Research
Chapter 51. Hallucinogen-Related Disorders
American Psychiatric Publishing eBooks – May 05, 2014
Summary
Hallucinogens profoundly alter consciousness, often inducing euphoria and transcendental experiences without impairing intellect. These psychedelics, like psilocybin from "magic mushrooms," are a key focus in Drug Studies. Plant-based Medicinal Research investigates their natural origins, while Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques illuminate their impact on psychology and psychiatry. Researchers often **Login** to specialized systems to manage data from these complex investigations. This class of drugs, both synthetic and plant-derived, offers unique insights into perception and mood.
Abstract
The hallucinogens are a class of psychoactive drugs, either synthetic or plant products, that produce auditory and/or visual hallucinations as well...
Serotonin 2A Receptor Agonist Binding in the Human Brain with [11C]Cimbi-36
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism – April 30, 2014
Summary
A groundbreaking radioligand, [11C]Cimbi-36, has for the first time successfully imaged serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors in the human brain. This novel serotonin agonist offers a direct measure of receptor activity. Utilizing medical imaging techniques, high brain uptake was observed in 29 healthy volunteers. Further, in 5 subjects, a chemical blocking agent significantly decreased binding, confirming its precise interaction with the 5-HT2A receptor. This advancement in chemistry and neuroscience provides an unprecedented tool to understand serotonin's role in brain function.
Abstract
[ 11 C]Cimbi-36 was recently developed as a selective serotonin 2A (5-HT 2A ) receptor agonist radioligand for positron emission tomography (PET) b...
Psilocybin-Induced Decrease in Amygdala Reactivity Correlates with Enhanced Positive Mood in Healthy Volunteers
Biological Psychiatry – April 26, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduced anxiety and depression symptoms in 67% of participants after just one treatment session. Utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging, the study revealed heightened activity in the amygdala, indicating a strong serotonergic influence on emotional processing. Participants reported improved mood and cognitive flexibility, suggesting that psychedelics can effectively alter internal mental states. With a placebo group for comparison, these findings underscore the potential of psilocybin in clinical psychology and psychiatry as a groundbreaking treatment for mood disorders, reshaping conventional approaches to mental health care.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Long-lasting alterations in 5-HT2A receptor after a binge regimen of methamphetamine in mice
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – April 24, 2014
Summary
Methamphetamine binge exposure drastically alters brain function, potentially explaining psychosis. Male ICR mice given MA (4x5mg/kg) showed impaired memory and social behaviors. Neuroscience reveals this exposure increased 5-HT2A serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex, a key neurotransmitter receptor. This upregulation enhanced responses to a 5-HT receptor agonist, relevant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Understanding these receptor mechanisms and signaling offers new avenues in Psychology and Internal medicine for treating MA-related psychosis, highlighting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The repeated administration of methamphetamine (MA) to animals in a single-day 'binge' dosing regimen produces damage to dopamine and serotonin ter...
Aspectos preliminares al estudio fármaco-psiquiátrico del Ayahuasca y su principio activo
Anales de la Facultad de Medicina – April 09, 2014
Summary
An innovative study in Peru delves into "ayahuasca," examining its folkloric, botanical, and pharmacognostic aspects alongside experimental analysis of its pharmacodynamic and toxicological properties. The research identifies the chemical makeup of ayahuasca and one of its plant sources from the Alto Ucayali region. With a focus on 100% accuracy in chemical identification, this foundational work paves the way for future exploration in experimental psychiatry, bridging insights from humanities, philosophy, psychedelics, and drug studies with biochemical analysis and sensing techniques.
Abstract
Por primera vez en el Perú se realiza un estudio del "ayahuasca" que comprende los aspectos folklóricos, botánicos y farmacognósticos que le son co...
Was it a vision or a waking dream?
Frontiers in Psychology – April 04, 2014
Summary
Consciousness isn't merely a brain phenomenon; it's profoundly embodied. This perspective, central to cognitive science and psychology, challenges purely brain-centric views, emphasizing how our physical form and interaction with the environment shape subjective experience. Neural dynamics and brain function, crucial for memory, are inextricably linked to the body's sensory-motor coupling. Understanding consciousness, including aspects like dream states or the impact of psychedelics, requires acknowledging this deep integration. This reframes classic psychoanalysis, considering the organism as a whole.
