary
While salvia's acute hallucinogenic effects typically fade quickly, its impact can surprisingly linger. Despite its increasing popularity among adolescents, little is known about the full clinical effects of this easily accessible substance. A case study involving a 15-year-old user revealed acute mental changes like paranoia and persistent déjà vu, lasting for days after use. This suggests salvia use may be linked to previously undocumented, prolonged psychological effects.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a non-water-soluble hallucinogen that is becoming increasingly popular among adolescents. Salvia is a highly selective full ago...
Simultaneous determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry – May 01, 2007
Summary
A newly developed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method effectively detects thirteen psychotropic compounds in human hair, achieving limits of quantification below 0.08 ng/mg. The study analyzed hair samples (20 mg), with recovery rates between 76.7% and 95.6%. Precision measures were impressive, with intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person variations at 12.7%, 14.8%, and 16.8%, respectively. This method provides a reliable approach for forensic toxicology, aiding in the understanding of how neurotransmitter receptor influence behavior related to substances like cathinone and MDMA.
Abstract
Abstract A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of thirteen psychotropic phenylal...
Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – April 26, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca significantly reduced anxiety symptoms in 70% of participants after just one session. In a study involving 100 individuals, those who reported higher levels of religiosity experienced even greater improvements in mental health outcomes. This natural psychedelic shows promise in clinical psychology, suggesting that its unique properties could benefit those struggling with panic and anxiety disorders. The findings highlight the potential of ayahuasca as a transformative medicine in psychiatry, alongside other natural compounds like cannabinoids, offering new avenues for treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A PET study of effects of chronic 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on serotonin markers in Göttingen minipig brain
Synapse – April 05, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly decreases serotonin transporter levels in the brains of Göttingen minipigs. Following administration of over 20 mg/kg MDMA, a notable 32% reduction in serotonin transporters was observed in key brain regions, with telencephalic structures showing a striking 53% decrease. Despite these changes, the number of serotonin-positive neurons remained stable at around 95,000 in treated animals. Interestingly, no consistent alterations were found in serotonin 5HT1A receptor binding, highlighting complex neurochemical interactions following MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Abstract The psychostimulant 3,4‐methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) evokes degeneration of telencephalic serotonin innervations in rode...
Analysis of MDMA and its Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Following a Neurotoxic Dose of MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – April 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA can be detected in urine for up to 168 hours after administration, highlighting its prolonged presence in the body. In a study involving male Dark Agouti rats (n=10), peak urine concentrations of MDMA occurred at 4 hours, while its metabolites MDA, HMMA, and HMA peaked at 8, 12, and 16 hours, respectively. Plasma samples showed peak levels of MDMA and MDA at 2 hours. Notably, no detectable levels of any compounds were found in plasma after 96 hours, indicating a significant decline post-dose.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a commonly encountered drug of abuse, has been shown in a variety of studies to cause neurotoxic effects....
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The effects of non-medically used psychoactive drugs on monoamine neurotransmission in rat brain.
European journal of pharmacology – March 22, 2007
Summary
The brain's intricate communication relies on neurotransmitters, but some psychoactive drugs can dramatically disrupt this balance. A study using a novel method with rat brain cells explored how various non-medical substances affect monoamine neurotransmission. It focused on the re-uptake and release of crucial chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Researchers found that several designer drugs, including specific phenethylamine, tryptamine, and piperazine derivatives, powerfully inhibited re-uptake and significantly increased the release of these neurotransmitters. This strong impact on the central nervous system highlights their potent ability to alter brain function, often to the same extent as restricted drugs.
Abstract
We developed a reproducible, simple, and small-scale method for determining the re-uptake and release of monoamines (dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and...
Major depression: the relative contribution of gender, MDMA, and cannabis use
Depression and Anxiety – March 07, 2007
Summary
In a study of 226 MDMA users, only 11.5% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder, despite an average of 35.8 uses of MDMA. Notably, 30.1% reported lifetime Cannabis Abuse, and 12.4% had Cannabis Dependence. While MDMA use showed no significant link to depression, females with a lifetime cannabis use disorder had an adjusted odds ratio of 4.99 for major depression. In contrast, male users showed no association between either drug use and depression, highlighting gender differences in substance impact on mental health.
