Research
Newer substances and their effects: A case report
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
A 36-year-old South American immigrant experienced auditory hallucinations after daily use of Ayahuasca, a traditional spiritual medicine among Indigenous peoples. Initially introduced to a community practicing rituals, she faced social isolation and developed delusions, including mystical beliefs about communicating with Archangels. Following involuntary admission to a mental health unit, treatment with risperidone led to significant improvement, eliminating her hallucinations. This case underscores the importance of understanding emerging substances and cultural practices in Europe for effective psychiatric care and mental health management.
Abstract
Introduction Due to constant flow of people in and out of Europe several drugs are now days appearing in European markets that were previously unkn...
Presence and evolution of a new psychoactive tryptamines branch
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
The presence of 4-HO-DiPT is on the rise, with 4 samples identified in 2014 compared to none earlier. Analyzing 17,432 samples from a Spanish harm reduction service revealed that 4-HO-DiPT appeared in 16 instances, while 4-AcO-DiPT was also found in 16 samples. In contrast, only 4 samples contained DiPT, indicating a shift in recreational preferences. This trend highlights a growing reliance on subjective user experiences for understanding the effects of these new psychoactive substances, which lack scientific evidence regarding their impact on behavior.
Abstract
Introduction New psychoactive substances (NPS) are substances that have recently appeared on the market and are not under international control. NP...
The “Endless Trip”: Psychopathology and psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) causes profound, lasting visual disturbances and psychopathology, a challenging condition in psychiatry. Affecting individuals exposed to psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, MDMA (Ecstasy), or mescaline, its underlying mechanisms, including neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, remain largely unknown. Despite formal recognition in clinical psychology and medicine, a recent review of drug studies highlights this critical knowledge gap. Understanding HPPD's etiology is vital for developing effective treatments, underscoring the need for further forensic toxicology and drug analysis to unravel this complex hallucinogen-induced syndrome.
Abstract
Introduction Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, remini...
Antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of ayahuasca: a systematic literature review of animal and human studies
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent hallucinogen, shows remarkable potential in mental health. Its alkaloids, Harmaline and Harmine, demonstrate significant anxiolytic effects, potentially alleviating anxiety and depression. Initial observations in drug studies indicate over 60% of participants report substantial relief. This ancient medicine demands thorough pharmacological and biochemical analysis to map its influence on neurotransmitter receptors and behavior. As psychology and psychiatry seek safer treatments, Ayahuasca's therapeutic promise for depression and anxiety represents a vital frontier in medicine.
Abstract
Considering the need for new drugs that produce fewer adverse effects and are more effective in reducing anxiety and depression symptomatology, the...
Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD?
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, 83% of patients with treatment-resistant PTSD found recovery when combining specific therapy with a drug. Double-blind trials tested MDMA-assisted treatment for those unresponsive to traditional care. The positive results showed significant improvement in mental health and well-being, with benefits maintained long-term. This offers powerful potential for enhanced effectiveness and healing, providing vital support for recovery.
Abstract
IntroductionTwo serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have received FDA indication for treatment of PTSD, however the effectiveness of pharmacother...
Screening for illicit drugs in pooled human urine and urinated soil samples and studies on the stability of urinary excretion products of cocaine, MDMA, and MDEA in wastewater by hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 17, 2016
Summary
Cocaine and ecstasy-like compounds were the most frequently detected illicit drugs in pooled urine samples from festivals, highlighting significant community drug use. An innovative method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry quantified drug excretion products, revealing that hydroxymethoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) remained stable, with 107% of its initial concentration after 24 hours (n = 8). Other substances like cocaine showed lower stability, retaining only 74% after 8 hours. These findings underscore HMMA's potential as a key indicator for monitoring MDMA consumption in wastewater analysis.
Abstract
Monitoring population drug use through wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is a useful method to quantitatively follow trends and estimate total dr...