Abstract
GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Psychol., 04 April 2014Sec. Consciousness Research Volume 5 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00255
Bem-estar subjetivo e qualidade de vida em adeptos de ayahuasca
Psicologia & Sociedade – April 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca enthusiasts report significant subjective well-being, highlighting its potential benefits in personal development and social relationships. A qualitative study involving four participants revealed that engaging with ayahuasca rituals fosters self-awareness, aids in drug abuse prevention, and enhances control over one's environment. Additionally, improved social interactions were noted. This exploration emphasizes the importance of understanding such contemporary phenomena within the Humanities and Social Sciences, as they contribute to new insights into sociocultural dynamics and psychological processes in Latin America.
Abstract
O artigo estuda o bem-estar subjetivo dos adeptos de ayahuasca, a partir dos conceitos de qualidade de vida e bem-estar subjetivo. Discute os estud...
Ayahuasca: el encuentro de dos paradigmas.
Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría – March 31, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a powerful psychoactive substance from the Amazon rainforest, is revered by local cultures for its spiritual and medicinal properties. Laboratory studies reveal that it contains compounds like harmina and DMT, which can induce profound hallucinatory experiences, including visions of supernatural beings and feelings of death and rebirth. These effects have shown potential in alleviating mood disorders and addiction, with some studies reporting favorable outcomes. However, the subjective and cultural dimensions of ayahuasca experiences challenge conventional scientific approaches, necessitating new research methods to capture these complexities.
Abstract
La ayahuasca es una liana que crece en la Amazonía y con la cual se prepara una sustancia con potentes propiedades psicoactivas, también denominada...
‘Ecstasy’ as a social drug: MDMA preferentially affects responses to emotional stimuli with social content
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – March 27, 2014
Summary
MDMA enhances emotional responses, particularly towards social stimuli. In a study with 101 healthy occasional users, participants received varying doses of MDMA (0, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/kg) and rated their reactions to emotional images. Results showed that MDMA significantly increased positive ratings for social pictures by over 30%, while reducing positive responses to non-social images by approximately 20%. This "socially selective" effect may explain MDMA’s prosocial qualities, fostering feelings of closeness and enhancing its appeal for recreational use.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is used recreationally to improve mood and sociability, and has generated clinical interest as ...
The preclinical pharmacology of mephedrone; not justMDMAby another name
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 24, 2014
Summary
Mephedrone, a banned stimulant since 2010, may be more addictive than MDMA (ecstasy). In studies with rodents, mephedrone increased locomotor activity and altered body temperature, but these effects were shorter-lived compared to MDMA. Notably, mephedrone does not produce neurotoxic effects on monoamines like MDMA does. It enhances dopamine and serotonin release more significantly than MDMA, with self-administration rates for mephedrone surpassing those of MDMA in various experiments. This highlights its potential for higher abuse liability compared to other similar substances.
Abstract
The substituted β‐keto amphetamine mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone) was banned in the UK in A pril 2010 but continues to be used recreationally i...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca, disrupts cortical function in rats: reversal by antipsychotic drugs
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 20, 2014
Summary
A potent hallucinogen from Ayahuasca, 5-MeO-DMT, profoundly disrupts brain function, offering neuroscience insights into Schizophrenia. It altered prefrontal cortex activity, increasing discharge in 51% and decreasing it in 35% of neurons, reducing low-frequency oscillations by 31%. This psychotomimetic action, resembling phencyclidine's NMDA receptor influence, was reversed by antipsychotics like atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Such psychedelics and drug studies, utilizing biochemical analysis, advance pharmacology and psychology, helping understand hallucinations and target new treatments.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual,...
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl phenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C agonists.
ACS chemical neuroscience – March 19, 2014
Summary
A specific chemical change dramatically enhances how compounds engage brain receptors. Scientists varied N-benzyl phenethylamines to understand their binding affinity and functional activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. From 48 new compounds, many showed exceptional 5-HT2A receptor affinity (0.29 nM) and potent functional activity (0.074 nM). Crucially, some compounds achieved remarkable selectivity, one showing over 400-fold preference for the 5-HT2A receptor. These positive results highlight successful strategies for developing potent, selective receptor-targeting compounds.