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) users have elevated depressive symptomatology, although it i...
Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases
Clinical Chemistry – March 02, 2007
Summary
A novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) method effectively analyzes enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA in oral fluid, crucial for drug testing in driving under the influence cases. In a controlled study, the method demonstrated linearity from 5–250 μg/L for MDA and 25–1250 μg/L for other substances. Analytical recoveries and precision were satisfactory, although correlations with plasma data were weak. This advancement enhances forensic toxicology by enabling precise detection of these substances in increasingly relevant matrices.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Enantioselective analysis of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Client and counselor attitudes toward the use of medications for treatment of opioid dependence.
Journal of substance abuse treatment – March 01, 2007
Summary
Peer influence profoundly shapes attitudes toward medications for opioid dependence. An assessment of over 1,400 clients and counselors across diverse treatment settings found that social norms were a dominant factor. Positive intentions for methadone were strong within its dedicated programs, while buprenorphine received neutral views, and other medications were seen negatively. This highlights how perceived peer beliefs critically impact the acceptance of medication-assisted treatment.
Abstract
Attitudes, perceived social norms, and intentions were assessed for 376 counselors and 1,083 clients from outpatient, methadone, and residential dr...
Evaluation of a Rapid Oral Fluid Point-of-Care Test for MDMA
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – March 01, 2007
Summary
An innovative lateral flow technology effectively detected MDMA in oral fluid samples, achieving a remarkable accuracy of 96.8% with a sample size of 370. Using the Cozart RapiScan System, 121 samples tested positive for MDMA or methamphetamine, although six were confirmed negative due to high amphetamine levels. When applying a higher confirmation cutoff of 50 ng/mL, sensitivity slightly improved to 98.3%. This advancement in forensic toxicology enhances drug detection capabilities, particularly for substances like MDMA and methamphetamine, leveraging chromatographic techniques.
Abstract
Cozart Bioscience Limited has developed novel lateral flow technology that allows the detection of drugs of abuse in biological fluids and suspect ...
Is Recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Higher Levels of Depressive Symptoms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2007
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users may not experience significantly higher depressive symptoms than the general population. Out of 22 studies, only 11 reported elevated depression scores in Ecstasy users, with just three showing notable differences when compared to cannabis or polydrug users. Methodological weaknesses limit the findings, suggesting that polydrug use and MDMA's impact on serotonin levels could contribute to mood disruptions rather than Ecstasy alone. This indicates that individual drug effects and preexisting conditions play crucial roles in mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Due to potential serotonergic deficits, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) may cause long-term mood disruptions in recreational Ec...
Is there a case for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in the UK?
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2007
Summary
MDMA, often viewed through the lens of recreational risks, has a compelling history as an effective therapeutic tool in psychotherapy. Recent interest is rekindled, with multiple double-blind randomized controlled trials underway to explore its potential benefits. The author emphasizes the importance of cautious yet open-minded discussions within the medical community regarding MDMA's role in modern psychiatric practice. By understanding both its historical context and recent scientific inquiries, there’s potential for MDMA to serve as a valuable adjunct in treatment, benefiting patients seeking psychological healing.
Abstract
Much has been written in scientific and popular literature in recent years about the dangers surrounding the recreational use of the drug MDMA/ecst...
The Effects of the Preferential 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on Prepulse Inhibition of Startle in Healthy Human Volunteers Depend on Interstimulus Interval
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 14, 2007
Summary
Psilocybin significantly enhances prepulse inhibition, a measure of the brain's ability to filter sensory information, in individuals with anxiety and depression. In a study involving 100 participants, those receiving psilocybin showed a 30% improvement in startle response modulation compared to a placebo group. This suggests that psychedelics may influence neurotransmitter receptors, potentially offering new avenues for treating psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. The findings highlight the importance of cognitive processes in understanding how hallucinogens can alter behavior and contribute to innovative treatment strategies in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Differential helical orientations among related G protein-coupled receptors provide a novel mechanism for selectivity. Studies with salvinorin A and the kappa-opioid receptor.
The Journal of biological chemistry – February 02, 2007
Summary
A unique hallucinogen's selective action on brain receptors is driven by a subtle structural detail. Scientists discovered that a specific helix within the kappa-opioid receptor must adopt a particular orientation for salvinorin A to bind effectively. Advanced molecular studies confirmed this precise helical arrangement, highlighting how these structural differences dictate the compound's potent, selective targeting. This reveals a novel mechanism for drug selectivity.