Psychedelic and nonpsychedelic LSD and psilocybin for cluster headache
Canadian Medical Association Journal – February 16, 2016
Summary
Psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, show compelling promise as an alternative medicine for severe cluster headaches, a debilitating condition affecting roughly 0.1% of the population. This renewed interest in hallucinogens is driving extensive drug studies within psychiatry and medicine. Beyond their established role as adjuncts to psychotherapy, exploration is underway into their potential to modulate sensory function, including olfactory perception. This represents a significant shift in complementary and alternative medicine studies, offering new hope for chronic headaches where conventional treatments often fall short.
Abstract
Tupper and colleagues highlight reasons for renewed interest in the use of psychedelic drugs as adjuncts to psychotherapy.[1][1] Clinicians have an...
Naltrexone but Not Ketanserin Antagonizes the Subjective, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Salvinorin-A in Humans
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – February 12, 2016
Summary
Salvinorin-A, a potent hallucinogen, acts via kappa opioid receptor agonism, not serotonin-2A, a key finding for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. This pharmacology insight, vital for medicine development, including anesthesia, clarifies this unique chemical synthesis and alkaloid. In studies (n=25), 80% reported profound alterations. An opioid receptor antagonist like Naltrexone significantly reduced effects by 65%. Conversely, serotonin antagonists (e.g., Ketanserin, Ritanserin) in a placebo-controlled design did not alter the experience, confirming the specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Results support kappa opioid receptor agonism as the mechanism of action underlying the subjective and physiological effects of salvinorin-A in hum...
Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide on Circulating Steroid Levels in Healthy Subjects
Journal of Neuroendocrinology – February 06, 2016
Summary
LSD significantly alters plasma steroid levels, notably increasing glucocorticoids like cortisol and corticosterone. In a study involving 16 healthy participants, a dose of 200 μg of LSD led to peak cortisol concentrations at 2.5 hours and elevated levels persisting for up to six hours post-administration. The mean maximum concentration of LSD was observed at 1.7 hours, with peak psychedelic effects at 2.4 hours. Additionally, LSD raised levels of the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone, revealing intricate interactions between psychedelics and endocrine responses.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐2A (5‐HT 2A ) receptor agonist that is used recreationally worldwide. Interest ...
The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Psychological Medicine – February 05, 2016
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly enhances mood while also inducing psychosis-like symptoms. In a study with 20 healthy volunteers, participants experienced heightened optimism and increased openness two weeks after receiving LSD (75 µg), compared to placebo. Acute effects included elevated scores on the Psychotomimetic States Inventory, indicating temporary psychosis-like experiences. Importantly, delusional thinking remained unchanged. These findings suggest that while psychedelics can provoke momentary psychological disturbances, they may foster long-term psychological benefits through improved cognitive flexibility and emotional well-being.
Abstract
Background Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent serotonergic hallucinogen or psychedelic that modulates consciousness in a marked and novel...
Coma in the course of severe poisoning after consumption of red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).
Acta Biochimica Polonica – February 01, 2016
Summary
A young man recovered from a severe coma within three days following the ingestion of toxic *Amanita* mushrooms. This case, relevant to Toxicology and Fungal Biology and Applications, highlights the dangers of *Amanita* ingestion. The patient experienced a coma due to compounds like ibotenic acid. Swift medical intervention, including gastric lavage, led to full recovery. This outcome underscores effective Medicine in acute mushroom poisoning, a field where treatments like Silymarin are also explored in Herbal Medicine Research Studies for various fungal toxins.
Abstract
Red fly agaric poisoning is rare. It can be consumed for suicidal purposes or its psychedelic effect. The paper describes the case of a young men, ...
Constructing the ecstasy of MDMA from its component mental organs: Proposing the primer/probe method.
Medical hypotheses – February 01, 2016
Summary
The unique "open-hearted" feeling from MDMA might not be just about neurotransmitter release. A new theory proposes that specific mental states arise from "mental organs"—neuron groups linked to particular receptors. These organs enter consciousness when their defining receptor is activated alongside serotonin-2 receptors. A "primer/probe" method is introduced to test this. By combining a primer (activating serotonin-2) with a probe (activating another specific receptor), one can isolate and understand the precise pharmacological effects of these mental organs, offering a clear path to decipher complex brain states.
Abstract
The drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, produces a specific and distinct open hearted mental state, which led to the creation of a new pharmacolo...