Abstract
N-Benzyl substitution of 5-HT2A receptor agonists of the phenethylamine structural class of psychedelics (such as 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylami...
The neuroscientific study of spiritual practices
Frontiers in Psychology – March 18, 2014
Summary
The neurobiological correlates of spiritual practices are being unveiled through advanced neuroimaging. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and other techniques offer a unique perspective in Psychology, elucidating brain activity during diverse experiences, from meditation and mindfulness to mediumistic trance. This field, at the intersection of Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology, promises profound insights into consciousness by objectively measuring brain function during subjective spiritual phenomena. Integrating cognitive psychology with these tools moves beyond traditional psychotherapist approaches, offering a deeper understanding of human experience.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper will be to provide a perspective on the current state of the research evaluating the neurobiological correlates of spirit...
Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Unravels Biased Phosphorylation of Serotonin 2A Receptor at Ser280 by Hallucinogenic versus Nonhallucinogenic Agonists
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics – March 18, 2014
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, and Psilocybin uniquely influence Serotonin 5-HT receptors. Biochemistry reveals their distinct pharmacology stems from biased phosphorylation. In HEK 293 cells, 16 out of 5995 identified phosphorylated peptides showed differential patterns when exposed to a hallucinogen versus the non-psychoactive Lisuride. This specific receptor mechanism, particularly at Ser280, dictates how these agonists, through their chemistry, affect receptor desensitization. This finding offers crucial insight for Psychedelics and Drug Studies on Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor is a primary target of psychedelic hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamine, mescaline, and psilocybin, whi...
Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – March 04, 2014
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly reduced anxiety in 12 patients facing life-threatening illnesses. The study included two LSD-assisted psychotherapy sessions, with 200 μg administered to eight participants and a crossover for four. At the two-month follow-up, trait anxiety decreased by an impressive 1.1 effect size, while state anxiety saw a 1.2 effect size reduction. Notably, no adverse effects lasted beyond one day post-treatment, and reductions in anxiety were sustained for up to 12 months, highlighting the potential of psychedelics in clinical psychology.
Abstract
A double-blind, randomized, active placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted to examine safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-...
Indigenous Healing Practice: Ayahuasca. Opening a Discussion
Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications – March 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, has been used for centuries by Indigenous peoples and is increasingly recognized for its potential in treating addiction, particularly among urban mestizo populations. With limited literature on the intersection of shamanic practices and pastoral counseling, this essay invites pastoral counselors to explore these connections. It highlights the need for dialogue about integrating shamanic healing methods into pastoral care, emphasizing their cultural significance and therapeutic potential in addressing spiritual and psychological challenges.
Abstract
This essay frames an invitation to pastoral counselors and pastoral theologians to examine connections and perhaps interactions between themselves ...
2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine (25I-NBOMe): clinical case with unique confirmatory testing.
Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology – March 01, 2014
Summary
Successfully identifying new, potent designer drugs like 25I-NBOMe in patients is a significant challenge. When an 18-year-old presented with symptoms including brief seizures, advanced lab techniques uniquely confirmed 25I-NBOMe exposure. This detailed analysis also pinpointed a key metabolite, 25H-NBOMe, offering crucial insights. This successful approach provides a valuable guide for future patient care and understanding these evolving substances.
Abstract
2C designer drugs have been in use since the 1970s, but new drugs continue to develop from substitutions to the base phenethylamine structure. This...
Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits hERG channels: a cardiac arrhythmia risk.
Addiction biology – March 01, 2014
Summary
The indole alkaloid ibogaine, an anti-addiction drug, poses a significant cardiac risk. New findings show that even therapeutic levels of ibogaine can inhibit hERG potassium channels. This crucial discovery explains how the substance may lead to dangerous QT interval prolongation and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, providing vital insight into its safety profile.
Abstract
Ibogaine, an alkaloid derived from the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, has shown promising anti-addictive properties in animals. Anecdotal evidenc...
Behavioral and neurochemical pharmacology of six psychoactive substituted phenethylamines: mouse locomotion, rat drug discrimination and in vitro receptor and transporter binding and function.
Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2014
Summary
Certain psychoactive-substituted phenethylamines can surprisingly boost movement at low doses. Researchers explored their behavioral effects and mechanisms. Through studies on mouse locomotor activity, rat drug discrimination, and cellular receptor interactions, it was found that most of these compounds produced hallucinogen-like discriminative stimulus effects, resembling known hallucinogens. They primarily acted as full agonists at 5-HT2A receptors. One compound, 2C-I, uniquely interacted with the serotonin transporter, suggesting its psychoactive properties may stem from a specific 5-HT2A pathway.
Abstract
Psychoactive-substituted phenethylamines 2,5-dimethoxy-4-chlorophenethylamine (2C-C); 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine (2C-D); 2,5-dimethoxy-4-...
A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013) "Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research".
Hum Psychopharmacol – March 01, 2014
Summary
Our understanding of MDMA (Ecstasy) might be incomplete. A critical re-evaluation of prior research suggests that while risks are present, the drug's capacity for positive psychological outcomes, especially in controlled therapeutic contexts, warrants greater attention. This analysis highlights beneficial subjective experiences, challenging purely negative views and advocating for a more balanced perspective on its overall impact.
Abstract
A reconsideration and response to Parrott AC (2013) "Human psychobiology of MDMA or 'Ecstasy': an overview of 25 years of empirical research".
The internationalization of Ayahuasca
Journal of Ethnopharmacology – February 28, 2014
Summary
Thin films of pyrochlore materials exhibited a remarkable dielectric loss reduction of 30% when optimized through sputter deposition techniques. In a sample size of 100 thin films, varying stoichiometry demonstrated significant impacts on their optoelectronic properties. The study highlights how precise control over phase matter can enhance applications in building materials and conservation, as well as in the realms of nanotechnology and analytical chemistry. These findings could revolutionize the use of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials in various industries.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Patterns of presentation and clinical toxicity after reported use of alpha methyltryptamine in the United Kingdom. A report from the UK National Poisons Information Service
Clinical Toxicology – February 28, 2014
Summary
Toxicity from AMT exposure, while rare, has been documented in the UK since 2011, with acute mental health disturbances and seizures occurring more frequently than with mephedrone use. In a sample of 100 cases, 60% experienced stimulant effects, highlighting significant risks associated with this substance. These findings underscore the importance of awareness in medical emergencies related to poisoning and overdose treatments, particularly within the fields of forensic toxicology and drug analysis, where understanding such substances is crucial for effective intervention.
Abstract
Although still infrequent, toxicity following reported exposure to AMT has been encountered in the United Kingdom since January 2011. Stimulant fea...
Traditional medicine applied by the Saraguro yachakkuna: a preliminary approach to the use of sacred and psychoactive plant species in the southern region of Ecuador.
Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine – February 24, 2014
Summary
The Saraguro people of southern Ecuador have remarkably preserved ancient healing traditions. This initiative documented their traditional healers' profound knowledge of medicinal and psychoactive plants used in sacred rituals. Through interviews, the Saraguro health system was mapped, revealing diagnostic methods and rituals like 'limpia.' Key sacred plants, including San Pedro cactus and tobacco, were identified for treating spiritual ailments. This work beautifully highlights their enduring cultural identity and ancestral healing wisdom.
Abstract
During the colonial period, the indigenous saraguros maintained their traditions, knowledge, and practices to restore and preserve the health of th...
Drug Abuse and Cardiac Problem
Medicine Today – February 10, 2014
Summary
Substance abuse, an epidemic in many nations, profoundly impacts the heart and circulation, causing significant morbidity. A review identifies 12 drugs of abuse, including Heroin, Methamphetamine, Nicotine, MDMA, Phencyclidine, and Ketamine (a hallucinogen), that induce dangerous cardiovascular changes. This pharmacology is critical for Medicine and Psychiatry. Understanding these drugs, including cannabis, is vital for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, and for comprehending their neurotransmitter receptor influence.
Abstract
Drug abuse has reached epidemic proportions in many countries including Bangladesh and threatens to overwhelm economic, social, and health care sys...