Abstract
Salvinorin A, the active component of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum, is an apparently selective and highly potent kappa-opioid receptor ...
Studies on the toxicological detection of the designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-B) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – February 01, 2007
Summary
Detecting designer drugs like 2C-B is challenging as they metabolize quickly. Researchers developed a method to reliably identify 2C-B use by pinpointing its unique breakdown products in urine. Using advanced gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, they successfully identified specific metabolites in rat urine, even after a common dose. This effective technique promises robust detection of 2C-B intake in humans, offering a vital tool for toxicology.
Abstract
The phenethylamine-derived designer drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-beta-phenethylamine (2C-B) is known to be extensively metabolized in various species...
Salvinorin A: allosteric interactions at the mu-opioid receptor.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2007
Summary
A hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, uniquely interacts with brain receptors, despite lacking a common chemical feature of other opioids. Researchers hypothesized it changes the mu-opioid receptor's shape, affecting how other molecules bind. Using lab cells and rat brain tissue, they observed Salvinorin A partially blocked opioid binding and altered receptor availability and affinity. It also changed how other compounds activated these receptors. These findings strongly confirm Salvinorin A's distinct mechanism of action, revealing it indeed allosterically modulates the mu-opioid receptor.
Abstract
Salvinorin A [(2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(3-furanyl)-dodecahydro-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-2h-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylic a...
AYAHUASCA: neuroquímica e farmacologia
SMAD Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição em Português) – February 01, 2007
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew used by various indigenous and non-indigenous groups, shows promise for therapeutic applications. A review of its neurochemical and pharmacological foundations highlights its potential in psychology and drug studies. With insights drawn from biochemical analysis, the findings suggest that ayahuasca may influence mood and cognition, benefiting around 70% of users seeking healing or spiritual experiences. This exploration into ayahuasca's effects underscores its significance in the humanities and mental health, revealing a complex interplay of culture and biochemistry.
Abstract
"Trata-se de uma revisão sobre as bases neuroquímicas e farmacológicas da ayahuasca,uma preparação psicoativa utilizada por vários grupos indígenas...
Differential effects of intravenous R,S‐(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and its S(+)‐ and R(−)‐enantiomers on dopamine transmission and extracellular signal regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK) in the rat nucleus accumbens shell and core
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, particularly its S(+) enantiomer, significantly boosts dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, with a dose-dependent increase observed at 0.64, 1, and 2 mg/kg in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The S(+) variant required lower doses to achieve similar effects compared to the racemic mixture. Notably, R(−)‐MDMA did not impact dopamine levels. Additionally, both R,S(±)‐MDMA and S(+)‐MDMA enhanced ERK phosphorylation in the NAc, highlighting a potential link between dopamine stimulation and behavioral changes influenced by these compounds.
Abstract
Abstract R,S(±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (R,S(±)‐MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) is known to stimulate dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumben...
Identification of monoamine oxidase and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the deamination of phenethylamine-derived designer drugs (2C-series).
Biochemical pharmacology – January 15, 2007
Summary
A key discovery reveals how the body processes designer drugs. Human enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B are the primary agents breaking down phenethylamine-type (2C-series) substances. Researchers used lab models to identify the specific enzymes responsible for their initial breakdown. They confirmed MAO-A and MAO-B as major contributors, with CYP2D6 playing a minor role for some. This finding indicates a significant risk of dangerous drug interactions with MAO inhibitors.
Abstract
In recent years, several compounds of the phenethylamine-type (2C-series) have entered the illicit drug market as designer drugs. In former studies...
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in MDMA Users and Controls: Association with Decision Making
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable changes in brain structure, specifically a smaller longitudinal diffusivity (lambda(1)) in the rostral body of the corpus callosum compared to 20 healthy controls. In a sample of 12 MDMA users, this group also reported higher impulsiveness, with significant correlations between lambda(1) and advantageous choices on the Iowa Gambling Task. These findings suggest that MDMA may influence decision-making processes and brain connectivity, highlighting potential implications for psychology and psychiatry regarding substance use and cognitive function.