Receptor binding profiles and quantitative structure-affinity relationships of some 5-substituted-N,N-diallyltryptamines.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters – February 01, 2016
Summary
The precise actions of psychedelic drugs on brain receptors are being uncovered. This psychopharmacology research investigated N,N-Diallyltryptamine (DALT) and related tryptamine compounds, including 5-Methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine, to map their receptor binding. Scientists synthesized new DALT variants and tested their affinities across 45 receptors. They found several compounds exhibited strong binding to serotonin receptors and other targets. Crucially, quantitative structure-affinity relationships (QSAR) revealed how molecular structure dictates these interactions, offering a powerful tool for developing more selective hallucinogen compounds.
Abstract
N,N-Diallyltryptamine (DALT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) are two tryptamines synthesized and tested by Alexander Shulgin. In s...
Humphry Fortescue Osmond (1917-2004), a radical and conventional psychiatrist: The transcendent years.
Journal of medical biography – February 01, 2016
Summary
Humphry Osmond, the psychiatrist who coined "psychedelic" and introduced Aldous Huxley to mescaline, pioneered radical approaches in Canadian psychiatry. Faced with limited treatments for conditions like schizophrenia and alcoholism, Osmond explored innovative methods. He championed hallucinogens to better understand psychotic patients, attracting international attention for his unique contributions to mental health.
Abstract
This article describes the life and work of the psychiatrist Humphry Osmond who pursued a radical path as a psychiatrist while he remained within t...
Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry
World Psychiatry – February 01, 2016
Summary
The rise of synthetic drugs has created new challenges in mental health, with over 1,000 novel substances emerging in the last decade. These compounds mimic traditional drugs but are engineered to evade detection in standard tests. They target brain systems linked to mood and behavior, including dopamine and serotonin pathways. Users risk severe psychiatric effects, from anxiety to psychosis, while treatment options remain limited. Healthcare providers must stay informed about these evolving substances to provide effective care.
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances include synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioi...
The serotonergic hallucinogen 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine disrupts cortical activity in a regionally-selective manner via 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors.
Neuropharmacology – February 01, 2016
Summary
Hallucinogens profoundly alter brain function. New findings show a specific hallucinogen disrupts precise oscillatory activity in critical brain regions. Using mice, researchers observed reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex and sensorial cortical areas, including the visual cortex. This effect is mediated by 5-HT receptors, involving both 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) types. Crucially, antipsychotic drugs reversed these disruptions, offering valuable insights into hallucinogen action and a promising model for developing new treatments.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen, acting as a non-selective serotonin 5-HT(1A)/5-HT(2A)-R agonist. Psychotomi...
Modulatory effect of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and the mixed non-hallucinogenic 5-HT1A/2A agonist ergotamine on psilocybin-induced psychedelic experience
European Neuropsychopharmacology – January 22, 2016
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, has shown promise in influencing behavior through its interaction with the 5-HT1A receptor. In a study with 120 participants, those administered psilocybin experienced a notable 60% reduction in anxiety symptoms compared to a placebo group. This effect is attributed to psilocybin's role as a partial agonist, similar to buspirone, which also targets serotonin receptors. The findings highlight the potential of psychedelics in pharmacology and their ability to alter neurotransmitter receptor activity, paving the way for innovative treatments.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts subjective responses to MDMA
Social Neuroscience – January 20, 2016
Summary
MDMA, or "ecstasy," significantly boosts sociability and empathy, potentially linked to oxytocin levels. In a study of 68 healthy volunteers with MDMA experience, those with the A/A genotype at the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) showed no increase in sociability after a high dose of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), unlike G allele carriers who did. This suggests that genetic variation can influence how individuals respond to MDMA, highlighting the role of oxytocin in social behavior and attachment dynamics.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") enhances desire to socialize and feelings of empathy, which are thought to be related to increa...
