1299 results for "MDMA"
A randomized, controlled pilot study of MDMA (±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant, chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 31, 2012
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating treatment-resistant PTSD, with a randomized controlled trial involving 12 patients. Participants received either a low dose (25 mg) or full dose (125 mg) of MDMA across three sessions, complemented by weekly therapy. While no serious adverse effects were reported, self-reported improvements on the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale indicated significant benefits. Notably, CAPS scores improved further at the one-year follow-up, suggesting lasting effects. Additionally, three MDMA sessions proved more effective than two, highlighting its potential in psychiatric medicine.
Abstract
Psychiatrists and psychotherapists in the US (1970s to 1985) and Switzerland (1988–1993) used MDMA legally as a prescription drug, to enhance the e...
Pharmacogenomics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Narrative Review of the Literature.
Pharmaceutics – August 20, 2024
Summary
Genetic differences may explain why MDMA affects people differently, with some experiencing stronger therapeutic benefits than others. Research shows that variations in genes controlling MDMA metabolism and brain response influence individual reactions to the drug. Key findings reveal that specific genetic markers affect cognitive performance, cardiovascular response, and mood changes when MDMA is used. Understanding these genetic factors could help optimize therapeutic dosing and safety.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic amphetamine derivative with notable psychoactive properties and emerging therapeutic potent...
Safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows promising results in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, with patients up to three times more likely to experience symptom relief compared to traditional therapy alone. This umbrella review analyzed 14 systematic reviews covering 353 participants, finding that controlled doses of psychedelics combined with therapy significantly improved PTSD symptoms and recovery rates, though some temporary side effects were noted.
Abstract
To critically evaluate published and unpublished systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the safety and efficacy of methylenedioxymethamphetamine-a...
The entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) as a treatment aid in psychotherapy and its safety concerns.
Archives of toxicology – August 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy shows remarkable promise in treating PTSD, with recent clinical trials demonstrating breakthrough results. While MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy) can have risks when misused, supervised therapeutic sessions have proven safe and effective. Australia now permits MDMA prescriptions for PTSD treatment, and studies explore its potential for conditions like schizophrenia and alcohol dependency. The drug works by releasing neurotransmitters that promote emotional openness and social bonding.
Abstract
The phenylethylamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'), is the prototypical example of an entactogen. Its original placement in ...
Harm reduction behaviours and harm experiences of people who use 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Harm reduction journal – March 21, 2024
Summary
In New Zealand, 95.9% of people who used drug checking services reported learning valuable harm reduction strategies for MDMA use. A nationwide survey of 915 MDMA users in Aotearoa revealed that while most practice harm reduction behaviors, those who experienced negative effects were less likely to use safety measures. Drug checking services proved highly effective, though access remains limited in many areas. Only 14.4% reported MDMA-related harm, with most adverse effects coming from substances mistakenly sold as MDMA.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is drug of high prevalence in Aotearoa New Zealand and is the primary drug analysed by legal drug checking...
Recreational ecstasy use and the neurotoxic potential of MDMA: current status of the controversy and methodological issues
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 01, 2006
Summary
Despite ongoing debates, evidence regarding MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in recreational ecstasy users remains inconclusive. With sample sizes often lacking sufficient control groups, findings show mixed results on cognitive deficits and brain imaging changes. Over 50% of studies fail to account for concurrent cannabis use, complicating interpretations. Additionally, many participants may have pre-existing serotonergic issues that influence drug behavior. As the designs of these investigations improve, clarity around MDMA's long-term effects on cognition and serotonin systems in humans remains elusive.
Abstract
The controversy over possible MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in human recreational ecstasy users is examined critically in light of recent...
Therapeutic Potential of MDMA- and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy for Adolescent Depression and Trauma.
Current psychiatry reports – February 01, 2025
Summary
Groundbreaking treatments using MDMA and psychedelics show remarkable promise in treating depression and trauma. While proven effective in adults, these therapies could be particularly transformative for adolescents. Clinical trials demonstrate that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy significantly reduces PTSD symptoms, while psychedelic treatments help overcome resistant depression. These approaches offer new hope for youth mental health.
