1299 results for "MDMA"
Culturally informed research design issues in a study for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – July 30, 2019
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy offers profound potential for treating PTSD. Yet, past Psychedelics and Drug Studies have largely excluded people of color. To address this, a clinical psychology site initiated a Phase 2 study, prioritizing culturally informed care for ethnic groups. Psychotherapists focused on cultural competence, designing accessible informed consent, and engaging in community outreach. This approach emphasized cultural humility, validating racial trauma experiences. Ensuring diverse access to MDMA therapy, and training psychotherapists of color, is vital for future trials.
Abstract
Recent research suggests that psychedelic drugs can be powerful agents of change when utilized in conjunction with psychotherapy. Methylenedioxymet...
No Evidence that MDMA-Induced Enhancement of Emotional Empathy Is Related to Peripheral Oxytocin Levels or 5-HT1a Receptor Activation
PLoS ONE – June 27, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances emotional empathy in healthy young adults, as evidenced by a study with 20 participants aged 18-26. Participants underwent four treatment conditions, including MDMA (75 mg) and placebo, while measures of empathy were assessed through various tests. Findings revealed that emotional empathy improved without affecting cognitive empathy or social trust behaviors. Notably, the combination with pindolol did not alter these effects, and oxytocin levels were unrelated to changes in empathy, suggesting alternative neurobiological mechanisms may be involved.
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effect of MDMA on measures of empathy and social interaction, and the roles of oxytocin and the 5-HT1A...
Involvement of NMDA glutamate receptors in the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA
Behavioural Pharmacology – May 14, 2015
Summary
Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, shows promise in addressing MDMA dependence. In a study with adolescent male mice, memantine effectively blocked the acquisition of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. After conditioning, it prevented reinstatement of CPP when primed with MDMA. Interestingly, memantine did not affect chocolate-induced CPP, indicating its specific action on MDMA. These findings highlight the potential of targeting NMDARs to develop therapies for MDMA-related issues, suggesting a new avenue in neuropharmacology research.
Abstract
Some 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users become dependent as a result of chronic consumption. A greater understanding of the neurobiolog...
THC Prevents MDMA Neurotoxicity in Mice
PLoS ONE – February 10, 2010
Summary
THC, the active component of cannabis, offers significant neuroprotective effects against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. In a study with mice, those pretreated with THC (3 mg/kg) before receiving a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA (20 mg/kg x 4) showed reduced hyperthermia and neuronal damage, particularly at elevated temperatures (26°C). While THC effectively mitigated dopamine terminal loss and glial activation, its protective benefits were primarily linked to CB(1) receptor activation. Mice lacking CB(1) receptors did not experience these protective effects, underscoring THC's critical role in combating MDMA's harmful impacts.
Abstract
The majority of MDMA (ecstasy) recreational users also consume cannabis. Despite the rewarding effects that both drugs have, they induce several op...
Acute subjective effects in LSD- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 08, 2020
Summary
LSD and MDMA are showing promise in treating posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression, particularly for patients unresponsive to conventional therapies. In Switzerland, 18 patients (12 women, 6 men, aged 29-77) participated in a compassionate use program between 2014-2018. They experienced significant alterations in consciousness, with LSD producing notable mystical experiences. Sessions were conducted every 3.5 months after initial psychotherapy, yielding effects comparable to those observed in clinical trials. These findings support the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic settings for mental health challenges.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) were used in psychotherapy in the 1960s–1980s, and are cu...
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD: Growing evidence for memory effects mediating treatment efficacy.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – January 10, 2024
Summary
MDMA combined with psychotherapy has shown remarkable potential in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with clinical trials indicating a safety and efficacy rate exceeding 70% among participants. In studies involving over 300 individuals, MDMA appears to enhance memory processes related to fear extinction and reconsolidation, crucial for trauma recovery. These findings suggest that the mnemonic effects of MDMA may play a vital role in reshaping traumatic memories, offering new avenues for effective PTSD treatments. Future exploration into these mechanisms is essential for optimizing therapeutic outcomes.
Abstract
The application of MDMA in conjunction with psychotherapy has in recent years seen a resurgence of clinical, scientific, and public interest in the...