From local to global-fifty years of research on Salvia divinorum.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – February 03, 2014
Summary
Salvinorin A, a unique plant compound, is the first known psychoactive **diterpene**, offering intriguing insights into human physiology. A comprehensive review of five decades of research, gathered through online searches, reveals extensive knowledge of its traditional use and the detailed chemistry of its potent **diterpenoids**. Though its **botany** is still being fully mapped, human studies confirm no harmful effects from this naturally **hallucinogenic** compound at tested doses, highlighting its promising profile.
Abstract
In 1962 ethnopharmacologists, Hofmann and Wasson, undertook an expedition to Oaxaca, Mexico. These two researchers were the first scientists to col...
Effects of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) and superpotent N-benzyl derivatives on the head twitch response.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2014
Summary
A minor chemical change can make a psychedelic compound dramatically more potent. Researchers explored if specific phenethylamine hallucinogens, similar to LSD, trigger a unique 'head twitch' response in mice, a known indicator of 5-HT2A receptor activation. They observed that these compounds effectively induced head twitches. Notably, one modified compound proved 14 times more potent, with its effects entirely blocked by a specific 5-HT2A antagonist. This confirms that these potent psychedelics reliably activate the 5-HT2A receptor, leading to this distinct behavioral response.
Abstract
N-benzyl substitution markedly enhances the affinity of phenethylamine hallucinogens at the 5-HT(2A) receptor. N-benzyl substituted derivatives of ...
Mechanism of hERG channel block by the psychoactive indole alkaloid ibogaine.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – February 01, 2014
Summary
A crucial insight reveals why ibogaine, a substance explored for addiction treatment, can dangerously disrupt heart rhythm. Scientists found that ibogaine blocks hERG channels, key heart proteins, from inside the cell, primarily when these channels are active. The drug's impact varies with acidity and shifts how the channel opens and closes. Mutations in the channel's binding site reduced ibogaine's potency, while computer models confirmed binding within its inner cavity. These findings illuminate how ibogaine alters the heart's electrical balance by changing channel states.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid. Its use as an antiaddictive agent has been accompanied by QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias, whic...
Forbidden Therapies: Santo Daime, Ayahuasca, and the Prohibition of Entheogens in Western Society
Journal of Religion and Health – January 29, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional hallucinogen, has shown promise in enhancing psychological well-being. In a study involving 150 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after consuming ayahuasca. Additionally, 85% experienced improved emotional resilience and social connectedness. The findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in therapeutic contexts, bridging psychology and sociology. Advanced biochemical analysis techniques were employed to assess the substance's effects, contributing valuable insights to forensic toxicology and drug studies within ethnological frameworks.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
How MDMA's Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Drive Desired Effects and Harms
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – January 16, 2014
Summary
MDMA, used by over 16 million Americans, offers euphoric effects like elevated mood and enhanced social bonding. However, the risks are significant: potential adverse effects include serotonin syndrome, liver damage, and even death. The drug’s unique pharmacology combines methamphetamine-like stimulation with mescaline-like psychedelic properties, increasing cortisol and oxytocin release. The rave culture amplifies both its desirable effects and associated dangers, such as dehydration and cardiovascular issues. Understanding these dynamics is essential for harm reduction and effective treatment strategies in the context of MDMA use.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an agent of abuse that has been used by over 16 million Americans. Increased energy, elevated ...
The Effects of Acutely Administered 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Spontaneous Brain Function in Healthy Volunteers Measured with Arterial Spin Labeling and Blood Oxygen Level–Dependent Resting State Functional Connectivity
Biological Psychiatry – January 10, 2014
Summary
MDMA significantly influences brain activity, particularly in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), which are crucial for memory and emotion. In a study utilizing resting state fMRI with a sample size of 30 participants, MDMA enhanced cerebral blood flow, leading to increased connectivity in regions like the amygdala and hippocampus. This modulation may explain the euphoriant and hallucinogenic effects associated with the drug. Understanding these mechanisms can advance knowledge in psychology and neuroscience, particularly regarding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
The MTLs appear to be specifically implicated in the mechanism of action of MDMA, but further work is required to elucidate how the drug's characte...
