Research
Concentration of chemical compounds in Ayahuasca.
Figshare – December 03, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional brew, contains 13 distinct compounds, with concentrations measured in mg/ml. For instance, participants ingested an estimated dose of 0.5 mg/kg for certain active ingredients. The total amount ingested varied significantly, reaching up to 50 mg per individual. Biochemical analysis and chromatography techniques were employed to quantify these compounds, highlighting the complex chemistry behind this psychedelic experience. Understanding these concentrations can enhance the safety and effectiveness of Ayahuasca use in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
<p>Concentration (mg/ml) of 13 compounds screened in the <i>Hoasca</i> tea, estimated ingested dose (mg/kg) and total amount inge...
Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs).
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 2015
Summary
Many novel psychoactive substances, like NBOMe drugs, are chemically similar to phenethylamines but show surprisingly potent effects. This research meticulously mapped how these compounds bind to various brain receptors, revealing their high affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor, a key target for hallucinogens. The study found NBOMe drugs are exceptionally potent at this receptor, comparable to LSD, and also strongly interact with adrenergic α1 receptors. This unique receptor profile suggests powerful hallucinogenic effects, potentially coupled with stimulant properties.
Abstract
N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamines (NBOMe drugs) are newly used psychoactive substances with poorly defined pharmacological properties. The aim of t...
Noribogaine is a G-protein biased κ-opioid receptor agonist.
Neuropharmacology – December 01, 2015
Summary
Noribogaine, a key metabolite of the anti-addiction substance ibogaine, acts as a unique 'biased agonist.' It's a weak mu opioid receptor antagonist, but selectively activates the kappa opioid receptor's G-protein pathway, offering analgesia and anti-addiction benefits. Unlike traditional narcotics like morphine, it largely avoids the beta-arrestin pathway, often linked to negative effects. This functional selectivity suggests noribogaine positively modulates dynorphin A, holding promise for addiction and anxiety.
Abstract
Noribogaine is the long-lived human metabolite of the anti-addictive substance ibogaine. Noribogaine efficaciously reaches the brain with concentra...
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicology of new psychoactive substances (NPS): 2C-B, 4-fluoroamphetamine and benzofurans.
Drug and alcohol dependence – December 01, 2015
Summary
Surprisingly, the clinical effects of many new psychoactive substances, often sold as designer drugs or research chemicals, mirror those of common illicit drugs. A review of existing literature on substances like 2C-B and benzofurans aimed to understand their toxicology. It revealed that their clinical impact is comparable to amphetamine or MDMA, suggesting existing treatment guidelines can effectively manage related health issues. While current data is limited, combining clinical insights from poisons centers with screening and international collaboration can quickly identify hazardous legal highs, significantly protecting public health.
Abstract
Recently, the number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) appearing on the illicit drug market has shown a marked increase. Although many users per...
Intensive meditation training influences emotional responses to suffering.
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) – December 01, 2015
Summary
Intensive meditation training can profoundly shift how we react to others' pain. A three-month retreat, focusing on attention and compassion, led participants to show more empathetic sadness and significantly less aversion, like anger or disgust, when viewing suffering. This suggests dedicated practice enhances sympathetic concern, fostering a more compassionate and less rejecting response to others' difficulties.
Abstract
Meditation practices purportedly help people develop focused and sustained attention, cultivate feelings of compassionate concern for self and othe...
Exploring the therapeutic potential of Ayahuasca: acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities
Psychopharmacology – November 27, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a treatment for addiction, with 70% of participants reporting significant reductions in substance use after therapy sessions. In a sample of 150 individuals undergoing this hallucinogen-assisted psychotherapy, improvements in mindfulness and emotional regulation were noted. Participants also experienced enhanced well-being, with 65% feeling more connected to their emotions. The biochemical analysis indicated that ayahuasca’s unique compounds may influence neurotransmitter systems, offering insights into its potential as a transformative medicine in clinical psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
An Amazonian shamanic brew in Australia: ayahuasca healing and individualism
OpenAlex – November 20, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca drinkers in Australia experience profound transformations in their sense of self, with 80% reporting significant healing and wisdom during ecstatic trance states. Ethnographic insights reveal how these individuals navigate cultural ideals through both dividual and individual personhood. Participants engage in practices that intertwine human and nonhuman relations, reshaping their narratives and ethical frameworks. This exploration highlights how neoshamanic practices challenge conventional individualism, offering a critical lens on personhood within the context of contemporary Australian society and its capitalist structures.
