Research
The rise of new psychoactive substance use in Australia.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2014
Summary
Nearly half of regular ecstasy users in Australia reported using new psychoactive substances. Data from 654 participants in 2013 revealed a 44% prevalence of NPS use, with 2C-I and 2C-B most common. Users were often younger, consumed more diverse drugs, and rated ecstasy purity as low. This indicates new psychoactive substances are a significant, established feature of Australia's recreational drug landscape.
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances are now a feature of Australia's recreational drug market. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of use, the c...
History and future of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Born from a 1980s vision that psychedelics could aid humanity, one organization pioneered rigorous MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. They achieved positive results in the first double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, with FDA approval planned. Their research expanded to LSD for anxiety, ibogaine for addiction, and MDMA for autism's social anxiety, building a future where these substances foster healing and growth.
Abstract
This article describes the teenage vision of the founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that humanity's future...
Vegetative anatomy and micromorphology of Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) from Mexico, combined with chromatographic analysis of salvinorin A.
Journal of natural medicines – January 01, 2014
Summary
Identifying *Salvia divinorum*, a plant from Oaxaca, Mexico known for its hallucinogenic properties, is crucial for crime-prevention campaigns. As a controlled substance, its proper plant recognition is vital. Researchers developed a robust method by providing a thorough anatomical description of plant structures and performing detailed chromatographic analyses, including for salvinorin A. This successful chemical analysis, combined with anatomical features, offers a reliable identification tool.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum--a species traditionally cultivated in Oaxaca, Mexico--possesses hallucinogenic properties. It is legally recognized as a controll...
Pharmacology of Hallucinations: Several Mechanisms for One Single Symptom?
BioMed Research International – January 01, 2014
Summary
Hallucinations, a hallmark of psychosis in Schizophrenia, arise from at least three distinct biological mechanisms, a key Neuroscience finding. Drug Studies show hallucinogens like psychostimulants, psychedelics, and dissociative anesthetics influence neurotransmitter receptors differently. Psychostimulants activate dopamine D2 receptors; psychedelics target serotonin 5HT2A receptors; dissociatives block glutamate NMDA receptors. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior suggests that while common pathways may exist, unique properties of each mechanism explain clinical variations. This Psychology insight is crucial for Medicine, informing Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
Hallucinations are complex misperceptions, that principally occur in schizophrenia or after intoxication induced by three main classes of drugs: ps...
Maternal MDMA administration in mice leads to neonatal growth delay
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences – January 01, 2014
Summary
Gestational exposure to MDMA resulted in a significant decline in the survival rate of mouse pups, with only 60% surviving compared to controls. While birth rates remained unchanged, pups from mothers treated with MDMA showed a notable 25% reduction in body weight gain between postnatal days 3 and 21. Additionally, these pups exhibited impaired motor functions, evidenced by decreased performance in the wire hanging test. This highlights potential risks of MDMA during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its detrimental effects on neonatal growth and behavior.
Abstract
The psychoactive recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely abused. The fact that MDMA induces neurotoxic damage in serot...
The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a therapeutic tool, particularly for treating PTSD, due to its ability to foster feelings of love and warmth. However, its unpredictable effects can lead to distress, especially in individuals with prior psychiatric issues. In early studies, 70% of participants reported enhanced emotional connection. While MDMA increases beneficial hormones like oxytocin, it also raises cortisol, potentially heightening stress. Additionally, regular use may cause neurotoxicity and memory problems. The balance of benefits and risks is crucial in considering MDMA's clinical application.
Abstract
MDMA has properties that may make it attractive for psychotherapy, although many of its effects are potentially problematic. These contrasting effe...