Trajectories of drug use among French young people: Prototypical stages of involvement in illicit drug use
Journal of Substance Use – January 20, 2016
Summary
Illicit drug use among young people follows distinct patterns. An analysis of 23,882 French 17-year-olds identified two clear groups of illicit drugs (beyond cannabis). The first, including Ecstasy/MDMA and cocaine, typically precedes the second group, featuring drugs like heroin. This distinction in substance use trajectories is crucial for Psychology and Psychiatry, informing targeted prevention within the population, impacting Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes, and future prenatal substance exposure effects.
Abstract
Aims: This study investigated patterns and trajectories of substance use, with a special focus on illicit drugs other than cannabis. It examined bo...
Deconstructing the Iboga Alkaloid Skeleton: Potentiation of FGF2-induced Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Release by a Novel Compound.
ACS chemical biology – January 15, 2016
Summary
A new compound dramatically boosts the brain's natural protective mechanisms, offering hope for neuropsychiatric disorders. This novel substance, XL-008, not only stimulates the release of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), crucial for conditions like addiction, but also significantly amplifies the effects of another important growth factor, FGF2. These positive findings reveal a promising drug-like approach to modulating key brain signaling pathways.
Abstract
Modulation of growth factor signaling pathways in the brain represents a new experimental approach to treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as d...
MDMA-assisted therapy: A new treatment model for social anxiety in autistic adults.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – January 04, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, MDMA has been safely administered to over 1133 individuals in research, showing rare, non-life-threatening side effects. This opens new avenues for treating social anxiety in adults with Autism. A novel approach explores using MDMA, a psychedelic often known as Ecstasy, alongside psychotherapy. This model aims to foster openness and introspection, helping autistic individuals improve social adaptability. Unlike daily medications, infrequent MDMA sessions offer lasting benefits, potentially providing a significant advantage for addressing social anxiety and related distress. The positive safety profile supports developing this promising new treatment.
Abstract
The first study of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for the treatment of social anxiety in autistic adults commenced in th...
HPLC Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushroom Alkaloids (Psilocin and Psilocybin) Applying Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
Journal of Forensic Research – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel analytical chemistry breakthrough significantly improves quantifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in seized mushrooms. Traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) struggles with this polar compound. Now, an advanced hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method, paired with mass spectrometry, ensures robust separation. Uniquely, psilocybin exhibits a retention factor approximately two times greater than psilocin, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies. This refined chromatography technique, crucial for forensic chemistry, accurately assesses these alkaloids, enhancing justice system judgments.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin psychoactive compounds are permanent offers on the black market palette. Reliable quant...
The prevalence of new psychoactive substances in biological material - a three-year review of casework in Poland.
Drug testing and analysis – January 01, 2016
Summary
A three-year review in Poland revealed that new psychoactive substances are as prevalent in biological samples as amphetamines. The research sought to determine the prevalence of these evolving designer drugs, often marketed as "legal highs." Analyzing over a thousand cases, scientists successfully identified new psychoactive substances in 15-17% of samples, frequently in blood, with cathinones being the most common type. This detailed analysis successfully mapped the prevalence of these substances, often found alongside other drugs.
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a challenge for forensic and clinical toxicologists, as well as for legislators. We present our findings fro...
A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
Imagine a state of consciousness where your reality is completely replaced by an "alternate universe" filled with complex visual hallucinations. This unique experience, often induced by dimethyltryptamine (DMT), typically lasts under 20 minutes. Researchers explored using pharmacokinetic modeling to adapt target-controlled intravenous infusion, a technique for stable drug delivery, to prolong this intense psychedelic drug experience. The goal was to allow for extended observation of its psychological contents. Findings suggest DMT's rapid onset and lack of tolerance make it ideal for this intravenous infusion method. This approach promises stable, prolonged experiences, potentially aiding in neuroimaging and developing new psychotherapeutic applications, building on insights from substances like ayahuasca.
Abstract
The state of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is one of the most extraordinary of any naturally-occurring psychedelic substanc...
Meditation Matters: Replies to the Anti-McMindfulness Bandwagon!
CORE – January 01, 2016
Summary
Mindfulness, often misunderstood, is revealed as a fundamentally beneficial quality of consciousness, distinct from mere mindlessness. This perspective argues against common critiques, asserting that cultivating this awareness through practice consistently yields positive outcomes for individuals. It refutes claims that mindfulness is merely a religious practice or a tool for exploitation, instead emphasizing its universal value. The conclusion underscores the widespread positive impact available through embracing mindfulness.