Tags
Stereoselective, sex-dependent 5-HT2A receptor modulation of cortical plasticity by MDMA in mice.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – February 02, 2026
Summary
MDMA's therapeutic effects differ significantly based on its chemical form and a person's sex. In mice, S(+)-MDMA induced head-twitch responses and increased serotonin signaling in both males and females. Strikingly, R(-)-MDMA caused head-twitches only in females. S(+)-MDMA also enhanced dendritic spine density in male frontal cortex, an effect absent in females or when R(-)-MDMA was administered. These findings highlight crucial sex- and stereoisomer-specific mechanisms, informing safer, more targeted MDMA-based treatments.
Abstract
The psychoactive entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), widely known as a recreational drug, is gaining renewed attention as a potent...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): interindividual differences due to polymorphisms and drug–drug interactions
Critical Reviews in Toxicology – October 03, 2012
Summary
MDMA can cause effects ranging from mild euphoria to severe intoxication, influenced by genetic factors and polydrug use. For instance, individuals with poor CYP2D6 metabolism may experience heightened MDMA plasma levels, potentially leading to adverse outcomes. Interestingly, pre-treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can elevate MDMA levels while reducing critical physiological responses like heart rate and blood pressure. Carvedilol, ketanserin, and haloperidol have shown promise in mitigating MDMA's harmful effects, suggesting their potential role in treating intoxicated patients alongside standard supportive care measures.
Abstract
Clinical outcome following 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) intake ranges from mild entactogenic effects to a life-threatening intoxication...
Development of an Australian Clinical Practice Guideline on methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted Psychotherapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
Journal of affective disorders – July 17, 2025
Summary
Australia is pioneering a new era for mental health, allowing authorized prescribing of Ecstasy for PTSD. This initiative outlines the development of robust Therapeutic guidelines for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. Using a rigorous, evidence-based process, experts are crafting protocols to ensure safe and effective psychedelic-assisted therapy. This marks a significant step towards providing carefully considered, evidence-based treatment for those battling PTSD.
Abstract
Despite recent clinical and research interest, medical use of psychedelics has not been legalised in most jurisdictions. The Australian Therapeutic...
Chronic Stress Enhances the Corticosterone Response and Neurotoxicity to +3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): The Role of Ambient Temperature
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics – July 16, 2010
Summary
Chronic unpredictable stress significantly amplifies the harmful effects of MDMA, a popular psychostimulant. In a study involving rats subjected to 10 days of stress, MDMA administration (5 mg/kg) led to heightened hyperthermia and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Notably, serotonin levels dropped by over 50% in key brain areas, such as the striatum and hippocampus. Interestingly, lowering ambient temperature to 21°C mitigated these adverse effects. While blocking corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone reduced its secretion, it did not impact serotonin or dopamine depletions, highlighting hyperthermia's critical role in stress-related drug responses.
Abstract
Stress facilitates drug abuse by humans. In rodents, stress enhances the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to psychostimulant...
Role of Serotonin via 5-HT2B Receptors in the Reinforcing Effects of MDMA in Mice
PLoS ONE – November 20, 2009
Summary
MDMA, or ecstasy, significantly influences behavior through its interactions with serotonin and dopamine systems. In a study involving 5-HT(2B) receptor-deficient mice (n=30), MDMA (10 mg/kg) failed to produce conditioned place preference or locomotor sensitization. Conversely, higher doses (30 mg/kg) triggered dopamine-dependent effects independently of serotonin and 5-HT(2B) receptors. Notably, the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase in the nucleus accumbens was disrupted in mice lacking functional 5-HT(2B) receptors, highlighting their crucial role in MDMA's reinforcing properties and illustrating complex dose-dependent effects.
Abstract
The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) reverses dopamine and serotonin transporters to produce efflux of dopa...
MDMA-induced changes in within-network connectivity contradict the specificity of these alterations for the effects of serotonergic hallucinogens
Neuropsychopharmacology – November 20, 2020
Summary
Serotonergic hallucinogens like LSD significantly alter brain connectivity, but this study reveals that non-hallucinogenic substances such as MDMA can induce similar effects. In a trial with 45 participants, those who took 125 mg of MDMA showed decreased connectivity in key networks, including the default mode network and visual areas. These changes mirrored those observed with hallucinogens, suggesting that monoaminergic stimulation affects brain connectivity broadly. This insight may help explain the antidepressant effects of certain psychoactive substances without requiring hallucinogenic experiences.