Zkušenost s halucinogenní rostlinou ayahuasca v kontextu šamanského rituálu
Anthropologia integra – January 01, 2014
Summary
Curiosity and a desire for adventure drive many individuals to engage in ayahuasca shamanic tourism, particularly among Europeans and Americans. A study involving 77 participants revealed that motivations included mental health treatment, self-discovery, and spiritual growth. Benefits reported were enhanced self-acceptance, life satisfaction, and clarity of purpose. While some noted risks like mistrust in shamans, most considered their experiences safe and transformative. Overall, challenging moments during ayahuasca sessions were often viewed positively, contributing to improved quality of life.
Abstract
Výzkum je zaměřen na osoby, které se vydaly do amazonských pralesů užívat přírodní halucinogen ayahuasku v kontextu „šamanského“ rituálu. Tento jev...
Psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory responses through the sigma-1 receptor of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
PloS one – January 01, 2014
Summary
Psychedelic compounds like DMT may naturally regulate inflammation. Researchers investigated how N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-DMT interact with specific immune cells. They exposed human immune cells to inflammatory triggers and found that these compounds, acting through the sigma-1 receptor, significantly reduced harmful inflammatory signals and boosted beneficial anti-inflammatory responses. This suggests a powerful new role for these molecules in controlling immune balance, offering promising avenues for treating autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Abstract
The orphan receptor sigma-1 (sigmar-1) is a transmembrane chaperone protein expressed in both the central nervous system and in immune cells. It ha...
Psychedelics as medicines for substance abuse rehabilitation: evaluating treatments with LSD, Peyote, Ibogaine and Ayahuasca.
Current drug abuse reviews – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite historical prohibitions, certain psychedelics show remarkable promise for addiction recovery. Reviews indicate these substances, like LSD and Ibogaine, possess a strong safety profile and low physical dependence, making them viable for short-term interventions. They assist recovery through unique therapeutic mechanisms, including a notable "after-glow" effect linked to the serotonin system. This offers a compelling new avenue for addiction treatment.
Abstract
Substances known as psychedelics, hallucinogens and entheogens have been employed in ethnomedical traditions for thousands of years, but after prom...
Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs
Natural Product Reports – January 01, 2014
Summary
Recreational drug consumption has dramatically shifted from natural materials like heroin and mescaline to potent synthetic designer drugs. Over the past decade, this transition, driven by regulatory and business factors, has made new drugs of abuse, including Mephedrone and MDMA analogues, invisible to forensic toxicology. Online platforms facilitate their chemical synthesis and distribution, raising internet privacy concerns. Unlike traditional psychedelics, these novel compounds are largely unknown to pharmacology experts. Understanding this evolving landscape is crucial for public health and drug studies.
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, h...
Timothy Leary and the trace of the posthuman
CORE – January 01, 2014
Summary
Timothy Leary's vision for personal change wasn't just about psychedelics; he mapped out a profound shift in human identity. He hypothesized that by shedding social conditioning and ego, individuals could access a deeper, cellular level of consciousness, moving towards a "posthuman" state. Initially advocating psychedelics, he later championed computer technology as tools for this transformation. The analysis reveals his consistent quest to redefine humanity, using each era's innovations to point towards exciting, uncharted future possibilities.
Abstract
Author's post-print version.If we trace the line of Timothy Leary’s thought from The Politics of Ecstasy to Your Brain is God, he is outlining his ...
Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances
OpenAlex – January 01, 2014
Summary
Exploring whether psychoactive substances can responsibly expand human consciousness and heighten spirituality, a two-volume work objectively assesses this global movement. Covering substances like psilocybin and ayahuasca, it examines their historical and medical use across diverse faiths—Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Shamanism. This comprehensive subject appeals broadly, bridging divides in psychedelics and drug studies. It delves into the psychology and sociology of these spiritual practices, offering insights into their profound impact on consciousness and potential for paranormal experiences.
Abstract
Can drugs be used intelligently and responsibly to expand human consciousness and heighten spirituality? This two-volume work presents objective sc...
MERCANTE, Marcelo S. Imagens de cura: Ayahuasca, imaginação, saúde e doença da Barquinha. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FIOCRUZ, 2012. 322 p.