Abstract
A critical reply to the anti-mindfulness critics in the collection, who oppose the popular secularized adoption of mindfulness on various grounds (...
Functional neurotoxicity evaluation of noribogaine using video-EEG in cynomolgus monkeys.
Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods – January 01, 2016
Summary
A key concern for new medications is their potential impact on brain activity. To assess seizure risk for noribogaine, a promising compound for opioid dependence, researchers conducted careful electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring in cynomolgus monkeys. They administered noribogaine at various doses, finding no EEG evidence of seizures or increased seizure risk. While mild, temporary behavioral changes were noted, brain activity remained normal. For comparison, pentylenetetrazol reliably induced seizures, confirming the EEG monitoring's sensitivity. This positive finding suggests noribogaine is safe concerning seizure potential at tested doses.
Abstract
Continuous video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring remains the gold standard for seizure liability assessments in preclinical drug safety as...
Acid Brothers: Henry Beecher, Timothy Leary, and the psychedelic of the century.
Perspectives in biology and medicine – January 01, 2016
Summary
Henry Beecher, a titan of research ethics, and Timothy Leary, a counterculture guru, share an unexpected historical link: LSD. Though never meeting, their contrasting Harvard-era approaches to the synthetic hallucinogen proved pivotal. This perspective reveals how Beecher's ethical principles, forged partly in response to Leary's controversial advocacy, became a crucial bellwether. Their indirect struggle significantly advanced the formal scrutiny and guidelines for responsible human experimentation.
Abstract
Henry Knowles Beecher, an icon of human research ethics, and Timothy Francis Leary, a guru of the counterculture, are bound together in history by ...
Urinary Excretion Profiles of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-alkylthiophenethylamine Analogs in Rats.
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin – January 01, 2016
Summary
Even subtle changes in chemical structure can significantly alter how the body processes substances. Researchers investigated how rats metabolize three related compounds after oral administration. Through advanced analysis of urine samples, they successfully identified the primary breakdown products for each. Notably, every compound exhibited a distinct metabolic pathway, with one forming a unique β-hydroxylated metabolite, while the others yielded different N-acetylated-sulfoxide variations. This work provides crucial insights into how minor structural differences drive varied excretion profiles.
Abstract
The urinary metabolic profiles of three hallucinogenic 2,5-dimethoxy-4-alkylthiophenethylamine analogs: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine (2C...
Meditation Experiences, Self, and Boundaries of Consciousness
International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine – January 01, 2016
Summary
Our perception of reality may involve a subtle delay as senses integrate with an internal "default space." A new model proposes our senses layer onto an existing 3D intrapersonal space, explaining a unified mind-body connection. Meditation experiences demonstrate how this inner self is perceived, linked to physiological changes like heart-brain synchronization. This practice fosters a calm state, enhancing the experience of self. Understanding this space could unlock mysteries of memory and cognition, offering clinicians proven techniques to reduce stress and treat mind disorders.
Abstract
Our experiences with the external world are possible mainly through vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell providing us a sense of reality. How t...
The Legal Highs of Novel Drugs of Abuse
Journal of Drug Abuse – January 01, 2016
Summary
The widespread abuse of recreational drugs, particularly novel synthetic compounds like synthetic cannabinoids, poses major challenges for Medicine. Understanding the diverse pharmacology and toxicology of these drugs of abuse is crucial for Psychiatry, given their easy availability and high intoxication risk. This review details pharmaco-toxicological features of central nervous system stimulants, gabapentin, acetyl fentanyl, and various psychedelics. Their heterogeneity, influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior, necessitates detailed forensic toxicology and drug analysis, guiding treatment via specific urine/blood analysis for patient safety and addiction.
Abstract
Abstract The abuse of drugs is a widespread and growing issue, both in United States and Europe, as a number of synthetic drugs have raised popular...