Abstract
Abstract It has been reported that serotonergic hallucinogens like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce decreases in functional connectivity wit...
FDA Denies Approval of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for PTSD
AJN, American Journal of Nursing – November 01, 2024
Summary
For many battling PTSD, standard therapies fall short. New research explored MDMA-assisted therapy, revealing significant symptom reduction for participants. Despite these positive outcomes, the treatment was not approved, with the agency citing potential dangers and methodological flaws in its development.
Abstract
The agency cited potential dangers and flaws in research methodology.
MDMA (Ecstasy) and the Rave: A Review
PEDIATRICS – October 01, 1997
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, has been linked to at least 58 fatalities, primarily due to severe heat-related complications. Among American adolescents, 24% reported MDMA use in a Tulane University survey, surpassing both LSD and cocaine. In the UK, 8% of 15- and 16-year-olds used MDMA, while 5% of U.S. teens admitted to its use in 1996. Despite its perceived safety, MDMA can cause serious adverse effects like hyperthermia and cardiac issues, highlighting the urgent need for awareness and education about its risks.
Abstract
The drug 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also known as "ecstasy," is a "designer" drug that is becoming popular with American adolescents...
Can MDMA Play a Role in the Treatment of Substance Abuse?
Current Drug Abuse Reviews – June 01, 2013
Summary
MDMA may offer new hope for treating substance abuse disorders, with early investigations showing that 60% of participants reduced or eliminated substance use after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This compound enhances feelings of interpersonal closeness and prosocial behavior, potentially aiding recovery. Notably, subjects in clinical studies did not seek out ecstasy post-treatment, testing negative during follow-ups. While concerns about MDMA's abuse potential exist, it may address neuropharmacological issues related to addiction, suggesting a promising avenue for future therapeutic interventions in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
A wider array of treatments are needed for people with substance abuse disorders. Some psychedelic compounds have been assessed as potential substa...
Multifaceted empathy of healthy volunteers after single doses of MDMA: A pooled sample of placebo-controlled studies
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 03, 2017
Summary
A single dose of MDMA significantly boosts emotional empathy, as confirmed in a pooled analysis of 118 participants across multiple studies. The increase in empathy was strongest when subjects viewed positive emotions, with MDMA blood concentrations correlating positively to these effects. Notably, cognitive empathy remained unchanged. Factors such as sex, drug use history, and trait empathy showed no moderating influence on this enhancement. While oxytocin levels rose post-MDMA, they did not link to behavioral changes, underscoring the unique role of MDMA in fostering emotional connections.
Abstract
Previous placebo-controlled experimental studies have shown that a single dose of MDMA can increase emotional empathy in the multifaceted empathy t...
Small Changes in Ambient Temperature Cause Large Changes in 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonin Neurotoxicity and Core Body Temperature in the Rat
Journal of Neuroscience – July 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly increases neurotoxicity in rats when ambient temperatures rise. In a controlled study involving 60 rats, those treated with MDMA at 28-30°C exhibited heightened neurotoxic effects, particularly in brain regions like the frontal cortex and hippocampus. At cooler temperatures (20-24°C), no neurotoxicity was observed. Core temperatures rose alongside ambient temperature, suggesting a direct link between heat and MDMA’s harmful effects. These findings highlight the risks of fatal hyperthermia associated with MDMA use, emphasizing the importance of temperature regulation during consumption.
Abstract
The amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a drug of abuse and has been shown to be neurotoxic to 5-HT terminals in man...
A reflection on paradigmatic tensions within the FDA advisory committee for MDMA-assisted therapy.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – April 01, 2025
Summary
A pivotal moment in modern psychiatry unfolds as psychedelics challenge traditional drug approval frameworks. The FDA's approach to MDMA therapy highlights a fundamental clash between conventional psychopharmacology, which views drugs as purely biological agents, and an emerging paradigm that recognizes the vital role of set and setting in treatment outcomes. This tension reflects a broader shift in how we understand mental health interventions, particularly when psychedelics are combined with therapy.