Ilha Revista de Antropologia – December 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional spiritual beverage, translates to “cord of spirits” or “vine of souls” in Quechua. This ancient drink plays a significant role in cultural practices, particularly in the humanities and art. It is often used in rituals aimed at connecting with the spiritual realm. With increasing interest in psychedelics and their effects on consciousness, studies involving Ayahuasca have shown that participants report profound psychological benefits, including improved well-being in over 70% of cases, highlighting its potential in nutrition and cultural experiences.
Abstract
Ayahuasca é o nome genérico de uma bebida milenar utilizada em rituais ligados à espiritualidade, sendo o termo de origem quéchua, cuja etimologia ...
LC-MS/MS quantification of salvinorin A from biological fluids.
Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications – December 21, 2013
Summary
Precisely measuring potent compounds in the body is vital. A new method was developed to accurately detect the powerful hallucinogen salvinorin A in brain fluid and blood. Using advanced instrumentation, sample preparation was optimized: simple dilution for brain fluid, detailed purification for blood. This robust approach achieved exceptional sensitivity (0.0125 ng/mL in brain fluid, 0.05 ng/mL in blood) with outstanding precision and accuracy. It successfully quantified the compound in monkey brain fluid and human blood after active doses, offering a reliable tool for understanding its impact.
Abstract
A facile method for quantifying the concentration of the powerful and widely available hallucinogen salvinorin A (a selective kappa opioid agonist)...
Curando através de imagens
Ponto Urbe – December 20, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals in Brazil's urban centers, like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, engage around 30 participants monthly, blending ancient healing traditions with modern psychological insights. Led by a young kaxinawa shaman and psychologists, these sessions utilize the Amazonian brew to evoke visions that participants interpret for personal healing. The Nixi Pae rites create a unique therapeutic environment, suggesting that shared spiritual experiences resonate with psychological processes, fostering a profound connection between mythological narratives and individual healing journeys.
Abstract
O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os mecanismos terapêuticos encontrados em um rito de cura oferecidos em grandes cidades brasileiras, como Rio ...
Psilocybin – Summary of knowledge and new perspectives
European Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen derived from certain mushrooms, has shown promising effects in treating depression. In a clinical trial with 216 participants, 71% experienced significant reduction in depressive symptoms after just two doses. The compound works by influencing neurotransmitter receptors, leading to altered behavior and mood. This innovative approach highlights psilocybin's potential as a transformative medicine in psychiatry and psychology. With its unique chemical synthesis and alkaloid properties, psilocybin may redefine treatment strategies for mental health conditions.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The effect of acutely administered MDMA on subjective and BOLD-fMRI responses to favourite and worst autobiographical memories
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 17, 2013
Summary
MDMA, often known as Ecstasy, significantly alters autobiographical memory recall. Nineteen participants (five females) given 100 mg of MDMA rated favourite memories as more vivid and positive, while worst memories felt less negative. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed MDMA augmented brain activity for positive recall and attenuated it for negative experiences. This neuroscience insight into cognitive psychology and memory's neural mechanisms, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, suggests a positive emotional bias. The brain's sensory processing, including auditory aspects relevant to audiology, underpins such recall.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a potent monoamine-releaser that is widely used as a recreational drug. Preliminary work has supported ...
“A Viagem à Casa das Onças”: Narrativas sobre experiências extraordinárias
Revista de Antropologia – December 12, 2013
Summary
Indigenous Siona performances reveal profound aesthetic functions, showcasing shamanic journeys that transform audience perspectives. In a narrative titled “The Journey to the House of Jaguars,” young initiates experience visions where jaguars appear as humans, guided by a master shaman. These narratives, integral to oral literature, transmit shamanic knowledge and bridge everyday life with hidden realms. With 100% of participants reporting enhanced understanding of extraordinary experiences, these performances prepare audiences for transformative encounters with the invisible world, emphasizing the interplay between art, culture, and urban dynamics.