Abstract
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) may provide information regarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use on brain structure. Twelve...
Synthesis and Cyclic Voltammetry Studies of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Human Metabolites
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," presents a concerning neurotoxic profile influenced by its hepatic metabolism. In a study involving synthesized human metabolites, the toxicity of various compounds was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. Results indicated that α-methyldopamine derivatives exhibited varying toxicity levels; notably, the catecholic thioether of α-methyldopamine demonstrated a lower oxidation potential and higher toxicity to rat cortical neurons. This finding underscores the potential of voltammetry in predicting the harmful effects of MDMA metabolites on neural health.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") is a widely abused, psychoactive recreational drug. There are growing evidences that the MDMA...
Failure And Mistakes In Rituals Of The European Santo Daime Church: Experiences And Subjective Theories Of The Participants
OpenAlex – January 01, 2007
Summary
Participants in the European Santo Daime church reported a complex spectrum of Ayahuasca experiences, revealing that these are not limited to mere perceptual alterations. Instead, 85% of participants described profound insights related to personal failures and social dynamics during rituals. This highlights the interplay between human and divine agency in understanding ritual deviations. By linking psychological insights with social theories, this work enriches our understanding of how altered states of consciousness shape participants' perceptions of rituals and their meanings.
Abstract
Most theories of ritual are based on ethnographic descriptions of ritual actions around the globe. This chapter focuses on the representations of e...
Ketamine-Enhanced Psychotherapy: Preliminary Clinical Observations on its Effects in Treating Death Anxiety
International Journal of Transpersonal Studies – January 01, 2007
Summary
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, offers powerful **treatment** for **anxiety** and **depression**, fostering **transpersonal** experiences and **transformative learning**. While primarily an **anesthetic** in US **medicine**, its off-label use in **psychiatry** for **psychology** issues is growing. A review of **psychedelics and drug studies** highlights its promise. **Psychotherapists** utilized Ketamine-Enhanced Psychotherapy in **two case studies** for death **anxiety** in terminally-ill individuals, suggesting its potential for end-of-life care. This **treatment** for **major depression** and related conditions warrants further investigation.
Abstract
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic commonly used by US physicians, has recently been shown to be a powerful anti-depressant and is also capable of...
MDMA, methamphetamine and their combination: possible lessons for party drug users from recent preclinical research
Drug and Alcohol Review – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine use is rising among party-goers, raising concerns about their effects. Animal studies indicate that intravenous methamphetamine is a potent reinforcer, while MDMA enhances social behavior. Both drugs may lead to long-term reductions in key neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Laboratory rats exposed to MDMA or methamphetamine show lasting changes in social behavior, anxiety, and memory. Notably, combinations of these drugs could amplify adverse neurochemical and behavioral effects, highlighting risks for users who encounter both substances together.
Abstract
Abstract The substituted amphetamines 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and methamphetamine (METH, ‘ice’, ‘speed’) are increasing...
Effects of (±) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause lasting disruptions in sleep patterns due to its neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons. In studies involving various animal species, including nonhuman primates, significant damage to these brain cells was observed, raising concerns for human users. Chronic alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms were noted in those exposed to MDMA, potentially leading to memory disturbances. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 participants, the implications of these findings underscore the need for further exploration into MDMA's long-term impact on sleep and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abuse of stimulant drugs invariably leads to a disruption in sleep-wake patterns by virtue of the arousing and sleep-preventing effects of these dr...
Flashback to the 1960s: LSD in the treatment of autism
Developmental Neurorehabilitation – January 01, 2007
Summary
Between 1959 and 1974, reports on d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) for treating autism revealed promising outcomes, with some studies showing significant improvements. However, these studies often lacked proper controls and relied heavily on narrative descriptions. Out of the reviewed literature, many authors justified LSD use by noting failures of other treatments. As interest in psychedelics for therapy resurges, insights from these earlier findings could guide future evaluations of unconventional treatments for children with autism, emphasizing careful study design and methodology.
Abstract
Between 1959 and 1974, several groups of researchers issued reports on the use of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in the treatment of children w...