Abstract
There is a mental health crisis affecting youth, and the utility of existing treatments is often limited by lack of effectiveness and tolerability....
A Review of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-Assisted Psychotherapy
Frontiers in Psychiatry – March 20, 2019
Summary
MDMA, often called Ecstasy, is on track for FDA/EMA licensing by 2021 as a medicine, currently in final Phase 3 trials for PTSD. This marks a significant advance in Psychiatry and Psychology. A psychotherapist guides MDMA-assisted sessions, exploring its potential beyond PTSD for autism-related anxiety and alcohol use disorder. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies, alongside Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, are redefining therapeutic approaches, moving beyond traditional views of hallucinogens and drug analysis concerns in Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of the history, proposed pharmacological mechanisms, safety issues, and clinical applications of the medicine 3,...
Misrepresentation of MDMA in the United States, 1999-2023.
Drug and alcohol dependence – November 01, 2024
Summary
Over half of substances sold as MDMA or Ecstasy contain unexpected ingredients. Drug checking services reveal that while 75% of tested samples were believed to be pure MDMA, only 48% actually were. Quality improved significantly since 2009, with pure MDMA samples rising from 15% to 74% by 2023. Nearly 200 different adulterants were identified, highlighting the importance of drug checking services in promoting safer supply.
Abstract
The misrepresentation of illicit drugs in unregulated markets increases the risk of adverse health events. This study analyzed drug checking data t...
MDMA Self-Administration in Laboratory Animals: A Summary of the Literature and Proposal for Future Research
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2009
Summary
MDMA use has surged globally, evolving from a niche dance club phenomenon to widespread consumption, with some users developing drug dependence. In studies involving 65 laboratory animals, findings revealed that while most self-administered low doses of MDMA daily, certain subjects exhibited higher intake. Typically, MDMA was less effective as a reinforcer compared to other drugs of abuse. The decline in serotonin release from repeated exposure may enhance dopamine responses, potentially driving the self-administration behavior observed in these animals.
Abstract
The prevalence of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use has increased globally and the pattern of consumption has changed considerably. Prev...
MDMA Therapy for PTSD: Inching Closer to—or Farther From—Approval?
The Senior Care Pharmacist – July 31, 2024
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is poised to revolutionize mental healthcare. With 40-60% of PTSD patients unresponsive to standard treatments, this psychedelic therapy offers new hope. The FDA recognized MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a breakthrough therapy in 2017, with potential approval as early as 2024. This development in Drug Studies and Psychiatry could provide a vital treatment for the almost 3.5% of US adults affected by PTSD, transforming Psychology's approach to severe trauma. Psychotherapists are already gaining expanded access, signaling a significant Biomedical Innovation.
Abstract
In recent years, scientists have initiated a renaissance in psychedelic research following decades of prohibition. Compounds such as ketamine, LSD,...
Effects of Stress and MDMA on Hippocampal Gene Expression
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly influences gene expression related to stress and neuronal function. In a study with control and chronically stressed rats, MDMA treatment altered genes involved in protein folding and neuropeptide signaling. Notably, stressed rats showed changes that enhanced sensory processing and tissue damage responses. Moreover, MDMA reversed the downregulation of circadian rhythm-related genes caused by stress. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA's effects on serotonin neurotoxicity and its potential therapeutic benefits for stress disorders like PTSD, suggesting lasting impacts on brain structure and function.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a substituted amphetamine and popular drug of abuse. Its mood-enhancing short-term effects may prompt i...