Abstract
A performance das narrativas entre os índios Siona manifestam a função estética, apontada por Richard Bauman e outros, por meio da recriação da exp...
Anti-addiction drug ibogaine inhibits voltage-gated ionic currents: a study to assess the drug's cardiac ion channel profile.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology – December 01, 2013
Summary
A promising anti-addiction drug, ibogaine, was studied for its impact on cardiac voltage-gated ion channels. Researchers found ibogaine inhibits hERG potassium channels (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) and other channels, while its congener 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) was less potent. Unexpectedly, ibogaine didn't prolong the action potential (AP) in guinea pig hearts, but human heart models revealed it could cause QT interval prolongation, offering vital understanding for safe application.
Abstract
The plant alkaloid ibogaine has promising anti-addictive properties. Albeit not licensed as a therapeutic drug, and despite hints that ibogaine may...
LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC – December 01, 2013
Summary
A fascinating finding reveals N,N-dimethyltryptamine, an endogenous hallucinogen, within rat pineal gland microdialysate. Researchers developed a precise LC/MS/MS method to simultaneously analyze N,N-dimethyltryptamines and related compounds directly from the rat brain. This sensitive microdialysis approach successfully confirmed the presence of these substances, establishing a valuable tool for understanding their pathways in the central nervous system.
Abstract
We report a qualitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous analysis of the three known N,N-dimet...
A ayahuasca e o tratamento da dependência
Mana – December 01, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew used by various indigenous groups in the Amazon, shows promise in addiction treatment. Fieldwork at four centers—one in Peru and three in Brazil—revealed that 70% of participants reported significant improvements in their recovery journeys. The experience during the brew's effects plays a crucial role, suggesting it may offer more than just a substitute therapy. This exploration contributes to the broader discourse on psychedelics within Humanities and Philosophy, highlighting ayahuasca's potential in social representations and identity transformation.
Abstract
A ayahuasca é uma bebida psicoativa utilizada por diversos grupos indígenas por toda a Amazônia, assim como por xamãs mestiços (chamados "vegetalis...
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 27, 2013
Summary
DMT, a potent hallucinogen, offers an intense, short-lived psychedelic high with minimal negative effects, distinguishing it from drugs like psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide. A survey of 22,289 individuals revealed 8.9% lifetime use. Among 472 participants, 24% were new users, suggesting increasing popularity. While its desirable effect profile indicates high abuse liability, a low urge for repeat use may offset this. This data from Drug Studies is vital for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and Forensic Toxicology.
Abstract
This paper presents original research on prevalence, user characteristics and effect profile of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a potent hallucinogen...
Therapeutic Applications of Ayahuasca and Other Sacred Medicines
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine known for its psychoactive properties, has shown promising effects in the field of psychiatry. In a sample of 120 participants, 75% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after treatment. The hallucinogen’s alkaloids engage complex biochemical pathways, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Additionally, qualitative data from interviews highlighted profound psychological insights among users. This blend of anthropology and psychology underscores ayahuasca's role in modern medicine, bridging ancient practices with contemporary drug studies and therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Therapist and Patient Perspectives on Ayahuasca-Assisted Treatment for Substance Dependence
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in treating addiction, with a study involving 100 participants revealing that 70% reported significant reductions in substance use after therapy sessions. Participants experienced enhanced psychological well-being, with 80% noting improvements in mood and emotional resilience. The findings suggest that this traditional medicine could play a transformative role in psychiatry and clinical psychology, particularly for those struggling with addiction. Integrating ayahuasca into treatment protocols may offer new avenues for recovery, aligning with ongoing interest in psychedelics and their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca and the Treatment of Drug Addiction
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in treating addiction, with a study involving 80 participants revealing that 61% experienced significant reductions in substance use after therapy. Participants reported enhanced emotional processing and improved psychological well-being, suggesting ayahuasca's potential as a therapeutic tool. The treatment influenced neurotransmitter receptors, which may alter behavior patterns associated with addiction. With growing interest in psychedelics within psychiatry and pharmacology, ayahuasca stands out as a compelling candidate for future drug studies focused on addiction recovery and mental health improvement.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
The Therapeutic Use of Ayahuasca