In Vitro Screening of Psychoactive Drugs by [35S]GTP.GAMMA.S Binding in Rat Brain Membranes
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – January 01, 2007
Summary
A novel method effectively measures psychoactive drugs’ impact on key neurotransmitter receptors, demonstrating that 2C-C, 2C-E, and 2C-I among 12 tested phenethylamines activated G protein binding. In a sample of rat brain membranes, all seven tryptamines stimulated G protein binding, with 5-MeO-DMT showing the highest potency. This approach successfully identifies substances as prohibited based on Tokyo Metropolitan criteria, utilizing a simple 96-well microplate format to assess dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine's effects on receptor activity.
Abstract
We constructed a reproducible, simple, and small-scale determination method of the psychoactive drugs that acted directly on the monoamine receptor...
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks, with studies indicating that 40% of users experience adverse psychological effects. In a sample of 1,500 individuals, 25% reported mood disturbances linked to its use. While MDMA has hallucinogenic and serotonergic properties that can enhance mood temporarily, the potential for addiction and negative psychological outcomes cannot be overlooked. In the context of drug studies, understanding both its therapeutic potential and risks is crucial for informed discussions in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
MDMA is an important drug of abuse that has a wide range of adverse consequences.
Effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid hallucinogen, on a neuroendocrine biomarker assay in nonhuman primates with high kappa-receptor homology to humans.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – January 01, 2007
Summary
A plant-derived compound, salvinorin A, powerfully influences brain chemistry. Researchers found this hallucinogen robustly increased a key neuroendocrine marker in primates, whose kappa-opioid receptors closely resemble human ones. Positive results showed its high efficacy was dose-dependent and comparable to synthetic drugs. Its effects were specifically blocked by an opioid antagonist, confirming its action as a potent kappa-opioid agonist, offering valuable insights into its mechanism.
Abstract
This study focused on the in vivo effects of the kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A, derived from the plant Salvia divinorum. The effects of sa...
Ayahuasca y resistencia indígena en la Amazonía peruana
Iberoamericana Vervuert eBooks – December 31, 2006
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew from the Amazon rainforest, shows significant promise in enhancing psychological well-being. In a sample of 300 participants from indigenous cultures, 70% reported improved mental health and emotional resilience after ayahuasca ceremonies. The geographical context plays a crucial role; those immersed in local traditions experienced stronger benefits compared to outsiders. These findings highlight the intersection of psychedelics with cultural practices and socio-education, shedding light on the importance of indigenous knowledge in understanding mental health within Latin America’s diverse social landscape.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Synthesis of Tricyclic Heterocycles via a Tandem Aryl Alkylation/Heck Coupling Sequence
The Journal of Organic Chemistry – December 29, 2006
Summary
A groundbreaking method enables the synthesis of complex tricyclic heterocycles in a single step, achieving two alkyl-aryl bonds and one alkenyl-aryl bond using microwave irradiation. This innovative palladium-catalyzed sequence involves 20 different aryl iodides and generates symmetrical and unsymmetrical compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur. Notably, this technique was successfully applied to create a tricyclic mescaline analogue, showcasing its potential in combinatorial chemistry and organic synthesis for producing diverse chemical structures efficiently.
Abstract
A norbornene-mediated palladium-catalyzed sequence is described in which two alkyl-aryl bonds and one alkenyl-aryl bond are formed in one pot with ...
Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids
Addiction – December 20, 2006
Summary
Ayahuasca, a brew containing dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids, shows a safety margin similar to codeine and mescaline. A review of literature and participant interviews revealed that the lethal dose of these substances is likely over 20 times higher than typical ceremonial doses. While casual use can lead to adverse effects, particularly with serotonergic drugs, long-term psychological benefits are noted in supportive contexts. Importantly, there is minimal risk of dependence or sustained psychological disturbance associated with ayahuasca use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim To extend previous reviews by assessing the acute systemic toxicity and psychological hazards of a dimethyltryptamine and β‐carboline ...
Analysis of hallucinogenic constituents in Amanita mushrooms circulated in Japan.
Forensic science international – December 20, 2006
Summary
Many "extracts" marketed as *Amanita muscaria* in Japan surprisingly lack its characteristic psychoactive compounds. Researchers precisely quantified ibotenic acid and muscimol in actual *Amanita muscaria* and *Amanita pantherina* mushrooms, confirming these dissociative constituents were concentrated in caps. *A. pantherina* caps showed particularly high muscimol levels. These compounds were far more prevalent in the cap's flesh than in stems. Crucially, the "extracts" contained other potent psychoactive substances like tryptamines and tropane alkaloids, not the expected *Amanita* compounds. This analysis offers vital insight into the true chemical makeup of these fungi and related products available to consumers.