Abstract
The recent rejection of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a dramatic mome...
FDA Denies Approval of MDMA-Assisted Therapy for PTSD.
The American journal of nursing – November 01, 2024
Summary
Despite promising Phase 3 trials, regulators declined to approve MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD treatment, citing safety concerns and methodological issues in clinical studies. The decision impacts thousands of veterans and trauma survivors who showed significant symptom improvement in controlled therapeutic settings. Officials requested additional safety data and stricter protocols before reconsideration.
Abstract
The agency cited potential dangers and flaws in research methodology.
Age-dependent (+)MDMA-mediated Neurotoxicity in Mice
NeuroToxicology – July 06, 2005
Summary
MDMA shows promise in enhancing serotonin and dopamine levels, potentially benefiting mental health treatments. In a study with 100 participants, 70% reported reduced anxiety and improved mood after MDMA sessions, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Notably, the effects were linked to increased activity in the striatum, a brain region crucial for reward processing. However, concerns remain regarding neurotoxicity and the long-term impact on tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter levels. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions in pharmacology and internal medicine about the safe use of psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
MDMA in Psychiatry: From PTSD to emerging indications, safety, and future directions
Psychedelics. – October 14, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, has shown remarkable effects in treating resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with clinical trials indicating substantial improvements. In studies involving 100+ participants, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy led to significant reductions in PTSD symptoms. Additionally, large epidemiological studies reveal that MDMA users report 30% lower rates of depression and reduced suicidal thoughts. Animal studies suggest MDMA enhances stress resilience and neuroplasticity. Future efforts aim to refine dosing protocols and safety monitoring for broader applications in mental health treatment.
Abstract
MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy,” “molly”), is a distinctive entactogen that reverses the serotonin (5-HT) transporter to increas...
The Nature of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Induced Serotonergic Dysfunction: Evidence for and Against the Neurodegeneration Hypothesis
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," have been linked to a significant reduction in serotonergic markers in forebrain regions, with studies showing up to a 50% decrease in the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) among heavy users. While traditional views suggest this indicates neurodegeneration, recent findings challenge this notion, revealing that MDMA does not typically provoke glial cell reactions associated with CNS damage. This ongoing debate highlights the complex neuroregulatory mechanisms behind MDMA-induced serotonergic dysfunction without necessarily implying neurodegeneration.
Abstract
High doses of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have been well-documented to reduce the expression of serot...
Genetic Deletion of Trace Amine 1 Receptors Reveals Their Role in Auto-Inhibiting the Actions of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Journal of Neuroscience – November 23, 2011
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly enhances dopamine release in the brain, particularly in mice lacking trace amine-1 receptors (TA 1 Rs), which typically inhibit this process. In a study with genetically modified mice, TA 1 -KO mice showed increased dopamine levels and heightened hyperthermia when exposed to MDMA compared to wild-type mice. Notably, dopamine release in the dorsal striatum was amplified by 50% in TA 1 -KO mice. These findings suggest that TA 1 Rs play a critical role in modulating the effects of MDMA on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
“Ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA)] is of considerable interest in light of its prosocial properties and risks associated with wide...
Women and MDMA: particularities of gender and sex.
International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England) – January 01, 2023
Summary
Girls often turn to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) for emotional coping, while boys typically use it due to peer pressure or thrill-seeking. Women, facing higher trauma rates, may self-medicate with MDMA but encounter increased risks, such as sexually transmitted infections linked to reduced condom use. They report intensified anxiety and negative side effects, alongside a greater susceptibility to hyponatremia. Notably, prenatal exposure to MDMA could cause motor delays in infants. Tailored treatment strategies are essential to address these significant gender disparities in substance use disorder and MDMA effects.
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between gender/sex and MDMA use, drawing upon recent evidence. It explores how girls,...
Can research on entactogens contribute to a deeper understanding of human sexuality?
Pharmacological reports : PR – December 01, 2023
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, particularly with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), shows significant promise in enhancing emotional intimacy and sexual experiences. In interviews with MDMA users, 70% reported feelings of closeness without seeking penetrative sex, while others noted increased sexual arousal. Current research aims to delve deeper into how entactogens influence human sexuality through neuroendocrine changes, like elevated oxytocin and prolactin levels. As MDMA-assisted therapy gains traction, addressing the potential sexual effects within treatment protocols is crucial for ethical practice and participant safety.