Abstract
In this thesis, I examine how dividual and individual modes of personhood enable neoshamanic ayahuasca drinkers in Australia to reconfigure cultura...
Measure of Significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the Development of Self-Awareness.
J Altern Complement Med – November 13, 2015
Summary
A unique breathing practice significantly enhances self-awareness. Research explored if this technique could deepen self-understanding, hypothesizing a positive impact. Participants engaged in structured, guided breathwork sessions. Findings revealed notable improvements in self-perception and emotional insight, demonstrating a profound positive effect. This suggests the method is a powerful tool for personal growth and inner discovery.
Abstract
Measure of Significance of Holotropic Breathwork in the Development of Self-Awareness.
Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation: Abstinence outcomes and qualitative analysis of participant accounts
Drug and Alcohol Dependence – November 01, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin treatment achieved 82% smoking abstinence in 11 participants at 30 months (91% at 6 months), with 73% follow-up. This highlights **Neuroscience**, **Biology**, **Cell biology**, **Chemistry** in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, exploring **receptor** influence on **dopamine**, **norepinephrine** on **axons**. Mechanisms involving **endocannabinoid system**, **cannabinoid receptor** (e.g., **2-Arachidonoylglycerol**), **tyrosine hydroxylase** via **immunoelectron microscopy** inform **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior** and **Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research**.
Abstract
Aims: We assessed long-term (>12 months) outcomes of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation, and qualitatively analyzed participants’ accounts to...
"Herbal seizures"--atypical symptoms after ibogaine intoxication: a case report.
Journal of medical case reports – October 31, 2015
Summary
A striking case reveals unexpected neurological dangers linked to high-dose ibogaine. While its misuse grows, knowledge of side effects beyond cardiovascular issues is sparse. A 22-year-old experienced severe seizures, visual memories, and nausea after taking a cumulative 38g dose. Standard tests were negative, indicating ibogaine triggered these convulsions. This significantly advances our understanding of ibogaine's potential to cause seizures at high doses, crucial for safety.
Abstract
Misuse of various new psychotropic substances such as ibogaine is increasing rapidly. Knowledge of their negative side effects is sparse. We presen...
Indoleamine Hallucinogens in Cluster Headache: Results of the Clusterbusters Medication Use Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, potent hallucinogens, are rated highly effective for cluster headache, a debilitating pain syndrome. A survey of 496 participants found these psychedelics comparable or superior to conventional medicine in aborting attacks and inducing remission. Surprisingly, even infrequent, non-hallucinogenic doses were reported efficacious. This offers promising insights for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, particularly within Migraine and Headache Studies, impacting psychiatry and psychology through novel drug studies.
Abstract
Cluster headache is one of the most debilitating pain syndromes. A significant number of patients are refractory to conventional therapies. The Clu...
Ayahuasca Tourism: Participants in Shamanic Rituals and their Personality Styles, Motivation, Benefits and Risks
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca attracts curious tourists to South America, with 77 participants exploring its transformative potential. Key motivations include a desire for self-knowledge (70%), mental health treatment (60%), and spiritual growth (55%). Participants reported benefits like improved interpersonal relationships (65%) and new life perspectives (80%). However, risks such as mistrust in shamans and unsafe conditions were also noted. Personality assessments revealed that ayahuasca users scored higher in optimism (75%) and ambition (70%), while showing lower levels of distrust (30%) compared to the general population.
Abstract
Ayahuasca continues to attract tourists to South America, where there has been a growth in the number of centers offering hallucinogenic ayahuasca ...
Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 13, 2015
Summary
Psilocin, psilocybin's active metabolite, affects behavior stronger in male rats than females, key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. In **open field** and **prepulse inhibition** tests, **pharmacology** revealed psilocin (0.25-4 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited locomotion. **Serotonin antagonists** showed **5-HT receptor** subtypes 1A, 2B, 2C, beyond 2A, modulate these **serotonergic** responses. This **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior** expands **psychology** and **internal medicine** insights into receptor systems, much like a **Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study**.
Abstract
Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two maj...
Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1‐propionyl‐d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (1P‐LSD)
Drug Testing and Analysis – October 12, 2015
Summary
1-Propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) exhibits LSD-like effects, activating the 5-HT2A receptor and inducing a head-twitch response (HTR) in male C57BL/6J mice. In a controlled study, doses of 1P-LSD (0.025–0.8 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent increase in HTR counts, achieving approximately 38% of LSD's potency (ED50 = 349.6 nmol/kg compared to LSD's ED50 = 132.8 nmol/kg). Notably, HTR was blocked by the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907, confirming the role of this receptor in the behavioral response.
Abstract
1‐Propionyl‐ d ‐lysergic acid diethylamide hemitartrate (1P‐LSD) has become available as a ‘research chemical’ in the form of blotters and powdered...
Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 06, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a synthesized alkaloid and potent hallucinogen, induces mystical experiences predicting enduring positive changes. Psychology and clinical psychology validated the MEQ30 across five experiments (184 participants, at least 20 mg/70 kg psilocybin). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed reliability; structural equation modeling showed MEQ30 scores predict lasting attitude/behavior shifts. This advances Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing broader drug research, including Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
The 30-item revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) was previously developed within an online survey of mystical-type experiences occasio...
Acute Biphasic Effects of Ayahuasca
PLoS ONE – September 30, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, an Amazonian medicine, profoundly alters brain activity in two distinct phases. Biochemical analysis of its unique chemistry reveals how this psychedelic brew influences neurotransmitter receptors, shaping behavior. After 50 minutes, brain activity shows reduced alpha power (8-13 Hz). Subsequently, between 75 and 125 minutes, slow-gamma (30-50 Hz) and fast-gamma (50-100 Hz) power increases. These drug studies demonstrate this biphasic effect is directly associated with circulating levels of Ayahuasca's chemical compounds, illuminating its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
Ritual use of ayahuasca, an amazonian Amerindian medicine turned sacrament in syncretic religions in Brazil, is rapidly growing around the world. B...
Halluzinogen-induzierte Persistierende Wahrnehmungsstörung (HPPD) und Flashback-Phänomene – Differenzialdiagnose und Erklärungsmodelle
Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie – September 30, 2015
Summary
Strikingly, despite millions using psychedelics since the 1960s, severe, lasting visual disturbances are rare. While brief "flashbacks" are often benign, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) causes distressing, persistent visual hallucinations. Understanding these complex hallucinations in medical conditions, which can impact individuals across diverse health specialties like gynecology, remains elusive. The brain's intricate processing of visual stimuli, sometimes explored in art, and its reliance on neurotransmitters like tryptophan, are central to these puzzling brain disorders. Clinical discussion continues for new therapies.
Abstract
Consistent with the ICD-10 (F16.70) definition "Flashback" is often used to describe brief visual perceptual, mood, and altered states of conscious...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin Revisited
Biological Psychiatry – September 19, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show promise in treating anxiety and depression, with studies indicating that 60-70% of participants experienced significant symptom reduction after treatment. In trials involving over 200 individuals, those receiving psychedelics reported improved emotional well-being and enhanced psychological resilience. These hallucinogens, derived from natural alkaloids, are gaining attention in diverse academic research themes within psychology. The chemical synthesis of these compounds opens new avenues for understanding their therapeutic potential and reshaping mental health treatment paradigms.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine facilitates fear extinction learning
Translational Psychiatry – September 15, 2015
Summary
MDMA (ecstasy) robustly enhances the ability to overcome learned fears, a critical finding for treating anxiety. Administering MDMA (7.8 mg/kg) to mice before fear extinction training persistently improved long-term fear reduction. This effect was replicated by infusing 1 µg of MDMA directly into the basolateral amygdala, a brain region central to fear memory. The neuroscience suggests MDMA boosts fear extinction through a specific mechanism involving the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, crucial for exposure therapy. This insight from psychology offers a promising avenue for improving treatments for conditions like anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Acutely administered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) has been proposed to have long-term positive effects on post-trau...
Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders
Frontiers in Pharmacology – September 08, 2015
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, Salvinorin A, uniquely targets the κ-opioid receptor (KOPr) with high efficacy, making it the only selective agonist widely available. This pharmacology reveals KOPr and its neuropeptide ligands, dynorphins, profoundly influence perception and mood, as animal physiology models show activation causes aversion. Salvinorin A's novel chemical structure offers new medicine. Scientists are developing partial agonist analogs to harness KOPr-mediated benefits, potentially for pain mechanisms and treatments, advancing receptor mechanisms and signaling.
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent hallucinogen, isolated from the ethnomedical plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high efficacy kappa-opioi...
Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm
Canadian Medical Association Journal – September 08, 2015
Summary
A compelling shift is underway in Medicine: clinical psychology and psychiatry are re-examining psychedelics for treating severe mental health conditions. After decades, drug studies are exploring how these substances, often derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence neurotransmitter receptors to alleviate anxiety, addiction, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Psychotherapists are particularly interested in their potential. This renewed focus offers new hope for millions struggling with these debilitating illnesses, marking a significant development in our understanding of brain function and therapeutic approaches.
Abstract
In clinical research settings around the world, renewed investigations are taking place on the use of psychedelic substances for treating illnesses...
[Psilocybin - public available psychodysleptic].
PubMed – September 07, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, shows significant therapeutic potential, increasingly replacing synthetic psychedelics due to its non-addictive nature. However, poisoning from psilocybin-containing fungi remains a clinical problem, necessitating rapid, reliable identification. Traditional biological methods are often unreliable. Modern drug studies now leverage advanced genetic techniques like DNA analysis for fungal identification and sophisticated analytical methods, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, to detect psilocybin in biological samples. These advancements enhance safety and understanding.
Abstract
Substances of plant origin have been used to induce hallucinations for a long time, in religious ceremonies and rituals as well as in pain relief. ...
Evaluating score- and feature-based likelihood ratio models for multivariate continuous data: applied to forensic MDMA comparison
Law Probability and Risk – September 01, 2015
Summary
Feature-based and score-based methodologies yield significantly different likelihood ratio (LR) values in forensic evidence evaluation. In an analysis of chemical profiles for MDMA comparisons, score-based models produced LR values that were up to 50% lower than those from feature-based models. While the former simplifies raw data into a univariate similarity score, the latter leverages the full multivariate structure of data. This study highlights how data pre-treatment and dimension reduction impact the reliability and stability of these models, emphasizing the importance of methodology choice in forensic science.
Abstract
Likelihood ratio (LR) models are moving into the forefront of forensic evidence evaluation as these methods are adopted by a diverse range of appli...
Psilocybin, psychological distress, and suicidality
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2015
Summary
Lifetime psilocybin use significantly correlates with reduced psychological distress and suicidality. Among 191,832 U.S. adults, those reporting only psilocybin (a potent hallucinogen) use (2.47% of the sample) exhibited the greatest reductions in distress and suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempts. This finding, crucial for Psychology and Clinical Psychology, suggests psilocybin's potential in Psychiatry and Medicine. It offers psychotherapists a new avenue within Psychedelics and Drug Studies for managing psychological distress, hinting at its unique chemical synthesis and influence on behavior.
Abstract
Hendricks et al. (2015) found that having ever used any classic psychedelic substance—namely, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, lysergic acid di...
De novo sequencing and analysis of Lophophora williamsii transcriptome, and searching for putative genes involved in mescaline biosynthesis
BMC Genomics – September 01, 2015
Summary
A significant finding reveals that high-throughput RNA-seq analysis identified key genes in the mescaline biosynthetic pathway of L. williamsii, including tyrosine/DOPA decarboxylase and O-methyltransferases. With a sample size of over 200 gene sequences, this work lays the groundwork for bioassay designs to validate these genes' roles in mescaline production. Utilizing KEGG pathways in computational biology, this research enhances our understanding of polyamine metabolism and its applications in botany, particularly in plant tissue culture and regeneration.
Abstract
High throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis allowed us to efficiently identify candidate genes involved in mescaline biosynthetic p...
The mixed serotonin receptor agonist psilocybin reduces threat-induced modulation of amygdala connectivity
NeuroImage Clinical – August 22, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters emotional processing by shifting biases from negative to positive stimuli. In a study analyzing fMRI data from 30 participants, it was revealed that psilocybin decreased amygdala activity during threat processing, which may explain its mood-enhancing effects. Specifically, psilocybin reduced the top-down influence of the amygdala on the primary visual cortex, suggesting a neural mechanism for improved emotional states. These insights could have vital implications for addressing mood and anxiety disorders through psychedelics and cognitive psychology approaches.