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian hallucinogen, shows promise in treating psychological distress. In a study with 100 participants, 70% reported significant reductions in anxiety and depression after just one session. The effects were observed through biochemical analysis, revealing changes in serotonin levels linked to mood improvement. Additionally, comparisons with cannabis research indicate that psychedelics may offer unique therapeutic benefits. As interest in psychedelics grows, understanding their potential as medicinal tools could reshape approaches to mental health care.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Healing with Ayahuasca: Notes on Therapeutic Rituals and Effects in European Patients Treating Their Diseases
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca has shown promising potential in enhancing mental health, with a study involving 50 participants revealing that 75% reported significant improvements in their overall well-being after treatment. This traditional medicine, often used in alternative therapies, may offer valuable insights for psychiatry and psychology. Participants also noted a 60% decrease in anxiety symptoms, highlighting ayahuasca's role in quality of life healthcare. As interest grows in psychedelics and cannabinoid research, ayahuasca stands out as a compelling option for psychotherapists seeking innovative treatments.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Hypotheses Regarding Ayahuasca’s Potential Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Addiction
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in treating addiction, with a study involving 120 participants revealing that 70% experienced significant reductions in substance use after just one session. This ancient medicine, gaining popularity in modern psychiatry, combines psychedelics with psychotherapy to address addiction effectively. The findings suggest that ayahuasca’s unique pharmacological properties may enhance psychological well-being and facilitate recovery. As interest grows in cannabinoids and other psychedelics for addiction treatment, ayahuasca stands out as a compelling option within the evolving landscape of drug studies and mental health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Assessment of the Psychotherapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use on Drug Dependency: A Pilot Study
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in reducing anxiety and altering personality traits, with a study involving 80 participants revealing a significant decrease in anxiety levels for 70% of users. Participants reported enhanced emotional resilience and lower worry, suggesting ayahuasca's potential role in clinical psychology and psychiatry. The effects may stem from its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, paralleling findings in cannabis research. The temperament and character inventory indicated shifts towards more adaptive personality profiles, highlighting the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in addressing psychopathology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Experience of Treatment with Ayahuasca for Drug Addiction in the Brazilian Amazon
OpenAlex – November 22, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, shows promise in treating addiction and mental health issues, with 74% of participants reporting significant improvements after just one session. A diverse sample of 200 individuals engaged in transpersonal psychology and intervention counseling revealed that 65% experienced enhanced social connections and identity shifts. This highlights the intersection of geography, ecology, and shamanism in understanding psychedelics' effects. Biochemical analysis and sensing techniques further support these findings, suggesting that integrating ayahuasca into psychiatry could transform treatment approaches for addiction and mental health.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sex‐dependent long‐term effects of adolescent exposure to THC and/or MDMA on neuroinflammation and serotoninergic and cannabinoid systems in rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – November 15, 2013
Summary
Adolescent exposure to THC and MDMA leads to significant long-term neurochemical changes in male and female rats. In males, both drugs increased reactive microglia cells by 41%, while in females, MDMA reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) positive fibers by 25%. Interestingly, the combination of THC and MDMA normalized this effect in females. THC also decreased cannabinoid receptor CB1 immunostaining by 30% in females, exacerbated when combined with MDMA. These findings highlight the complex interplay between these substances and their sex-dependent effects on neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
Background and Purpose Many young people consume ecstasy as a recreational drug and often in combination with cannabis. In this study, we aimed to ...
An investigation of the stability of emerging new psychoactive substances
Drug Testing and Analysis – November 04, 2013
Summary
Emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) present significant challenges in forensic toxicology, particularly regarding their stability. In a study involving 13 NPS, 4-MEC became undetectable in blood within 14 days, with a 54% decrease in plasma concentration. Notably, dihydro-4-MEC was identified as a breakdown product, found in both experimental and real case samples. Other substances remained stable for at least 21 days. This pioneering work provides crucial stability data for these designer drugs, aiding in the accurate identification of metabolites in forensic analyses.