Trends in toxicological findings and drug seizures of MDMA in New Zealand from 2010 to 2022
Journal of Forensic Sciences – February 12, 2026
Summary
In New Zealand, 4.8% of individuals aged 15 and older reported using MDMA in 2023/2024. Between 2010 and 2022, toxicology data revealed that out of 131 Coronial cases positive for MDMA, the average concentration in blood was 0.88 mg/L, while 193 driving under the influence cases showed an average of 0.23 mg/L. Over 85% of these cases also tested positive for additional substances, primarily cannabis and alcohol. Additionally, 138 drug seizures had an average purity of 71%, with capsules being the most potent.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "ecstasy," is a commonly used drug worldwide, including in New Zealand, where 4.8% of the population ag...
A meta-analytic analysis of the acute effects of MDMA on empathy and emotion recognition in humans
Scientific Reports – November 29, 2025
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances emotional empathy, improving individuals' ability to connect emotionally with others. In a meta-analysis involving multiple studies, MDMA administration led to a 25% increase in emotional empathy scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test. However, it also resulted in a 15% decrease in accuracy when recognizing negative facial expressions—specifically sadness, fear, and anger—on the Facial Emotion Recognition Task. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on social cognition, crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications in clinical psychology.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an amphetamine derivative known as an "entactogen," influencing emotional and social processing. Phase ...
Rare but relevant: MDMA and hyponatraemia
Addiction – December 08, 2025
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can lead to serious health risks, including hyponatremia, a dangerous electrolyte disorder. Among users, particularly women, the incidence of acute MDMA-induced hyponatremia is notably high, with increased odds of severe complications. This condition can alter mental states and may require intensive care. Understanding its clinical manifestations and pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment. With MDMA's popularity in nightlife settings, awareness of these risks is vital for both users and healthcare providers.
Abstract
Conventionally used for its stimulant, empathogenic and entactogenic effects, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is one of the most ...
Bile acids and the gut microbiome are involved in the hyperthermia mediated by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
Scientific reports – June 24, 2024
Summary
Body temperature regulation during MDMA use is linked to an unexpected source: gut bacteria and bile acids. When MDMA enters the system, it alters bile acid levels produced by gut microbes. Researchers found that eliminating gut bacteria with antibiotics actually prevented dangerous overheating in rats given MDMA. This suggests that gut microbes and their bile acid production play a crucial role in how the body regulates temperature after MDMA exposure.
Abstract
Hyperthermia induced by phenethylamines, such as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), can lead to life-threatening complications and death. Ac...
Critical Role of Peripheral Vasoconstriction in Fatal Brain Hyperthermia Induced by MDMA (Ecstasy) under Conditions That Mimic Human Drug Use
Journal of Neuroscience – June 04, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can trigger dangerously high brain temperatures in social and warm environments. In a study with male rats, moderate doses (9 mg/kg) resulted in significant hyperthermia when conditions mimicked crowded settings, with ambient temperatures at 29°C. While individual responses varied, vasoconstriction was identified as a key factor exacerbating heat retention. Under typical recreational scenarios, these nontoxic doses can escalate to life-threatening levels, highlighting serious health risks associated with MDMA use at parties.
Abstract
MDMA (Ecstasy) is an illicit drug used by young adults at hot, crowed "rave" parties, yet the data on potential health hazards of its abuse remain ...
Syllogistic Reasoning Performance in MDMA (Ecstasy) Users.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibited notable impairments in syllogistic reasoning, with 22 users scoring lower than 26 non-users on tasks of varying difficulty. Specifically, MDMA users struggled more in reasoning tasks, highlighting a significant link between their drug use and cognitive deficits. However, when accounting for differences in working memory, the impact of MDMA diminished. This suggests that challenges in executive functioning, influenced by MDMA, may hinder reasoning abilities, emphasizing the interplay between cognition and recreational drug use in young adults.
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated working memory and executive deficits in recreational users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; Ecstasy)...
Pre-exposure to eutylone attenuates its own aversive effects but has no impact on cocaine or MDMA: A possible role of eutylone's hybrid pharmacology.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 2025
Summary
Prior exposure to drugs can change how the body responds to them. New research reveals that the synthetic drug eutylone reduces its own negative effects when taken repeatedly, but surprisingly doesn't affect reactions to cocaine or MDMA. This unique finding suggests eutylone's dual action as both a reuptake inhibitor and substrate releaser creates distinct bodily sensations, despite sharing chemical similarities with other stimulants.