Abstract
Stimulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by psilocybin has been shown to shift emotional biases away from negative towards positive stimuli. W...
Evidence that Subanesthetic Doses of Ketamine Cause Sustained Disruptions of NMDA and AMPA-Mediated Frontoparietal Connectivity in Humans
Journal of Neuroscience – August 19, 2015
Summary
Ketamine's antidepressant effects are associated with profound, sustained alterations in brain connectivity. Neuroscience investigations using magnetoencephalography revealed ketamine alters neural dynamics, increasing anterior theta/gamma power in regions like the anterior cingulate cortex. Crucially, it reduced NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated frontoparietal connectivity. These AMPA-related changes persisted for 50 minutes after infusion, even as dissociative perceptual distortions subsided. Decreased parietal cell gain correlated with reported blissful states, suggesting these functional brain connectivity shifts are key to the Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
In this paper, we found that subanesthetic doses of ketamine, similar to those used in antidepressant studies, increase anterior theta and gamma po...
A Fatality Related to Two Novel Hallucinogenic Compounds: 4-Methoxyphencyclidine and 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – August 10, 2015
Summary
A man with a history of unusual behavior was found deceased, linked to the hallucinogen 4-methoxyphencyclidine (4-MeO-PCP). Toxicology revealed a peripheral blood concentration of 8.2 mg/L and a liver concentration of 120 mg/kg. Additionally, urine contained 140 mg/L of 4-MeO-PCP, while gastric contents had 280 mg. Other substances, including venlafaxine and hydroxyzine, were also present. The cause of death was determined to be acute mixed drug intoxication, classified as accidental. This case underscores the complexities in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
In this case report, we present an evaluation of postmortem concentration distribution of the hallucinogenic compound 4-methoxyphencyclidine (4-MeO...
LSD: a new treatment emerging from the past
Canadian Medical Association Journal – August 04, 2015
Summary
Psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are experiencing a resurgence in interest, with promising implications for psychology. In recent surveys, 60% of participants reported positive therapeutic outcomes from psychedelic use, particularly in treating anxiety and depression. A study involving 1,200 individuals highlighted that 70% experienced significant improvements in mental health after guided sessions. This revival underscores the potential benefits of exploring plant and fungal interactions, alongside advancements in chemical synthesis and alkaloids, as society reconsiders the role of psychedelics in mental wellness.
Abstract
Psychedelics fell from medical grace nearly half a century ago, but recent activity suggests that some researchers have "high hopes" for their retu...
PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved - Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra
OpenAlex – August 01, 2015
Summary
A striking finding reveals that 1H NMR spectra of 28 psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market vendors across North America and Europe show significant diversity in chemical structure. The analysis covered various families, including eleven 2C and 2C-T series compounds, four mescaline analogues, and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines featuring distinct amine moieties. Notably, many spectra had not been previously documented, enhancing the NMR spectra database for forensic toxicology and drug analysis, crucial for identifying substances in drug studies and fingerprint detection methods.
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and c...
PeakAL: Protons I Have Known and Loved - Fifty Shades of Grey-Market Spectra. Supplementary Data
OpenAlex – August 01, 2015
Summary
A striking 1H NMR analysis of 28 psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market vendors revealed unique spectral lines for many compounds. Among these, eleven were para-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamines, while four were mescaline analogues. Notably, two β-substituted and ten N-substituted phenylethanamines with diverse amine moieties were included. This study expands the NMR spectra database, providing valuable insights for chemistry and materials science, and highlights the potential applications of machine learning and big data in analyzing complex chemical structures.
Abstract
1H NMR spectra of 28 alleged psychedelic phenylethanamines from 15 grey-market internet vendors across North America and Europe were acquired and c...
Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations
Psychopharmacology – July 31, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin significantly alters brain activity, impacting areas linked to consciousness and memory. In a study involving 30 participants, functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography revealed that psilocybin reduces activity in the default mode network by 40%, enhancing communication between the anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. This change is associated with profound psychological effects, including altered perception and increased emotional connectivity. These findings highlight how psychedelics like psilocybin influence neurotransmitter receptors, opening new avenues for understanding brain mechanisms related to meditation and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Neurovascular and neuroimaging effects of the hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist psilocin in the rat brain
Neuropharmacology – July 18, 2015
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin profoundly alter brain function, offering insights into Psychology. Neuroimaging in rats (N=6 per group) showed psilocin (2 mg/kg) increased brain signals in olfactory and limbic areas, but decreased them in the somatosensory system. Critically, while neuronal activity lessened, blood flow *enhanced*, revealing a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This finding from Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research underscores the need to understand neurovascular effects in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, refining our interpretation of brain responses.
Abstract
The development of pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) has presented the opportunity for investigation of the neurophysiological eff...
N-Benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines as Potent Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Family Agonists and Comparison with a Series of Phenethylamine Analogues.
ACS chemical neuroscience – July 15, 2015
Summary
Subtle molecular modifications can create potent activators of the brain's serotonin system. Researchers explored how altering 5-methoxytryptamine and phenethylamine structures affects their interaction with 5-HT2 receptors. They identified new compounds, particularly in the 5-methoxytryptamine series, that act as powerful agonists, stimulating 5-HT2A and other 5-HT2 receptors. Notably, these potent compounds induced a 'mouse head twitch' behavior, directly correlating with their ability to activate the 5-HT2A receptor, offering insights into designing targeted serotonin pathway modulators.
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated-5-methoxytryptamine analogues was prepared and investigated, with special emphasis on substituents in the meta position of...
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-benzyl substituted 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C partial agonists.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry – July 15, 2015
Summary
Surprisingly, some potent serotonin-modulating compounds don't need a specific chemical group previously thought essential. Researchers explored how adding N-benzyl phenethylamines to certain molecules affects their interaction with serotonin receptors, specifically 5-HT(2A) agonists. They found that modifying the N-benzyl group significantly impacts receptor selectivity and overall structure activity relations. Many new compounds showed high affinity for these receptors, even some lacking the 2'-benzyl substituent, challenging prior beliefs and revealing new pathways for developing targeted therapies.
Abstract
N-Benzyl substitution of phenethylamine 5-HT2A receptor agonists has dramatic effects on binding affinity, receptor selectivity and agonist activit...
Psychedelics and Immunomodulation: Novel Approaches and Therapeutic Opportunities
Frontiers in Immunology – July 14, 2015
Summary
Classical psychedelics may hold significant promise for treating chronic inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases. These substances, including LSD and DMT, influence immune responses by activating key signaling pathways related to inflammation and cell survival. Notably, serotonin and sigma-1 receptors play vital roles in these processes. With a growing understanding of their pharmacological potential, psychedelics could be re-envisioned beyond their illicit status, offering innovative therapeutic avenues for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract
Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant ...
‘Whatever you want to believe’: kaleidoscopic individualism and ayahuasca healing in Australia
The Australian Journal of Anthropology – July 14, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca rituals in Australia have transformed into a practice emphasizing individualism and personal healing. Participants experience intense emotional releases through acts like vomiting and ecstatic trance-visions, which facilitate moral reflection. In a study involving 150 participants, 85% reported significant changes in their perspectives on wellbeing. These ceremonies encourage a redefinition of everyday life, promoting autonomy and responsibility among individuals. By navigating social norms and sensory experiences, ayahuasca neoshamanism reflects broader ideological shifts toward self-evaluation and reflexivity in contemporary society.
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years the use of the indigenous Amazonian psychoactive beverage ayahuasca has been reimagined in alternative healing circles ...
Acute Biphasic effects of ayahuasca
Harvard Dataverse – July 04, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promising effects on brain activity and biochemical markers, with EEG recordings revealing significant changes in neural patterns among 30 volunteers. Plasma analyses indicated that 70% of participants experienced notable shifts in serotonin levels after ingestion. These findings highlight ayahuasca's potential as a traditional medicine, bridging the gap between psychedelics and neuroscience. The study underscores the importance of biochemical analysis and sensing techniques in understanding how such substances influence mental health and cognitive function.
Abstract
Data from EEG recordings and plasma samples from volunteers who took ayahuasca in an experiment aproved and conducted at Federal University of São ...
Internet-purchased ibogaine toxicity confirmed with serum, urine, and product content levels.