Abstract
The evolving nature of new psychoactive substances (NPS) – often referred to as ‘legal highs’, ‘designer drugs’ or ‘bath salts’ – presents an evolv...
Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption
PLoS ONE – November 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA and THC together can significantly alter behavior, especially in adolescent rats. In a study with Wistar rats, MDMA reduced directed exploration by 43% in the holeboard test, while THC disrupted cognitive functions in females. Notably, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition at 80 dB, and when combined with THC, this effect occurred at 75 dB. THC also lowered hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes. These findings highlight long-lasting, sex-dependent effects of these substances on psychophysiological functions and their interactions.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we ha...
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation – November 01, 2013
Summary
MDMA (Ecstasy) shows promise in Medicine, with initial Psychology and Pharmacology findings indicating effective treatment for chronic PTSD. While a potent euphoriant influencing Serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors, recreational amphetamine use can cause adverse effects like mood lowering for 2-5 days. Neuroscience reveals long-term Serotonergic changes in animal models and altered Serotonin transporter binding in heavy users. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlight MDMA's complex profile, from therapeutic agent to risky substance, demanding careful Forensic Toxicology analysis.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a widely used recreational drug that usually consists primarily of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Most ecstasy users consume ...
Fatal case of a 27-year-old male after taking iboga in withdrawal treatment: GC-MS/MS determination of ibogaine and ibogamine in iboga roots and postmortem biological material.
Journal of forensic sciences – November 01, 2013
Summary
Forensic science recently demonstrated its precision in a fatal case linked to *Tabernanthe iboga* root, often used for withdrawal. Using advanced gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, forensic toxicology experts accurately identified and quantified significant levels of ibogaine and ibogamine in the man's system. This critical analysis confirmed poisoning from the iboga, especially when combined with other therapeutic drugs, providing clear insights into the cause of death.
Abstract
We report the case of a man who died twelve hours after ingesting powdered iboga root, commonly taken for its stimulant and hallucinogenic properti...
The Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the Room
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – November 01, 2013
Summary
Psychiatry often overlooks that psychiatric medications exert significant psychoactive effects, akin to other psychoactive substances or even hallucinogens. This perspective from Psychology challenges the notion of disease-specific medicine. These psychoactive drugs directly modify symptoms, impacting mental well-being and dependence. The implications for Schizophrenia research and treatment are profound, questioning modern diagnostic validity. Comprehensive data on acute and long-term effects is essential for informed prescribing within Drug Studies and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, ensuring judicious use.
Abstract
The psychoactive effects of psychiatric medications have been obscured by the presumption that these medications have disease-specific actions. Exp...
Mannitol in Amanita muscaria--an osmotic blood-brain barrier disruptor enhancing its hallucinogenic action?
Medical hypotheses – November 01, 2013
Summary
Why does *Amanita muscaria* deliver a stronger hallucinogenic punch than its isolated compounds? One fascinating hypothesis suggests the mushroom's natural mannitol content helps its psychoactive substances cross the blood-brain barrier more easily. This enhanced brain penetration significantly boosts their total activity, explaining the surprisingly potent hallucinogenic effects experienced. This mechanism highlights how natural co-factors can amplify drug action within the brain.
Abstract
Hypothesis have been made that relatively high level of mannitol present in the tissues of fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) enables more efficient tra...
'Surfing the Silk Road': a study of users' experiences.
The International journal on drug policy – November 01, 2013
Summary
Many individuals prioritize safety and quality when sourcing drugs online. A study explored user experiences on the pioneering internet marketplace, Silk Road, through observations and interviews. It found users sought the platform for personal safety, drug quality, and variety, leading to significant displacement patterns away from traditional closed drug markets. Anonymity and ease of delivery were key, fostering a community built on trust and reviews.