Abstract
Previous research has reported that pre-exposure to a variety of drugs of abuse can impact (reduce) the aversive effects of themselves and other ab...
A Clinical Plan for MDMA (Ecstasy) in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Partnering with the FDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly in patients unresponsive to traditional treatments. The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have approved pilot studies, funded by the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), targeting this population. These unique trials aim to evaluate MDMA's safety and efficacy over five years at a cost of approximately $5 million. Insights from Pfizer’s Zoloft approval process informed the clinical plan, highlighting a strategic approach in psychiatric treatment using psychedelics.
Abstract
The FDA and the Spanish Ministry of Health have concluded that the risk/benefit ratio is favorable under certain circumstances for clinical studies...
The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 16, 2018
Summary
A striking 29.6% of participants at electronic dance music festivals tested positive for novel stimulants, despite self-reporting use of Ecstasy, Molly, or MDMA. In a study involving 223 individuals, 91% used only one term to describe their substance intake. Specifically, 60.6% reported using Molly, while 27.1% indicated MDMA. Notably, only 54.3% were confirmed to have taken MDMA without any novel stimulants detected. These findings reveal significant discrepancies between self-reported drug use and actual toxicological results in recreational settings.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Effects of MDMA on body temperature in humans
Temperature – October 31, 2014
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, can cause a concerning rise in body temperature, with increases ranging from 0.2 to 0.8°C in healthy individuals. At higher doses, temperatures often exceed 38.0°C, even without physical exertion. This hyperthermia is linked to the release of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, affecting heat regulation. In cases of severe hyperthermia, effective management includes sedation with benzodiazepines and intravenous fluids, while critical situations require cooling measures and mechanical ventilation for patient safety.
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a severe complication associated with the recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). In this review, th...
Distribution of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in Postmortem and Antemortem Specimens
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 2006
Summary
MDMA and its metabolite MDA show distinct distribution patterns in various biological specimens. In a study involving 20 fatal cases, heart blood, urine, and bile were analyzed, revealing consistent MDA/MDMA ratios in hair (n=6) that exceed those in other samples. Additionally, the MDMA/MDA concentration ratio in hair aligns with findings from urine and blood, indicating similar incorporation rates to other drugs like cocaine and heroin. This comprehensive analysis aids forensic toxicology by enhancing drug detection capabilities across different specimen types.
Abstract
With increasing requests for the analysis of various specimens related to fatal and non-fatal abuse of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA...
Effects of (±) 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
The Scientific World JOURNAL – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause lasting disruptions in sleep patterns due to its neurotoxic effects on serotonin neurons. In studies involving various animal species, including nonhuman primates, significant damage to these brain cells was observed, raising concerns for human users. Chronic alterations in sleep and circadian rhythms were noted in those exposed to MDMA, potentially leading to memory disturbances. With sample sizes often exceeding 100 participants, the implications of these findings underscore the need for further exploration into MDMA's long-term impact on sleep and neuroscience.
Abstract
Abuse of stimulant drugs invariably leads to a disruption in sleep-wake patterns by virtue of the arousing and sleep-preventing effects of these dr...
Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy reduces hypothalamic oxytocin expression and blood levels after oral MDMA administration in male rats.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – March 20, 2025
Summary
The vagus nerve, a key player in the gut-brain axis, significantly influences how MDMA affects hormone levels in the body. When researchers severed this nerve in rats, they found dramatically reduced oxytocin levels in both blood and brain regions, particularly in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus. This reveals how crucial the connection between digestive and nervous systems is for MDMA's well-known emotional and social effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely recognized entactogen frequently used recreationally. It is known for its interaction with the...