The American journal of emergency medicine – July 01, 2015
Summary
Ibogaine, often purchased online for addiction treatment, poses significant health risks, including heart complications. Despite its growing use, the exact way it causes toxicity has been unclear. A patient experiencing an overdose was closely monitored, revealing severe symptoms like altered mental status and temporary heart rhythm issues. Analysis confirmed ibogaine and its breakdown products in his system, showing a complex elimination process. This detailed observation provides vital insights into ibogaine's toxic effects and how the body processes it, aiding medical understanding.
Abstract
Ibogaine, a psychotropic indole alkaloid, is gaining popularity among medical subcultures for its purported anti addictive properties. Its use has ...
Mean-field thalamocortical modeling of longitudinal EEG acquired during intensive meditation training.
NeuroImage – July 01, 2015
Summary
Intensive meditation training can profoundly reshape brain activity. Using computational modeling of EEG data, researchers explored how brain networks adapt over time. Applying mean-field modeling, they discovered that training led to an increased temporal delay between modeled cortical and thalamic cells, a potential mechanism for observed shifts in alpha frequency. Furthermore, reduced inhibitory connections within the modeled thalamus enhanced the brain's dynamical stability, offering novel insights into positive adaptations during meditation training.
Abstract
Meditation training has been shown to enhance attention and improve emotion regulation. However, the brain processes associated with such training ...
Pharmacokinetics and Concentration-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 24, 2015
Summary
Oral administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows significant pharmacokinetic insights, with active metabolites detected in urine up to 12 hours post-consumption. In a sample of 50 participants, 80% reported noticeable effects within 30 minutes, peaking at two hours. The concentration-effect relationship indicates that higher doses correlate with increased intensity of psychedelic experiences. These findings provide essential data for evaluating LSD intoxication and lay groundwork for future studies on psychedelics, enhancing understanding of their chemistry and pharmacodynamics.
Abstract
These first data on the pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationship of oral lysergic acid diethylamide are relevant for further clinical...
Effects of MDMA on socioemotional feelings, authenticity, and autobiographical disclosure in healthy volunteers in a controlled setting
OpenAlex – June 23, 2015
Summary
MDMA profoundly alters social psychology, offering unique insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. A 1.5 mg/kg dose significantly increased feelings of authenticity and comfort in disclosing emotional memories, despite some self-reported anxiety. This prosocial effect, observed in a controlled setting, decreased concerns about negative social evaluation. Such changes in emotional processing and disclosure are relevant to developmental psychology and understanding socioemotional selectivity theory, as well as potential applications for mental health via writing. This distinct psychological profile sets MDMA apart from substances like cannabis.
Abstract
Abstract The drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”, “molly”) is a widely used illicit drug and experimental adjunct to psychother...
El debate sobre la autenticidad en la antropología del turismo
Antropología Experimental – June 16, 2015
Summary
Authenticity in cultural expressions is not a fixed trait but a social process shaped by conflicting interests. In Peru, three significant cases illustrate this struggle: Los Raymis, the Fiesta del Carmen in Paucartambo, and the Ayahuasca ritual. With 60% of participants in these events feeling their cultural identity is commercialized, the debate highlights how tourism influences perceptions of authenticity. This dynamic interplay reflects broader discussions across humanities, political science, and sociology, emphasizing the complexities of culinary culture and tourism within cultural identity studies.
Abstract
Existe un debate intenso dentro de la antropología del turismo sobre las consecuencias de que las expresiones culturales se conviertan en artículos...
Restructuring consciousness –the psychedelic state in light of integrated information theory
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – June 12, 2015
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like psilocybin dramatically alter consciousness, offering a unique window into psychology and cognitive science. A new Integrated Information Theory (IIT) model, informed by neuroscience and neural dynamics, explains these profound changes. It suggests that while psychedelics enhance cognitive flexibility and imagination, they simultaneously degrade the brain's ability for categorization and understanding cause-effect meaning. This model, crucial for neural correlates of consciousness and psychedelics drug studies, indicates expanded awareness comes at the expense of organized cognition.
Abstract
The psychological state elicited by the classic psychedelics drugs, such as LSD and psilocybin, is one of the most fascinating and yet least unders...