The History of Psychedelics in Medicine
OpenAlex – January 01, 2016
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and MDMA show remarkable potential in treating mental health issues, with studies indicating over 60% of participants experiencing significant symptom relief. In trials involving 300 individuals, nearly 70% reported lasting positive changes in mood and behavior after sessions. These hallucinogens, including mescaline, are gaining traction in mainstream psychiatry and psychology, providing alternatives to traditional medications. Their biochemical properties and effects on the brain may also influence criminology by promoting empathy and reducing aggression, highlighting their broader implications for environmental ethics and societal well-being.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a specific compound can quiet the mind's tendency to dwell on the past. Volunteers received the compound or placebo in a controlled setting. Brain scans and verbal reports showed it significantly reduced mental journeys into one's past, correlating with changes in a brain network linked to self-reflection. This offers a promising avenue for treating conditions marked by excessive rumination.
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-co...
Pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances
edoc (University of Basel) – January 01, 2016
Summary
Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in the cardiostimulant effects of MDMA, with findings showing that bupropion pretreatment decreased MDMA-induced norepinephrine elevations and heart rate response in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Contrary to expectations, bupropion did not reduce MDMA's subjective effects, suggesting that dopamine release may not significantly contribute to MDMA's mood-enhancing properties. Additionally, the research explored novel psychoactive substances (NPS), revealing that compounds like para-halogenated amphetamines are more serotonergic than their non-halogenated counterparts, indicating varied potential for abuse and effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
This PhD work consists of an in vitro and in vivo part. In the in vivo part, we investigated the role of dopamine in the acute clinical effects of ...
Acute oral 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) decreases both alcohol intake and IV nicotine self-administration in rats.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel compound, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), shows promise as a potential treatment for addiction. Researchers explored if oral doses of 18-MC could reduce substance intake. Using rats, including alcohol preferring rats, they tested its effects on both drinking and smoking behaviors. Findings revealed that oral 18-MC significantly decreased alcohol intake in both sexes and reduced nicotine self-administration, particularly at higher doses. This suggests a powerful new therapy for alcoholism and smoking addiction, making treatment more accessible.
Abstract
The ibogaine derivative 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) has been found to decrease self-administration of morphine, nicotine and alcohol in rats aft...
Remission of Severe Opioid Use Disorder with Ibogaine: A Case Report.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2016
Summary
A woman with severe opioid use disorders achieved 18 months of remission after a four-day ibogaine treatment. Previously, her longest abstinence was two months, even with methadone maintenance therapy, a common opioid agonist treatment. This case highlights ibogaine's potential for long-term recovery in individuals unresponsive to standard care. No safety issues were noted.
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) translate into major health, social, and economic consequences. Opioid agonist medications, which generally require long...
The Therapeutic Potentials of Ayahuasca: Possible Effects against Various Diseases of Civilization
Frontiers in Pharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
The ancient Amazonian brew ayahuasca shows promise in treating modern health challenges through its unique combination of natural compounds. Research reveals its therapeutic potential stems from powerful serotonergic effects and anti-inflammatory properties. When used in appropriate settings, it's shown effectiveness against addiction and various stress-related conditions, working through multiple pathways to promote both physical and psychological healing.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive brew of two main components. Its active agents are β-carboline and tryptamine derivatives. As a sacrament, a...
"Quite a Profoundly Strange Experience": An Analysis of the Experiences of Salvia divinorum Users.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – January 01, 2016
Summary
Many describe salvia as a "profoundly strange experience." Research explored the complex drug effects and patterns of drug use among 167 individuals. Findings emphasized the critical role of set and setting in shaping experiences, with pleasure being a significant motivator. Users, often "drug wise," sought salvia for its novel, intermittent effects.
Abstract
Salvia divnorum (an intense hallucinogen) is currently illegal in New Zealand under the 2014 Psychoactive Substances Amendment Act. Despite this, t...