The Efficacy of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Cureus – May 17, 2021
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," shows promising potential in treating PTSD, with a meta-analysis of 10 studies involving 168 patients revealing significant improvements in symptoms. The analysis utilized the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, indicating that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could be beneficial for treatment-resistant individuals. While adverse effects were noted, the therapeutic index suggests a favorable balance between benefits and risks. These findings highlight MDMA's pharmacological profile as a potential avenue for developing new treatments in clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known recreationally as "Molly" or "Ecstasy", is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor. MDMA ...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) – January 01, 2021
Summary
Imagine a therapy that offers profound relief for severe trauma. In a pilot investigation in Brazil, individuals with PTSD stemming from sexual abuse experienced remarkable success with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This structured approach, combining therapy sessions with carefully administered MDMA, led to clinically significant improvement, drastically reducing PTSD symptoms and offering a promising new path for healing.
Abstract
To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disord...
MDMA enhances prefrontal plasticity and representational drift during fear extinction
OpenAlex – March 08, 2026
Summary
MDMA significantly enhances fear extinction by promoting structural and functional neuroplasticity in the brain. In a study involving mice, MDMA increased spine density in the medial prefrontal cortex by 30%, indicating heightened synaptic connections. Additionally, the infralimbic cortex showed improved correlation with reduced freezing behavior during extinction tasks. Over time, neural representations in MDMA-treated mice shifted more rapidly, particularly among neurons that suppressed activity in response to cues. These findings suggest MDMA's potential as a therapeutic agent for improving cognitive processes related to fear and anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Fear extinction requires dynamic updating of cortical representations, yet the neural mechanisms underlying successful extinction remain p...
Combining Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD with 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): A Case Example.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2019
Summary
Imagine a therapy that not only reduces PTSD but also strengthens relationships. A new approach combined Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with MDMA-assisted sessions for couples. This innovative method aimed to significantly improve outcomes. A detailed case showed remarkable reductions in PTSD symptoms and enhanced relationship satisfaction for the couple, highlighting a powerful path to healing.
Abstract
Treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have evolved significantly in the past 35 years. From what was historically viewed as a pervasi...
A review of the acute subjective effects of MDMA/ecstasy
Addiction – March 24, 2006
Summary
Acute subjective effects of MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, reveal a rich tapestry of experiences. Analyzing data from 24 studies with thousands of participants, emotional responses like euphoria and anxiety were frequently reported, alongside somatic effects such as nausea and muscle aches. Notably, sexual arousal was mentioned in five studies. Factors influencing these experiences included the time between ingestion and assessment, dosage, and gender. This comprehensive review aids clinicians and public health advocates in understanding both the appealing and adverse effects of MDMA use.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim Although several relatively recent reviews have summarized the neuropsychiatric effects associated with chronic ecstasy use, there is ...
MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of US adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Remarkably, in an analysis of 484,732 adults, lifetime MDMA (Ecstasy) use correlated with 10% reduced odds of past year suicidal ideation and planning. Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, showed 22% reduced odds of past month psychological distress and 10% reduced odds of suicidal thinking. These findings, with reported odds ratios, offer insights for psychiatry and clinical psychology in suicide prevention. While promising for medicine, LSD use was associated with 7% increased odds of suicidal ideation, within a 95% confidence interval, underscoring complex psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and rates within the United States have risen over the past two decades. Hence,...
Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 21, 2017
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, showed predominantly positive effects in a study involving 166 healthy participants. A single 125 mg dose resulted in significantly higher 'good drug effect' ratings compared to 75 mg. However, adverse effects like hypertension (33%), tachycardia (29%), and elevated body temperature (19%) were notably more frequent with the higher dose and particularly affected women. Importantly, no serious adverse events occurred, and MDMA did not impact liver or kidney function after 29 days. Overall, MDMA demonstrated safety in a controlled medical setting.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is being investigated in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. The present study characterized the safety ...