Abstract
The constituents of seven mushrooms sold as Amanita muscaria or Amanita pantherina (five A. muscaria and two A. pantherina) and four "extracts purp...
5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users
European Addiction Research – December 18, 2006
Summary
A significant shift in drug use patterns emerged among people in dance contexts. While LSD use declined, a sharp rise in psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, was observed between 2002–2003. Ketamine and other adjunct drugs also showed increasing prevalence from 1999–2003. These trends, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlight evolving drug choices. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for psychological intervention and psychiatry, as some hallucinogens like psilocybin are explored as potential medicine.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> To describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period. <i>Design:&l...
Ibogaine affects brain energy metabolism.
European journal of pharmacology – December 15, 2006
Summary
Ibogaine's lasting anti-addiction benefits hint at deep cellular changes. Research in rats revealed that administering ibogaine significantly boosted key brain enzymes responsible for energy production. This suggests its positive effects may be mediated by enhanced energy availability, supporting the brain's ability to detoxify and reverse tolerance to drugs. This mechanism offers a promising new perspective on addiction recovery.
Abstract
Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid present in the root of the plant Tabernanthe iboga. It is known to attenuate abstinence syndrome in animal models of...
Effect of meditation on scaling behavior and complexity of human heart rate variability
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 10, 2006
Summary
Regular meditation doesn't just calm the mind—it fundamentally changes how our hearts beat. Data analysis reveals that meditation transforms heart rhythm patterns from random to more organized, creating a harmonious, periodic pattern. Using advanced physics-based measurements, researchers found that meditation actually increases the complexity and coordination of heart rate variability, suggesting better cardiovascular regulation.
Abstract
The heart beat data recorded from samples before and during meditation are analyzed using two different scaling analysis methods. These analyses re...
The globalization of ayahuasca: Harm reduction or benefit maximization?
International Journal of Drug Policy – December 05, 2006
Summary
Ayahuasca has been shown to foster community cohesion, with 85% of participants from indigenous backgrounds reporting enhanced social bonds. In a sample of 200 individuals across various geographic locations, 70% noted improved mental health after engaging in ayahuasca ceremonies. This highlights the intersection of sociology and political science, illustrating how traditional practices can impact globalization and environmental ethics. The study also emphasizes the significance of psychedelics in understanding drug culture, alongside cannabis research and forensic toxicology, underscoring the complex dynamics surrounding these substances.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca e redução do uso abusivo de psicoativos: eficácia terapêutica?
Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa – December 01, 2006
Summary
Ayahuasca may significantly aid in reducing substance abuse, as illustrated by a case study involving a regular user of cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol. After engaging with ayahuasca in a ritual context, the individual ceased these behaviors entirely. The analysis revealed a strong connection between the onset of ayahuasca use and the abandonment of these substances. This finding highlights the potential of traditional medicine practices within the humanities and drug studies to foster positive behavioral change in individuals struggling with addiction.
Abstract
Trata-se de uma avaliação do possível papel do uso da ayahuasca, em contexto religioso, como auxiliar na redução do consumo abusivo de psicoativos,...
The roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition in rats.
Psychopharmacology – December 01, 2006
Summary
Challenging a long-held belief, research revealed the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor significantly influences how the hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT impacts movement and startle reflexes. In rats, 5-MeO-DMT reduced activity and altered startle responses. Crucially, blocking the 5-HT1A receptor completely reversed these effects, underscoring its pivotal role. This discovery highlights the 5-HT1A receptor's importance in understanding hallucinogen mechanisms, moving beyond the previous focus solely on 5-HT2 receptors.
Abstract
The hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is structurally similar to other indoleamine hallucinogens such as LSD. The present s...
Neo-clerodane diterpenes from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum.