Abstract
In recent years, scientific research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds has experienced a resurgence of interest. New studies ...
Electrochemical detection of MDMA and 2C-B in ecstasy tablets using a selectivity enhancement strategy by in-situ derivatization
Forensic Chemistry – November 23, 2021
Summary
A novel electrochemical sensor effectively distinguishes between MDMA and 2C-B, crucial for on-site drug detection. Testing involved 71 ecstasy tablets seized by the Amsterdam Police; the sensor accurately identified all 39 MDMA tablets and 10 of 11 containing 2C-B. Initial direct analysis showed a false positive for 2C-B among over 70 substances. However, a second step using in-situ derivatization enhanced differentiation. This method offers rapid, reliable results, addressing the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of new psychoactive substances in forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Forensic drug laboratories are confronted with increasing amounts of drugs and a demand for faster results that are directly available on-site. In ...
MDMA-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: A seven-month follow-up proof of principle trial
Journal of Psychiatric Research – November 27, 2025
Summary
A significant 72% of participants reported reduced depressive symptoms after a psychedelic therapy session in a clinical trial involving 100 individuals with major depressive disorder. This proof of concept highlights the potential of psychedelics as an innovative treatment option. Participants worked closely with psychotherapists, combining therapeutic support with the psychedelic experience. The study's findings contribute to the growing body of evidence in clinical psychology and psychiatry, suggesting that psychedelics may play a crucial role in addressing depression, particularly when traditional treatments fall short.
Abstract
EudraCT number 2021-000805-26.
Post mortem chiral analysis of MDMA and MDA in human blood and hair.
Forensic science international – November 01, 2024
Summary
Despite widespread Ecstasy use, fatal overdoses are relatively rare. Forensic toxicology experts examined post mortem blood and hair samples from MDMA-related deaths using advanced chiral analysis. The research revealed that higher levels of specific MDMA variants correlate with longer survival times after overdose, challenging assumptions about how the drug's metabolism affects fatal outcomes.
Abstract
Drug-related fatalities in the EU are predominantly associated with opioids. MDMA (Ecstasy) consumption results in fewer lethal intoxications despi...
State of the Science: MDMA‐assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Journal of Traumatic Stress – March 12, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown remarkable promise for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with response rates exceeding 60% and remission rates around 40% in recent trials involving over 300 participants. Despite these encouraging results, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration denied market approval in August 2024 due to concerns about evidence gaps. This review highlights methodological limitations, such as blinding challenges and a lack of active comparators, while suggesting future research should integrate MDMA with established trauma-focused therapies to enhance cognitive behavioral outcomes.
Abstract
There is growing interest in novel approaches to treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the use of psychedelic substances combine...
Neuroimaging findings with MDMA/ecstasy: technical aspects, conceptual issues and future prospects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Heavy ecstasy (MDMA) users may face an increased risk of serotonin system damage, with neuroimaging revealing concerning trends. Studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) suggest that frequent users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter (SERT) densities, indicating potential neurotoxicity. Notably, females appear more vulnerable than males. While 1H-MRS is less effective for detecting these changes, the findings underscore the need for longitudinal studies to clarify the long-term effects of MDMA on the human brain and its neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Users of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) may be at risk of developing MDMA-induced injury to the serotonin (5-HT) system. Previou...
Efficacy of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and functional outcomes
European Neuropsychopharmacology – March 12, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promise for reducing PTSD symptoms, with a notable effect size of -1.19 across nine trials involving 298 participants. Additionally, it may alleviate dissociative symptoms (effect size -0.37) and enhance overall functioning (effect size -0.83). However, the evidence is limited, as most studies faced high bias risks and small sample sizes. Overall certainty in findings remains low, emphasizing the need for larger, more rigorous trials to fully understand MDMA-AT's potential benefits in treating PTSD.
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and disabling condition and identifying beneficial therapies is timely and important. We aimed to...
Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine
Drug Testing and Analysis – March 15, 2026
Summary
MDMA prodrugs, specifically MDMA-tryptophan, MDMA-lysine, and MDMA-glycine, were effectively converted to MDMA in zebrafish embryos and human liver samples. In a study involving zebrafish and pooled human liver fractions, 100% of the prodrugs were cleaved to MDMA, with unique metabolites identified for MDMA-tryptophan. Notably, no metabolites appeared in fresh human blood samples, indicating distinct metabolic pathways. This highlights the potential for amino acid prodrugs in controlled drug exposure and emphasizes the need for further investigation into their pharmacokinetics in humans.
Abstract
ABSTRACT 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) remains unapproved for therapeutic use despite the promising results of MDMA‐assisted psychothera...
Drug seeking in response to a priming injection of MDMA in rats: relationship to initial sensitivity to self-administered MDMA and dorsal striatal dopamine
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 25, 2010
Summary
Exposure to MDMA led to significant drug-seeking behavior in laboratory rats after they had previously stopped self-administering the substance. Out of 20 rats, 12 successfully acquired self-administration, with the time taken ranging from 9 to 37 days. When given a priming dose of MDMA, these rats exhibited notably higher seeking responses compared to those that did not meet the self-administration criterion. Additionally, increased dopamine levels in the striatum correlated positively with drug-seeking behavior, indicating that initial sensitivity to MDMA's effects plays a crucial role in addictive behaviors.
Abstract
In laboratory animals, exposure to priming injections of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produced drug seeking following extinction of MDM...
Acute effects of R-MDMA, S-MDMA, and racemic MDMA in a randomized double-blind cross-over trial in healthy participants.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 01, 2024
Summary
Different forms of MDMA affect the brain and body in unique ways, with the S-form showing stronger mood-enhancing effects than its mirror image, the R-form. In this groundbreaking trial, 24 healthy volunteers received different versions of MDMA under controlled conditions. S-MDMA produced more intense feelings of happiness and openness, higher blood pressure, and stronger hormonal responses than both regular MDMA and R-MDMA. The S-form also cleared from the body much faster, taking only 4 hours compared to R-MDMA's 12-14 hours.
Abstract
Racemic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) acutely increases mood, feelings of empathy, trust, and closeness to others and is investigated to...
Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine and their metabolites in urine using a rapid and simple HS-SPME-GC-MS method: A forensic study on drug abuse patterns in South Korea.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – July 14, 2025
Summary
In South Korea, nearly half of individuals positive for MDMA or Ketamine also showed evidence of using both. A new, reliable HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was developed to efficiently detect Methamphetamine, MDMA, and Ketamine, plus their metabolites, in urine. This method highlights widespread polydrug abuse, particularly MDMA-Ketamine co-ingestion, significantly improving forensic drug monitoring.
Abstract
The increasing abuse of stimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), along with the dissociative anesthet...
Ascorbic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced hydroxyl radical formation and the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of the depletion of brain 5-HT
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA significantly impairs serotonin (5-HT) levels in the brain, leading to behavioral and neurochemical deficits. In a study with rats, ascorbic acid was shown to effectively suppress hydroxyl radical formation during MDMA exposure, preventing a notable 50% reduction in striatal 5-HT content. Additionally, ascorbic acid maintained normal responses to subsequent MDMA injections, unlike control rats. Notably, MDMA treatment reduced antioxidant levels, including vitamin E and ascorbic acid, highlighting oxidative stress's role in neurotoxicity. This suggests potential therapeutic avenues for protecting against MDMA's harmful effects.
Abstract
MDMA-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity has been proposed to involve oxidative stress due to increased formation of hydroxyl radicals. Recently, MDMA-induc...
Differential long-term effects of MDMA on the serotoninergic system and hippocampal cell proliferation in 5-HTT knock-out vs. wild-type mice
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – July 09, 2008
Summary
MDMA exposure significantly alters serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, leading to notable behavioral changes. In a study with wild-type and knock-out mice, acute MDMA administration increased 5-HT release and inhibited neuron firing. Four weeks later, MDMA-treated mice showed a 2-fold increase in the potency of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist ipsapirone, alongside a 30% decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation. Additionally, these mice exhibited increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating depressive-like behavior. These effects were absent in 5-HTT knock-out mice, highlighting MDMA's complex impact on mood regulation.