Investigation of serotonin-1A receptor function in the human psychopharmacology of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 17, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly impairs sustained attention and visual-spatial memory in healthy males. In a study involving 15 participants, those administered MDMA (1.6 mg/kg) showed cognitive deficits compared to a placebo group. Notably, pre-treatment with pindolol, a blocker of the 5-HT 1A receptor, did not significantly alter these impairments. While MDMA affected higher cognitive functions, it did not support the hypothesis that its effects are mediated through the 5-HT 1A receptor system, challenging previous animal study findings.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) release is the primary pharmacological mechanism of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) action in the primate brai...
Discrete memory impairments in largely pure chronic users of MDMA.
European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 01, 2017
Summary
Even largely pure, chronic MDMA use specifically affects new memory formation. Researchers investigated if cognition difficulties were solely due to the empathogen or compounded by other substances. Comparing pure mdma users, polydrug users (with stimulants like mda, mdea), and non-users, they used cognitive tests and hair analysis. Pure mdma users primarily showed significant declarative memory deficits. Polydrug users showed broader impairments in working memory, executive functions, and attention. This suggests chronic mdma use is linked to discrete declarative memory challenges, while wider cognition issues stem from co-occurring stimulant use.
Abstract
Chronic use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") has repeatedly been associated with deficits in working memory, declarative memo...
Memory deficits of MDMA users are linked to cortical thinning related to 5-HT receptor densities
Brain – October 19, 2025
Summary
Regular MDMA ("Ecstasy") users show significant deficits in verbal memory, linked to notable reductions in grey matter volume within the hippocampus. In a study involving 122 participants (61 MDMA users and 61 controls), users demonstrated impaired short-term recall, long-term recall, and recognition performance. Notably, a moderate inverse correlation was found between hippocampal volume and verbal long-term memory. Additionally, the extent of grey matter differences correlated with serotonin receptor densities, suggesting that structural changes in the brain may underlie cognitive impairments associated with MDMA use.
Abstract
Regular recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") has been consistently linked to verbal memory dysfunctions, whose n...
Neurotoxicity of Ecstasy (MDMA): An Overview
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology – June 27, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks due to its neurotoxic effects. In studies with laboratory animals, MDMA has been shown to damage neurons in critical brain areas, including the insular and parietal cortex. Among human abusers, a notable 30% reduction in serotonergic markers has been observed, leading to mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Factors such as hyperthermia and serotonin syndrome further exacerbate its toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing the health impacts of this popular hallucinogenic drug.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" (MDMA) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug which has raised concern worldwide because of its high abuse liability. A plethora of studies ha...
A study of the mechanism of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)‐induced neurotoxicity of 5‐HT neurones using chlormethiazole, dizocilpine and other protective compounds
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 1994
Summary
A single injection of MDMA (20 mg/kg) in rats led to over 80% depletion of serotonin (5-HT) in the hippocampus and cortex within just 4 hours. Four days later, a significant 50% loss of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT was observed. Neuroprotective compounds like gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and pentobarbitone showed some protective effects against this depletion. Interestingly, while MDMA increased striatal dopamine by 28%, none of the protective drugs significantly altered this dopamine response, suggesting complex interactions between neurotransmitters during neurotoxicity.
Abstract
1. An investigation has been made in rats into the neurotoxic effect of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxin, 3,4-methyle...
Neurobehavioral outcomes of infants exposed to MDMA (Ecstasy) and other recreational drugs during pregnancy
Neurotoxicology and Teratology – March 05, 2012
Summary
Prenatal exposure to MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, poses significant risks to infant development. In a study involving 96 mothers, those who used MDMA during pregnancy (n=28) displayed more health and social issues than non-users (n=68). Infants exposed to MDMA had a skewed sex ratio with more males and exhibited poorer motor skills, showing lower milestone attainment at four months. Notably, a dose-response relationship indicated that higher MDMA use correlated with greater developmental delays, highlighting the potential harm of this recreational drug on offspring.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy" is one of the most widely used illicit recreational drugs among young adults. MDMA is an indi...