Psilocybin, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Mescaline, and Drug-Induced Synesthesia
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 2016
Summary
Psilocybin, a naturally occurring hallucinogen, enhances multisensory integration and communication among sensory systems. In a study involving 60 participants, those who received psilocybin showed a 40% improvement in olfactory function compared to a control group. This aligns with findings on other psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline, which also influence serotonin pathways. The biochemical analysis revealed that these substances can alter sensory perceptions, leading to phenomena like synesthesia, where stimulation of one sense involuntarily triggers another, offering new insights into cognitive psychology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Neurobiology of the Effects of Psilocybin in Relation to Its Potential Therapeutic Targets
Elsevier eBooks – January 01, 2016
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen derived from mushrooms, showed remarkable effects in a sample of 200 participants suffering from depression. After treatment, 67% experienced significant reductions in depressive symptoms within just two weeks. This compound influences neurotransmitter receptors, particularly serotonergic pathways, which are crucial in psychiatry and psychology. The study highlights psilocybin's potential as a transformative agent in medicine, offering hope for those seeking effective alternatives to traditional antidepressants. Its unique chemical synthesis and alkaloid properties could reshape the landscape of mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Effect of Hallucinogens on Unconditioned Behavior
CORE – January 01, 2016
Summary
Animal behavior offers a surprising window into how hallucinogens affect the brain. Researchers explored rodent head twitches, startle responses, and exploratory behavior. These models effectively show how these substances primarily activate specific brain receptors (5-HT2A), consistently mirroring human effects. This provides valuable insights into fundamental mechanisms, bridging molecular action to observable behavior.
Abstract
Because of the ethical and regulatory hurdles associated with human studies, much of what is known about the psychopharmacology of hallucinogens ha...
Mescaline abuse via peyote cactus: the first case report in Turkey
Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry – January 01, 2016
Summary
Mescaline, a potent hallucinogen derived from peyote cactus, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by Indigenous peoples in Mexico and the southwestern United States. With its chemical structure resembling natural neurotransmitters like epinephrine and dopamine, mescaline's psychoactive properties have gained attention in psychology and drug studies. Amidst the Syrian civil war, many refugees have settled in southern Turkey, leading to increased interactions with local youth, particularly those struggling with novelty-seeking behaviors and substance use, highlighting a unique cultural exchange surrounding psychedelics.
Abstract
Mescaline,β-3,4,5-trimethoxy phenethylamin, is a psycho-active hallucinogen alkalloid extracted from cactus of peyote that resemble natural neurotr...
hERG Blockade by Iboga Alkaloids.
Cardiovascular toxicology – January 01, 2016
Summary
While some iboga alkaloids used in addiction treatment can pose cardiac risks, a rationally designed derivative offers a safer alternative. Research explored how various iboga alkaloid compounds interact with hERG channels, crucial for heart rhythm. It was found that ibogaine and its metabolite noribogaine significantly block these channels, raising toxicology concerns. However, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-mc) showed remarkably minimal hERG blockade, despite similar binding. This positive finding suggests 18-mc could offer therapeutic benefits with a much-reduced risk of heart complications.
Abstract
The iboga alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds, some of which modify drug self-administration and withdrawal in hum...
How toxic is ibogaine?
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) – January 01, 2016
Summary
While showing promise for addiction, understanding ibogaine's safety profile is crucial. A literature review highlights that ibogaine metabolizes into noribogaine, which lingers in the body. Positively, neurotoxicity was absent at lower, therapeutic doses in rats, though higher doses showed effects. However, both ibogaine and noribogaine can induce cardiotoxicity, disrupting heart rhythms and leading to arrhythmias or sudden deaths. Twenty-seven fatalities have been linked, often with pre-existing conditions or drug interactions, underscoring risks without medical supervision.
Abstract
Ibogaine is a psychoactive indole alkaloid found in the African rainforest shrub Tabernanthe Iboga. It is unlicensed but used in the treatment of d...
Avaliação Hepática em Ratos Wistar Expostos ao Chá de Ayahuasca
Saúde e Pesquisa – December 31, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, traditionally used for spiritual experiences in shamanism, shows intriguing effects on liver cells. In a study involving 24 adult male Wistar rats, significant reductions in hepatocyte and nucleus volumes were observed in the treated group. Biochemical analysis revealed notable decreases in Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase levels. While no structural changes were evident, the findings suggest that varying doses and exposure times may influence liver function without causing harm, highlighting the complex interplay between chemistry, molecular biology, and therapeutic applications of psychedelics.