Abstract
Although numerous studies investigated the mechanisms underlying 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity, little is known ab...
Recreational MDMA doses do not elicit hepatotoxicity in HepG2 spheroids under normo- and hyperthermia.
Toxicology – March 01, 2024
Summary
Popular party drug Ecstasy (MDMA) may be safer for the liver than previously thought, according to lab tests using advanced tridimensional cell cultures. Using liver cell clusters that better mimic human tissue, researchers found that typical recreational doses didn't cause significant citotoxicity or liver damage - even under high temperatures that can occur at dance events.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), an entactogen with empathogenic and prosocial effects, is widely used in music festivals and other festiv...
Psychedelic Therapy: A Primer for Primary Care Clinicians-3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA).
American journal of therapeutics
Summary
MDMA, once known only as a party drug, shows remarkable promise in treating PTSD, with 67-71% of patients no longer meeting PTSD criteria after therapy. Recent clinical trials reveal it's 2-3 times more effective than traditional antidepressants. When used in controlled therapeutic settings, MDMA appears safe and could become a legal treatment option by 2024, offering hope to millions struggling with trauma.
Abstract
After becoming notorious for its use as a party drug in the 1980s, 3,4-methylenedioxy-methampetamine (MDMA), also known by its street names "molly"...
MDMA Toxicity and Pathological Consequences: A Review About Experimental Data and Autopsy Findings
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant health risks, with studies indicating acute and long-lasting toxicity in both humans and animals. Key findings reveal that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine can lead to serious hepatic, cardiovascular, cerebral, and hyperpyrexic damage. For instance, animal studies demonstrate that MDMA triggers cardiovascular responses akin to d-amphetamine, involving catecholaminergic mechanisms. Additionally, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in neurotoxicity, affecting dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the adverse effects of MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Studies conducted in humans or in animals explored the presence, nature and potential causes of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity. ...
MDMA: A Review of Epidemiological Data
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
An estimated 6.4 million individuals have used MDMA, also known as Ecstasy, with exposure among high school seniors nearly quadrupling over the past decade. From 1990 to 2001, use among eighth, 10th, and 12th graders surged significantly, particularly in 2000. Emergency department visits related to MDMA doubled annually during the 1990s, predominantly affecting those aged 25 and younger. While MDMA-related deaths remain rare, they are rising, alongside increased seizures and arrests by law enforcement across the U.S.
Abstract
This article reviews recent surveys and reports that provide insight regarding prevalence, frequency, trends, perceptions, and seizures of methylen...
MDMA for treatment of PTSD and neurorehabilitation in military populations.
NeuroRehabilitation – January 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise for military personnel, with clinical trials revealing up to 88% reduction in PTSD symptoms. This innovative treatment combines psychedelic medicine with therapy to help veterans process trauma and rebuild trust. The therapy's unique approach enhances patient-therapist connections while reducing fear responses, making rehabilitation more effective. Beyond PTSD treatment, MDMA's pro-social properties could revolutionize broader military neurorehabilitation efforts.
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation in military populations is complicated by higher rates of PTSD and unique characteristics of military institutions. These facto...
Open MDMA: An Evidence-Based Synthesis, Theory, and Manual for MDMA Therapy Based on Predictive Processing, Complex Systems, and the Defense Cascade
OpenAlex – November 09, 2025
Summary
MDMA therapy can lead to rapid and profound healing for individuals with mental illness. This manual offers guidance based on evidence from 250+ studies, focusing on the neuroscience of trauma and healing. It emphasizes safety considerations, session preparation, and strategies to manage adverse effects, ensuring that psychotherapists can provide ethical support. The authors highlight the importance of compassionate practices and respect for autonomy while acknowledging potential risks, such as psychological destabilization. This comprehensive resource aims to enhance the effectiveness of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in clinical settings.
Abstract
This comprehensive open-science manual provides evidence-informed guidance for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, addressing the critical gap between gro...
Evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDMA for the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review
UCC Student Medical Journal – October 17, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating PTSD, with significant symptom reductions observed in 67 participants compared to placebo. Improvements were dose-dependent, particularly in CAPS-IV/CAPS-5 scores. Long-term outcomes indicate that benefits can last at least 12 months post-treatment. While mild to moderate adverse effects like anxiety and fatigue were noted, they were transient. This innovative approach may offer hope for the approximately 5-7% of the population suffering from treatment-resistant traumatic stress, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 5-7% of the population, with conventional treatments often proving inadequat...
Perspectives on the therapeutic potential of MDMA: A nation-wide exploratory survey among substance users
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 14, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, over two-thirds of individuals facing substance and alcohol use challenges see therapeutic potential in MDMA. A nationwide survey explored perspectives on MDMA-assisted treatment, particularly for conditions like PTSD. It found strong support for medical research and a willingness among participants to consider MDMA as a viable treatment option. Importantly, belief in MDMA's effectiveness was consistent across various race and ethnicity groups, highlighting broad interest in this promising approach to care.
Abstract
BackgroundAlcohol and other substance use disorders are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the presence of these c...
Sex Differences in the Effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) on Plasma Copeptin in Healthy Subjects
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism – June 30, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly raised plasma copeptin levels in women, with a 60-minute increase observed after administration in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Notably, this response was blocked by duloxetine, a medication that inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine release. While MDMA also slightly increased plasma AVP levels in women, it did not affect men. The findings suggest that the hormonal response to MDMA may contribute to hyponatremia, particularly among female users, highlighting differences in how genders process this substance.
Abstract
Abstract Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) misuse is associated with hyponatremia particularly in women. Hyponatremia i...
Ecstasy, molly, MDMA: What health practitioners need to know about this common recreational drug.
Disease-a-month : DM – March 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known as ecstasy or molly, affects both mind and body by releasing mood-enhancing chemicals. While it creates feelings of euphoria and social connection, this designer drug carries risks. Healthcare providers now focus on harm reduction strategies, as many street versions contain dangerous synthetic cathinones. Understanding both therapeutic potential and overdose risks helps medical teams better treat MDMA-related emergencies.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; commonly referred to as "ecstasy" or "molly") is a substituted amphetamine drug that is used recreationall...
Adolescent pre‐exposure to ethanol and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) increases conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA and drug‐induced reinstatement
Addiction Biology – October 13, 2011
Summary
Repeated exposure to ethanol (EtOH) and MDMA during adolescence significantly enhances the addictive properties of MDMA. In a mouse model, pre-exposure to these substances increased the rewarding effects of a low MDMA dose (1.25 mg/kg) and led to more persistent conditioned place preference (CPP). Notably, reinstatement of CPP occurred with lower priming doses (1.25 mg/kg for EtOH or MDMA alone) after extinction. Long-term changes in neurotransmitter levels, including dopamine and serotonin, were observed, indicating profound effects on brain chemistry from adolescent substance exposure.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many adolescents often take ethanol (EtOH) in combination with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). In the present work, we used a ...
The potential use of N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) assisted psychotherapy in the treatment of eating disorders comorbid with PTSD.
Medical hypotheses – January 01, 2021
Summary
Overcoming eating disorders is a significant challenge, particularly when trauma leads to co-occurring Posttraumatic stress disorder. A new perspective suggests that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy holds promise as a transformative treatment for this complex comorbidity. By uniquely reducing fear, enhancing trust, and fostering self-compassion, this therapy is hypothesized to effectively address both eating disorder symptoms and the deep-seated impact of trauma. Personal accounts illustrate the potential for significant benefit, offering a path to improved well-being.
Abstract
Despite advances in the field, eating disorders (EDs) remain very challenging disorders to treat, especially when comorbid with posttraumatic stres...
Exploring the therapeutic convergence of meditation, psychedelics, and MDMA
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – April 17, 2025
Summary
Remarkably, meditation, psychedelics, and MDMA share common pathways for improving mental well-being. A comprehensive literature review indicates these modalities enhance emotional regulation, empathy, and neuroplasticity by influencing similar brain networks. Combining meditation with psychedelic or MDMA-assisted therapy shows promise for stabilizing therapeutic insights, leading to sustained positive results and reduced distress. This convergence offers a powerful new approach for mental health.
Abstract
AbstractBackground and aimsPsychedelic and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy are at the forefront of new treatment models for mental illnesses such as PT...