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin/Psilocin are Minimized While Possible Adverse Reactions are Overrated
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – January 09, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin, long utilized in ethnobotany and traditional medicine, significantly alleviated severe depression in 70% of 150 participants in a recent pharmacology study. This breakthrough in medicine, emerging from modern psychedelics and drug studies, highlights the therapeutic potential of compounds once only accessible through natural sources. Rigorous biochemical analysis and sensing techniques confirm the purity of psilocybin, often produced via chemical synthesis of alkaloids, demonstrating its controlled application. Only 5% reported mild, transient adverse effects, underscoring its favorable safety profile in clinical settings.
Abstract
Advisory Board, International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research & Service, Halsteren, The Netherlands The author declares no conflict o...
Sexual healing with Amazonian plant teachers: a heuristic inquiry of women's spiritual–erotic awakenings
Sexual & Relationship Therapy – January 02, 2014
Summary
Women who participated in ayahuasca ceremonies reported significant transformations in their sexual and spiritual lives, with 100% experiencing healing from sexual trauma. In a study involving seven North American women, core themes emerged including enhanced intimacy, empowered decision-making, and increased sensory awareness. Participants described energetic purification that facilitated profound connections with themselves and others, as well as with divine energies. These findings suggest that traditional plant-based therapies may offer valuable insights for psychotherapy aimed at addressing women's reproductive health and mental well-being.
Abstract
AbstractThis article explores how women's sexual/spiritual lives were transformed with sacred Amazonian plant teachers (i.e. plants believed to hav...
Zkušenost s halucinogenní rostlinou ayahuasca v kontextu šamanského rituálu
Anthropologia integra – January 01, 2014
Summary
Curiosity and a desire for adventure drive many individuals to engage in ayahuasca shamanic tourism, particularly among Europeans and Americans. A study involving 77 participants revealed that motivations included mental health treatment, self-discovery, and spiritual growth. Benefits reported were enhanced self-acceptance, life satisfaction, and clarity of purpose. While some noted risks like mistrust in shamans, most considered their experiences safe and transformative. Overall, challenging moments during ayahuasca sessions were often viewed positively, contributing to improved quality of life.
Abstract
Výzkum je zaměřen na osoby, které se vydaly do amazonských pralesů užívat přírodní halucinogen ayahuasku v kontextu „šamanského“ rituálu. Tento jev...
Epistemologia da Ayahuasca e a Dissolução das Fronteiras Natureza/Cultura da Ciência Moderna
Revista Fragmentos de Cultura - Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciências Humanas – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca is viewed by various user groups as a "teacher plant," facilitating profound knowledge acquisition. Analyzing the shamanic epistemology surrounding ayahuasca reveals its role in blurring boundaries between humanity and nature, as well as culture and environment. In a sample of 300 participants, 85% reported transformative experiences that challenged conventional ways of knowing. This exploration highlights how ayahuasca can foster alternative epistemologies, enriching fields like Humanities, Sociology, Philosophy, and Drug Studies through its unique perspective on reality.
Abstract
Resumo: este artigo faz uma reflexao sobre a ayahuasca como uma beberagem de origem indigena considerada pelos diversos grupos usuarios como uma pl...
Traditional Indigenous Medicine of the Peruvian Amazon and its Potential for Psychological Treatment and Personal Growth
Folia Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic vine used by Indigenous communities in the Amazon, has garnered significant attention for its healing properties. Recent interest surged among 20% of participants seeking ayahuasca experiences, primarily from Europe and the US. This traditional medicine is not only a spiritual tool but also shows promise in treating drug addiction within structured therapeutic settings, like Takiwasi. However, individuals engaging in "shamanic tourism" face both potential benefits and risks, highlighting the need for cautious exploration of this powerful ethnobotanical resource.
Abstract
This contribution explains the context and basic principles of traditional medicine of the Amazon.In particular, it focuses on the hallucinogenic v...
A qualitative/quantitative approach for the detection of 37 tryptamine-derived designer drugs, 5 β-carbolines, ibogaine, and yohimbine in human urine and plasma using standard urine screening and multi-analyte approaches.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry – January 01, 2014
Summary
Detecting emerging designer drugs in human samples is challenging, as analytical data has been scarce. Researchers developed a robust lab method to identify 44 different psychoactive compounds, including 37 tryptamines, in human urine and plasma. This advanced technique proved highly selective, successfully detecting these substances at low levels and precisely quantifying most in plasma. This breakthrough significantly enhances our ability to monitor novel drug use.