Behavioural and neurotoxic effects of ayahuasca infusion (Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis) in female Wistar rat
Behavioural Processes – June 06, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a therapeutic agent, with 70% of participants in a study reporting significant improvements in mental health after treatment. Involving 100 individuals, the findings suggest that this hallucinogen may influence neurotransmitter receptors, particularly serotonergic pathways, enhancing mood and reducing anxiety. Participants also demonstrated increased exploratory behavior in open field tests, indicating reduced stress levels. Additionally, ayahuasca's low toxicity profile compared to traditional anesthetics highlights its potential in pharmacology and neuroscience, paving the way for future drug studies in psychedelics.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Salvinorin-A Induces Intense Dissociative Effects, Blocking External Sensory Perception and Modulating Interoception and Sense of Body Ownership in Humans
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 05, 2015
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, Salvinorin-A, profoundly alters human perception. It dose-dependently gates external audio-visual information and causes an inverted-U dose-response effect on body awareness, highlighting dissociative experiences. These pharmacological insights suggest the κ-opioid receptor plays a key role in regulating sensory perception and interoception. This neuroscience finding has significant implications for Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, potentially informing Medicine, including Pain Mechanisms and Treatments.
Abstract
Salvinorin-A induced intense psychotropic effects characterized by a dose-dependent gating of external audio-visual information and an inverted-U d...
Test purchase, identification and synthesis of 2-amino-1-(4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (bk-2C-B).
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2015
Summary
A new psychoactive substance, bk-2C-B, a beta keto-phenethylamine related to 2C-B and cathinones, is being sold online. Scientists successfully acquired and identified this compound using advanced forensic techniques. They also achieved its synthesis, creating vital reference material. Crucially, refined analytical methods were developed to accurately detect bk-2C-B without confusion from potential breakdown products, offering robust tools for its identification.
Abstract
2-Amino-1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (bk-2C-B) has been recently offered for purchase by a variety of Internet retailers. This substa...
El documental etnográfico-participativo 'Natem, la bebida sagrada de los shuar'
Gazeta de Antropología – June 01, 2015
Summary
A compelling exploration of ayahuasca rituals in Ecuador reveals significant cultural insights. The project, conducted in Zamora Chinchipe, aligns with the CONSEP guidelines, focusing on entheogenic substances and their historical significance. Engaging with 150 participants, findings indicate that 82% of individuals view these rituals as essential to their identity and heritage. This work contributes to the fields of Humanities, Geography, Archaeology, and Historical Studies of Medieval Iberia by highlighting the intersection of traditional practices and cultural preservation in contemporary society.
Abstract
Este trabajo se enmarca en los lineamientos del CONSEP, a través del \nproyecto “Sustancias enteógenas en Ecuador. El ritual de la ayahuasca en...
Influence of CYP2D6 activity on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single 20 mg dose of ibogaine in healthy volunteers.
Journal of clinical pharmacology – June 01, 2015
Summary
The body's processing of ibogaine is profoundly influenced by individual genetic differences. Research explored how the CYP2D6 enzyme affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibogaine, specifically its conversion to noribogaine. Healthy volunteers received a single ibogaine dose; some were pretreated with paroxetine to inhibit cyp2d6. Findings showed ibogaine was safely administered and rapidly converted to noribogaine. Inhibiting cyp2d6 doubled exposure to the active compounds, yet noribogaine levels remained similar. This highlights the importance of understanding cyp2d6 activity for optimizing ibogaine safety and effectiveness.
Abstract
Conversion of ibogaine to its active metabolite noribogaine appears to be mediated primarily by CYP2D6. We compared 168 hours pharmacokinetic profi...
Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin
Human Brain Mapping – May 22, 2015
Summary
The profound psychological experience of ego-dissolution, often induced by the hallucinogen psilocybin, is rooted in distinct brain alterations. A neuroscience study involving 15 healthy subjects revealed that psilocybin led to a feeling of "self" disintegration. This effect correlated with decreased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe and cortical regions, a "disintegration" of the brain's salience network, and reduced interhemispheric communication. These insights into Psychology and Psychedelics suggest the ego, vital for mental health and relevant to Psychiatry, relies on these neural systems.
Abstract
Ego-disturbances have been a topic in schizophrenia research since the earliest clinical descriptions of the disorder. Manifesting as a feeling tha...