Acute and long-term effects of a single dose of MDMA on aggression in Dark Agouti rats
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts brain function, leading to notable changes in behavior. In male Dark Agouti rats, exposure to MDMA (15 mg/kg) resulted in a 30-60% reduction in paroxetine binding in the forebrain, indicating serotonergic terminal depletion. Despite this, aggressive behaviors such as biting and boxing remained unchanged 21 days post-exposure. Interestingly, acute doses of MDMA and 5-HT1B agonists continued to reduce aggression in drug-naive rats. These findings highlight MDMA's complex effects on impulsivity and aggression, even after substantial neurotoxicity.
Abstract
MDMA causes selective depletion of serotonergic terminals in experimental animals and the consequent decrease in synaptic 5-HT may, inter alia, inc...
Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Lifetime MDMA/Ecstasy use is associated with 16% lower odds of experiencing a major depressive episode. An analysis of 213,437 US adults found MDMA, or Ecstasy, linked to 16-18% lower odds of these episodes. The hallucinogen Psilocybin, a classic psychedelic, correlated with 10-13% lower odds. These findings offer intriguing insights for Psychiatry and Medicine, suggesting potential avenues for Psychology in addressing major depressive episodes, unlike other substances examined.
Abstract
Background: Depression is a major mental health issue worldwide, with high rates of chronicity and non-recovery associated with the condition. Exis...
Case Report: Amplified psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis, OCD and MDMA in a clinical case study
Frontiers in Psychology – March 11, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy within a psychoanalytic framework shows promising potential for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the Ygg case, a single patient experienced enhanced emotional processing and improved access to avoided memories, suggesting that altered states of consciousness can facilitate therapeutic breakthroughs. This approach strengthens the therapeutic alliance, offering new insights into the unconscious mind. While the findings are based on a single clinical narrative, they highlight the value of integrating psychedelics into traditional psychotherapy, paving the way for future studies with larger samples and formal outcomes.
Abstract
This article investigates the novel therapeutic approach of “amplified psychoanalysis” through a detailed examination of the Ygg case, which offers...
Examining the Role of Oxytocinergic Signaling and Neuroinflammatory Markers in the Therapeutic Effects of MDMA in a Rat Model for PTSD.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) – June 27, 2024
Summary
MDMA shows promise in treating PTSD by helping the brain "unlearn" fear responses. New research reveals that the drug works by triggering oxytocin release and reducing brain inflammation. When given to rats with PTSD-like symptoms, MDMA improved their social behavior and reduced fear responses. The treatment succeeded by restoring normal brain chemistry in regions controlling emotion and memory.
Abstract
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy has shown potential as an effective treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Preclinical studies involving ...
Reorganization of ascending 5-HT axon projections in animals previously exposed to the recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")
Journal of Neuroscience – August 01, 1995
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can cause significant and lasting changes in brain structure. In a study involving 24 rats and 18 squirrel monkeys, researchers observed that while substantial serotonergic axonal sprouting occurred post-MDMA exposure, the reinnervation patterns were abnormal. Notably, distant brain regions often remained denervated, while some nearby areas experienced excessive reinnervation. This suggests that MDMA may lead to a reorganization of serotonin pathways, potentially impacting behavior and mental health in recreational users over time.
Abstract
The recreational drug (+/)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) is a methamphetamine derivative that selectively destroys central 5-H...
Negative Affect Circuit Subtypes and Neural, Behavioral, and Affective Responses to MDMA: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
JAMA network open – April 01, 2025
Summary
MDMA, known for its therapeutic potential, shows promising results in regulating emotional responses in the brain. New research reveals that people with heightened threat sensitivity in their amygdala (the brain's fear center) respond particularly well to MDMA treatment. In a controlled study of 16 participants, those with higher baseline threat responses showed significant reductions in fear-related brain activity and improved emotional processing after receiving MDMA, suggesting potential for personalized treatment approaches.
Abstract
Rapidly acting therapeutics like 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are promising treatments for disorders such as posttraumatic stress disor...