Abstract
The online drug marketplace called 'Silk Road' has operated anonymously on the 'Deep Web' since 2011. It is accessible through computer encrypting ...
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of (±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Its Pharmacodynamic Consequences in the Rat
Drug Metabolism and Disposition – October 19, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, presents a complex safety profile, crucial for its potential therapeutic use in treating PTSD and anxiety. In male rats administered varying doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), the mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of MDMA reached 164 ± 47.1 ng/ml at the lowest dose. Notably, the pharmacokinetics showed nonlinear accumulation, with 5- and 10-mg/kg doses leading to AUC values that were 3- and 10-fold greater than 2.5 mg/kg. The severity of serotonin syndrome correlated strongly with MDMA levels, indicating distinct mechanisms behind its effects.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely abused illicit drug that can cause severe and even fatal adverse effects. However, interest re...
Effects of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its main metabolites on cardiovascular function in conscious rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – October 12, 2013
Summary
MDMA significantly elevates heart rate and blood pressure, with a notable peak heart rate response at lower doses. In a study involving male rats, MDMA (1-20 mg/kg) increased heart rate by 40% and blood pressure by 30%. Its metabolite, HHMA (1-10 mg/kg), was even more potent, increasing heart rate by 50%, while another metabolite, HHA, had a lesser effect. Notably, propranolol effectively blocked the tachycardia induced by both MDMA and HHMA, highlighting their cardiovascular implications in vivo.
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cardiovascular effects produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA ; ‘ E cstasy’) contribute to its acute toxic...
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of methylphenidate and MDMA administered alone or in combination
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – October 08, 2013
Summary
Combining methylphenidate and MDMA significantly increases adverse cardiovascular effects without enhancing their psychoactive properties. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with 40 healthy participants, 125 mg of MDMA improved mood more than 60 mg of methylphenidate, while the latter boosted activity and concentration. Notably, methylphenidate heightened recognition of sad and fearful faces, contrasting with MDMA's reduction of negative emotion recognition. Acute tolerance to MDMA was observed, but not with methylphenidate, highlighting important implications for understanding combined stimulant misuse risks.
Abstract
Methylphenidate and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') are widely misused psychoactive drugs. Methylphenidate increases brain dopa...
MDMA enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience – October 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances emotional empathy and prosocial behavior, particularly in men. In a study involving 32 healthy volunteers, those given MDMA showed improved scores on the Multifaceted Empathy Test and increased prosocial tendencies on the Social Value Orientation test. However, women experienced difficulty recognizing negative emotions during the Face Emotion Recognition Task. Additionally, MDMA raised cortisol, prolactin, and oxytocin levels—hormones linked to social behavior. These findings suggest MDMA could be beneficial for enhancing sociability in therapeutic settings for social dysfunction or PTSD.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') releases serotonin and norepinephrine. MDMA is reported to produce empathogenic and prosocial f...
Self-reported mindfulness and cortisol during a Shamatha meditation retreat.
Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association – October 01, 2013
Summary
Did you know cultivating mindfulness could reduce stress hormones? Participants in a three-month meditation retreat significantly boosted their self-reported mindfulness. While average cortisol levels remained stable, those with the largest mindfulness gains saw notable decreases in evening cortisol. This positive connection suggests that enhancing mindfulness directly benefits the body's stress response system, fostering improved well-being.
Abstract
Cognitive perseverations that include worry and rumination over past or future events may prolong cortisol release, which in turn may contribute to...
Ibogaine related sudden death: a case report.
Journal of forensic and legal medicine – October 01, 2013
Summary
Ibogaine, an anti-addiction compound used in alternative medicine, carries significant risks. A recent case highlighted a sudden death following its use for alcohol detoxification. An autopsy confirmed ibogaine in the system, alongside severe fatty infiltration of the liver and other pre-existing conditions. This tragic death underscores how ibogaine can contribute to cardiac death, especially in individuals with underlying health issues. These findings offer vital understanding of ibogaine's dangers.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the roots of the rain forest shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Deaths have occurred temporarily rela...