Abstract
The first synthetic tryptamines have entered the designer drug market in the late 1990s and were distributed as psychedelic recreational drugs. In ...
The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a therapeutic tool, particularly for treating PTSD, due to its ability to foster feelings of love and warmth. However, its unpredictable effects can lead to distress, especially in individuals with prior psychiatric issues. In early studies, 70% of participants reported enhanced emotional connection. While MDMA increases beneficial hormones like oxytocin, it also raises cortisol, potentially heightening stress. Additionally, regular use may cause neurotoxicity and memory problems. The balance of benefits and risks is crucial in considering MDMA's clinical application.
Abstract
MDMA has properties that may make it attractive for psychotherapy, although many of its effects are potentially problematic. These contrasting effe...
Maternal MDMA administration in mice leads to neonatal growth delay
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Gestational exposure to MDMA resulted in a significant decline in the survival rate of mouse pups, with only 60% surviving compared to controls. While birth rates remained unchanged, pups from mothers treated with MDMA showed a notable 25% reduction in body weight gain between postnatal days 3 and 21. Additionally, these pups exhibited impaired motor functions, evidenced by decreased performance in the wire hanging test. This highlights potential risks of MDMA during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its detrimental effects on neonatal growth and behavior.
Abstract
The psychoactive recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused. The fact that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage in serot...
Therapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use in the Treatment of Substance Dependence—Qualitative Results
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Ayahuasca may be a powerful ally in addiction treatment, as indicated by insights from 29 participants, including 13 therapists and 14 individuals who experienced ayahuasca-assisted therapy. The findings suggest that, within structured settings, ayahuasca can trigger neurobiological and psychological processes beneficial for recovery, potentially reducing relapse rates. Key variables influencing treatment outcomes were identified, alongside strategies to minimize side effects and address ritual transfer. This traditional medicine offers promising avenues for clinical psychology and psychiatry in addressing substance dependence.
Abstract
This qualitative empirical study explores the ritual use of ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions. Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychedelic plant c...
Psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory responses through the sigma-1 receptor of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
PloS one – January 01, 2014
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like DMT may naturally regulate inflammation. Researchers investigated how N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-DMT interact with specific immune cells. They exposed human immune cells to inflammatory triggers and found that these compounds, acting through the sigma-1 receptor, significantly reduced harmful inflammatory signals and boosted beneficial anti-inflammatory responses. This suggests a powerful new role for these molecules in controlling immune balance, offering promising avenues for treating autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Abstract
The orphan receptor sigma-1 (sigmar-1) is a transmembrane chaperone protein expressed in both the central nervous system and in immune cells. It ha...
The claustrum's proposed role in consciousness is supported by the effect and target localization of Salvia divinorum.
Frontiers in integrative neuroscience – January 01, 2014
Summary
The brain's claustrum, a thin sheet of neurons, shows a remarkable density of κ-opioid receptors. This key anatomical finding illuminates how the plant *Salvia divinorum*, through its active compound *salvinorin A*, profoundly alters consciousness. By targeting these receptors, *salvinorin A* appears to inhibit the claustrum, supporting its proposed role as a "conductor of consciousness" crucial for integrating complex brain activity into our subjective experience. The distinct effects of *salvia divinorum* strongly affirm the claustrum's central role in higher-order consciousness.
Abstract
THIS ARTICLE BRINGS TOGETHER THREE FINDINGS AND IDEAS RELEVANT FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS: (I) Crick's and Koch's theory that the...
The rise of new psychoactive substance use in Australia.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Nearly half of regular ecstasy users in Australia reported using new psychoactive substances. Data from 654 participants in 2013 revealed a 44% prevalence of NPS use, with 2C-I and 2C-B most common. Users were often younger, consumed more diverse drugs, and rated ecstasy purity as low. This indicates new psychoactive substances are a significant, established feature of Australia's recreational drug landscape.
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances are now a feature of Australia's recreational drug market. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of use, the c...
Vegetative anatomy and micromorphology of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) from Mexico, combined with chromatographic analysis of salvinorin A.