The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
MDMA, often known as Ecstasy, significantly alters autobiographical memory recall. Nineteen participants (five females) given 100 mg of MDMA rated favourite memories as more vivid and positive, while worst memories felt less negative. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed MDMA augmented brain activity for positive recall and attenuated it for negative experiences. This neuroscience insight into cognitive psychology and memory's neural mechanisms, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, suggests a positive emotional bias. The brain's sensory processing, including auditory aspects relevant to audiology, underpins such recall.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent monoamine-releaser that is widely used as a recreational drug. Preliminary work has supported ...
Maternal MDMA administration in mice leads to neonatal growth delay
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Gestational exposure to MDMA resulted in a significant decline in the survival rate of mouse pups, with only 60% surviving compared to controls. While birth rates remained unchanged, pups from mothers treated with MDMA showed a notable 25% reduction in body weight gain between postnatal days 3 and 21. Additionally, these pups exhibited impaired motor functions, evidenced by decreased performance in the wire hanging test. This highlights potential risks of MDMA during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its detrimental effects on neonatal growth and behavior.
Abstract
The psychoactive recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused. The fact that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage in serot...
A three-choice discrimination procedure dissociates the discriminative stimulus effects of d-amphetamine and (±)-MDMA in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA shows unique effects, distinct from traditional stimulants like d-amphetamine. In a study with rats, MDMA and d-amphetamine were effectively recognized as different stimuli. Cocaine fully substituted for d-amphetamine, while LSD achieved 78% substitution for MDMA. Interestingly, the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine only partially matched MDMA's effects and disrupted response rates. Additionally, fenfluramine and both isomers of MDA fully substituted for MDMA. Notably, the serotonin-receptor antagonist pirenpirone only partially inhibited MDMA's discriminative effects, highlighting its complex neuropharmacological profile.
Abstract
(+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produces subjective effects in humans that are similar to, but distinguishable from, those of psycho...
Neuropsychiatric Alterations in MDMA Users: Preliminary Findings
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significantly higher absolute delta power in their EEG readings compared to those who abuse both MDMA and marijuana, marijuana-only users, and control subjects. In a study involving 48 participants, including 8 MDMA abusers and 15 marijuana abusers, increases in alpha-2 power were also noted among marijuana users. Additionally, diastolic blood flow velocity was elevated in MDMA users regardless of marijuana use. These findings suggest potential neuropathological effects associated with long-term MDMA use, highlighting the need for further exploration in this area.
Abstract
The use of marijuana is rampant among 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users. The co-occurrence of abuse of these two drugs has made it dif...
MDMA Increases Glutamate Release and Reduces Parvalbumin-Positive GABAergic Cells in the Dorsal Hippocampus of the Rat: Role of Cyclooxygenase
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology – November 17, 2012
Summary
MDMA significantly increases glutamate release in the hippocampus, contributing to neurotoxicity. In a study with rats receiving 10 mg/kg MDMA every two hours, treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors ketoprofen and nimesulide reduced this glutamate surge, while COX-1 inhibitor piroxicam had no effect. Remarkably, repeated MDMA exposure reduced parvalbumin-positive GABA interneurons by 30%, an effect reversed by ketoprofen. Despite this, COX inhibition did not prevent long-term serotonin depletion in the hippocampus, highlighting complex inflammatory pathways involved in MDMA's impact on brain chemistry.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) is a popular drug of abuse with well-documented acute effects on serotonergic, dopaminergic, and ...
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA
Social Neuroscience – January 20, 2016
Summary
MDMA, or "ecstasy," significantly boosts sociability and empathy, potentially linked to oxytocin levels. In a study of 68 healthy volunteers with MDMA experience, those with the A/A genotype at the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) showed no increase in sociability after a high dose of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), unlike G allele carriers who did. This suggests that genetic variation can influence how individuals respond to MDMA, highlighting the role of oxytocin in social behavior and attachment dynamics.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") enhances desire to socialize and feelings of empathy, which are thought to be related to increa...