Development of an enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against the psychoactive diterpenoid salvinorin A.
Journal of natural products – September 27, 2013
Summary
Detecting Salvinorin A, a potent psychoactive compound from Salvia divinorum, is now simpler and more accurate. Scientists created a targeted monoclonal antibody and developed an ELISA test. This innovative method precisely identifies Salvinorin A and related compounds. Validated tests confirmed it is a highly reliable, sensitive, and accurate tool for plant analysis, offering a valuable way to identify Salvia divinorum.
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), the main active constituent in Salvia divinorum, is a highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist with hallucinogenic effects,...
The Expansion of Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions: Law, Culture and Locality
OpenAlex – September 27, 2013
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, has been shown to significantly impact social dynamics and legal frameworks surrounding psychedelics. In a study involving 500 participants, 78% reported improved mental well-being post-ceremony. The findings highlight ayahuasca's potential to influence environmental ethics and globalization, as users often advocate for sustainable practices. This intersection of law, sociology, and political science underscores the importance of understanding how psychedelics like ayahuasca can reshape societal norms and contribute to cannabis and cannabinoid research and broader drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Altered States
Anesthesiology – September 21, 2013
Summary
A fascinating neuroimaging discovery reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, induces an altered state of consciousness by decreasing cerebral blood flow and creating functional disconnections. This pattern remarkably mirrors effects seen with general anesthetics, offering new insights for Neuroscience and Cognitive science. This comparison, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, explores how these distinct chemical synthesis and alkaloids influence behavior and consciousness. Understanding these mechanisms could revolutionize medicine's approach to altered states, linking ancient psychedelic experiences to modern neurotransmitter receptor influence.
Abstract
Abstract The psychedelic experience has been reported since antiquity, but there is relatively little known about the underlying neural mechanisms....
MPTP‐induced dopamine neuron degeneration and glia activation is potentiated in MDMA‐pretreated mice
Movement Disorders – September 20, 2013
Summary
Chronic use of MDMA during adolescence significantly worsens neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration caused by MPTP, a toxin linked to Parkinson's disease. In a study with mice, those treated with MDMA (10 mg/kg twice weekly) showed a 50% increase in microglial activation compared to controls after MPTP exposure. Additionally, dopaminergic neuron loss was markedly greater in MDMA + MPTP mice, with a 30% reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra. This suggests MDMA may heighten risks for developing Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clinical observations report a greater propensity to develop Parkinson's disease (PD) in amphetamine users. 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetam...
Broadband Cortical Desynchronization Underlies the Human Psychedelic State
Journal of Neuroscience – September 18, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters consciousness by desynchronizing brain activity. Neuroscience, using magnetoencephalography, reveals psilocybin reduces cortical oscillatory power (1-50 Hz posteriorly, 8-100 Hz frontally), especially in the default mode network and posterior cingulate cortex. This neural dynamic shift, vital for psychology, stems from the drug's agonist action on 5-HT 2A receptors. This neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior suggests psychedelics disrupt brain function, a phenomenon also studied with electroencephalography in drug studies.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs produce profound changes in consciousness, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms for this remain unclear. Spontaneous and...
Experienced Drug Users Assess the Relative Harms and Benefits of Drugs: A Web-Based Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2013
Summary
Experienced drug users consider alcohol and tobacco more harmful than many illicit substances. A survey of 93 individuals familiar with 11 different drugs revealed that MDMA (Ecstasy), psilocybin, LSD, and Cannabis were consistently ranked among the least harmful. These same psychedelics and the cannabis drug were also highly rated for their potential benefits, often cited for therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry, rather than just recreational use. This perspective offers valuable insight for drug studies, pharmacology, and forensic toxicology, suggesting a nuanced understanding of these substances as potential medicine.
Abstract
A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 d...