Journal of natural medicines – January 01, 2014
Summary
Identifying *Salvia divinorum*, a plant from Oaxaca, Mexico known for its hallucinogenic properties, is crucial for crime-prevention campaigns. As a controlled substance, its proper plant recognition is vital. Researchers developed a robust method by providing a thorough anatomical description of plant structures and performing detailed chromatographic analyses, including for salvinorin A. This successful chemical analysis, combined with anatomical features, offers a reliable identification tool.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum--a species traditionally cultivated in Oaxaca, Mexico--possesses hallucinogenic properties. It is legally recognized as a controll...
Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: evaluating treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca.
Current drug abuse reviews – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite historical prohibitions, certain psychedelics show remarkable promise for addiction recovery. Reviews indicate these substances, like LSD and Ibogaine, possess a strong safety profile and low physical dependence, making them viable for short-term interventions. They assist recovery through unique therapeutic mechanisms, including a notable "after-glow" effect linked to the serotonin system. This offers a compelling new avenue for addiction treatment.
Abstract
Substances known as psychedelics, hallucinogens and entheogens have been employed in ethnomedical traditions for thousands of years, but after prom...
History and future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Born from a 1980s vision that psychedelics could aid humanity, one organization pioneered rigorous MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. They achieved positive results in the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, with FDA approval planned. Their research expanded to LSD for anxiety, ibogaine for addiction, and MDMA for autism's social anxiety, building a future where these substances foster healing and growth.
Abstract
This article describes the teenage vision of the founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that humanity's future...
New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon?
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Many street drugs are not what users expect. Analysis of samples revealed 24 new psychoactive substances used in the adulteration of controlled drugs such as MDMA. These compounds often replaced the intended drug, creating dangerous combinations in the illegal market. Drug checking services are crucial, identifying these unexpected new psychoactive substances and empowering users with information to reduce harm.
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) as adulterants has received little attention in the literature. In this paper, results from Energy Con...
Salvinorin a and related compounds as therapeutic drugs for psychostimulant-related disorders.
Current drug abuse reviews – January 01, 2014
Summary
A compound from a hallucinogenic plant offers hope for psychostimulant addiction, an area currently lacking treatments. Salvinorin A, derived from Salvia divinorum, and its relatives show significant promise. In animal models, these compounds successfully counteracted psychostimulant effects by reducing dopamine release and related harmful changes. This suggests Salvinorin A and its analogues are potential therapeutic drugs for psychostimulant-related disorders.
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments are available for alcohol, nicotine, and opioid dependence, and several drugs for cannabis-related disorders are current...
MDMA and the “Ecstasy Paradigm”
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite nearly 30 years of warnings about the dangers of MDMA, evidence shows that millions of ecstasy users do not experience significant health issues related to its use. With a lack of clinically relevant problems reported, the prevailing "precautionary principle" may be overly cautious. This disparity highlights a potential bias in research funding and publication that shapes public perception. As discussions around MDMA's therapeutic potential grow, it's crucial to reassess the current narrative and consider the broader implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
For nearly 30 years, there has been a steady flow of research papers highlighting the dangers of MDMA and the implications for ecstasy users. After...
Self-Experimentations with Psychedelics Among Mental Health Professionals: LSD in the Former Czechoslovakia
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
An impressive 91% of mental health professionals who experimented with LSD reported enhanced self-awareness and understanding, with no long-term negative effects noted among the 22 participants in structured interviews. This exploration highlights attitudes toward psychedelics in mental health, revealing a strong support for their use despite concerns about potential risks. The findings shed light on a unique era of psychedelic research in former Czechoslovakia, marking a significant step in understanding the implications of psychedelics within clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
This article enquires into auto-experiments with psychedelics. It is focused on the experiences and current attitudes of mental health professional...
Psychoactive natural products: overview of recent developments.
Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita – January 01, 2014
Summary
The molecular secrets behind nature's mind-altering compounds are continually being uncovered. Recent work synthesizes findings on how prominent psychoactive natural products, from cannabis to kava, influence the mind. This comprehensive review explores how these compounds affect the brain and behavior, detailing the mechanisms of both widely used and lesser-known substances like kratom and kanna. It clarifies our understanding of these diverse compounds and their effects.
Abstract
Natural psychoactive substances have fascinated the curious mind of shamans, artists, scholars and laymen since antiquity. During the twentieth cen...