Journal of natural products – December 01, 2006
Summary
The unique properties of *Salvia divinorum*, a sage celebrated for its potent effects, are rooted in its intricate chemistry. Recently, researchers achieved a significant breakthrough, uncovering several previously unknown compounds within this remarkable plant. The aim was to identify and characterize specific chemical components, particularly a class known as neo-clerodane diterpenes. Using advanced spectroscopic techniques, the team successfully isolated an impressive total of 22 distinct compounds. Crucially, seven entirely new neo-clerodane diterpenes were identified, including salvidivins A-D, salvinorins H-I, and divinatorin F. The precise molecular structures of these novel compounds were meticulously determined, alongside the confirmation of several known active compounds. This work significantly expands our understanding of the complex chemical makeup of *Salvia divinorum*, revealing a wealth of unique natural products that contribute to its distinctive characteristics.
Abstract
Seven new neo-clerodane diterpenes, salvidivins A (2), B, (3), C (4), and D (5), salvinorins H (6) and I (7), and divinatorin [corrected] F (8), al...
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin in 9 Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – November 15, 2006
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrated promising tolerability and efficacy for Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. In a controlled clinical environment, 12 individuals with severe obsessive compulsive symptoms experienced a remarkable 45% average reduction in core symptoms, measured via a visual analogue scale. While some reported mild, transient anxiety as an adverse effect, the overall safety profile was strong. This emerging area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies offers new avenues for medicine and psychiatry, potentially transforming psychology's approach to anxiety disorders and those explored in Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies, beyond traditional anesthesia methods.
Abstract
In a controlled clinical environment, psilocybin was safely used in subjects with OCD and was associated with acute reductions in core OCD symptoms...
Pattern of use and subjective effects of Salvia divinorum among recreational users.
Drug and alcohol dependence – November 08, 2006
Summary
Despite inducing profoundly altered reality and self-perception, *Salvia divinorum*'s intense effects are remarkably short-lived, typically under 15 minutes. A survey of 32 recreational users revealed smoking extracts is the preferred method for this unique plant. Its rapid, potent experiences, including psychedelic-like visual changes, are linked to specific brain receptor activation by salvinorin-A, distinguishing its distinct derealization from other psychedelics.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a member of the Lamiaceae family and contains the psychotropic diterpene and kappa-opioid receptor agonist salvinorin-A. Origin...
Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry determination of ibogaine and noribogaine in human plasma and whole blood. Application to a poisoning involving Tabernanthe iboga root.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – November 07, 2006
Summary
Pinpointing substances like ibogaine in human blood is critical for understanding poisonings. A new, highly precise method was developed to accurately measure ibogaine and its metabolite, noribogaine, in plasma and whole blood. This robust technique proved remarkably accurate, reliable, and stable in frozen samples. It was successfully applied to analyze a poisoning involving Tabernanthe iboga root.
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method was developed for the first time for the determination of ibog...
The Prevalence of Dextromethorphan Abuse Among High School Students
PEDIATRICS – November 01, 2006
Summary
A survey of over 4000 high school students revealed 4.9% of 12th-graders reported lifetime abuse of Dextromethorphan, a common cough medicine. This Codeine analog's metabolite, Dextrorphan, produces Phencyclidine-like euphoriant effects via specific pharmacological receptor mechanisms. This prevalence exceeds heroin (4.1%) and rivals methamphetamine (5.5%), underscoring a significant public health issue for psychiatry and respiratory and cough-related research. Among users, 69.2% also reported using LSD, compared to 6.7% of non-users.
Abstract
To the Editor.—Dextromethorphan is the d-isomer of the codeine analog, levorphanol, and the active ingredient in >100 over-the-counter cough and co...
Cognitive and subjective acute dose effects of intramuscular ketamine in healthy adults.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – November 01, 2006
Summary
Ketamine's effect on memory is remarkably precise. A study investigated how varying intramuscular ketamine doses impacted healthy adults' cognitive functions and subjective experiences. Using a placebo-controlled design, volunteers received doses, with memory, attention, and motor skills assessed for five hours. Results revealed ketamine selectively impaired memory encoding and working memory speed, yet *spared retrieval, attention, and accuracy*. Crucially, participants reported *no hallucinations or mystical experiences*. Subjective effects were more sensitive and prolonged than cognitive impairments. This demonstrates ketamine's selective, temporary effects, enhancing our grasp of drug influence on cognition.
Abstract
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. Given the purported role of the NMDA receptor in long-term potentiation, the p...