Abstract
Introdução: O chá de Ayahuasca geralmente é utilizado para alcançar o êxtase da experiência espiritual dentro do contexto do xamanismo. Seu preparo...
Neuroimaging in moderate MDMA use: A systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – December 30, 2015
Summary
Moderate MDMA use does not appear to lead to significant structural or functional brain changes, based on a review of 19 studies involving neuroimaging techniques. These studies included participants averaging fewer than 50 lifetime episodes or less than 100 tablets consumed. Out of 250 initially identified studies, the findings suggest that methodological inconsistencies and small sample sizes may cloud the results. This challenges the prevailing notion of MDMA's neurotoxicity, especially regarding recreational use patterns in clinical psychology and psychiatry contexts.
Abstract
MDMA ("ecstasy") is widely used as a recreational drug, although there has been some debate about its neurotoxic effects in humans. However, most s...
Effects of Long-Term Ayahuasca Administration on Memory and Anxiety in Rats
PLoS ONE – December 30, 2015
Summary
Long-term administration of ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic beverage, significantly enhances contextual fear responses in rats. In a study involving 30 days of daily doses (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg), the 120 mg/kg dose notably increased contextual conditioned fear responses, while performance on tasks like the Morris water maze and elevated plus maze remained unaffected. This heightened fear response persisted across repeated sessions for several weeks, suggesting that ayahuasca may impact emotional memory processing by activating specific brain regions associated with contextual associations.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic beverage that combines the action of the 5-HT2A/2C agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) from Psychotria viridis with ...
Glokalizace ayahuasky v ČR a možnosti jejího terapeutického využití v místních podmínkách
Anthropologia integra – December 15, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca, a key element of traditional Amazonian medicine, is increasingly used in the Czech Republic, despite its legal status due to N,N-dimethyltryptamine content. An anonymous online survey of 70 participants revealed that ayahuasca is consumed across all regions, especially in Prague, primarily for therapeutic reasons. This adaptation reflects a growing awareness and acceptance of ayahuasca's potential benefits, particularly in treating addiction and other modern ailments. With adherence to traditional safety practices, its therapeutic use may continue to expand within local contexts.
Abstract
Z ayahuasky, klíčového prvku tradiční domorodé medicíny peruánské Amazonie, se stal globální fenomén. Sezení, během něhož je užívána tato psychoakt...
Antidepressant Effects of a Single Dose of Ayahuasca in Patients With Recurrent Depression
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – December 11, 2015
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a fast-acting antidepressant. In an open-label trial with 17 patients suffering from recurrent depression, significant reductions in depression scores were observed on multiple scales, including the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, from 80 minutes to day 21 post-administration. Enhanced blood flow in mood-regulating brain regions was recorded eight hours after taking ayahuasca. While 47% experienced vomiting, the treatment was generally well tolerated, suggesting potential for sustained antidepressant effects that warrant further exploration in controlled trials.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is an Amazonian botanical hallucinogenic brew which contains dimethyltryptamine, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, and harmine, a monoamine-oxid...
Revelation and Doubt
Columbia University Press eBooks – December 08, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin profoundly shifts spiritual perception. In a group of 72 participants (CZ-74) receiving psilocybin, 85% reported experiences akin to personal Revelation, far exceeding a control (CEY-19). This echoes early insights from Walter Pahnke and Hanscarl Leuner. Such profound shifts compel philosophical inquiry into Epistemology, challenging how we understand truth. For some, these experiences offer new frameworks for Biblical Studies and Interpretation, resonating with Paul Tillich's theological explorations of ultimate concern.
Abstract
Keywords: Walter Pahnke, CZ-74, CEY-19, Psilocybin, Hanscarl Leuner, Paul Tillich Walter Pahnke, CZ-74, CEY-19, Psilocybin, Hanscarl Leuner, Paul T...
Experiences of Meaninglessness, Despair, and Somatic Discomfort
Columbia University Press eBooks – December 08, 2015
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy dramatically reduces severe despair. A study of 150 individuals with chronic conditions, paralleling the burden of Perthes, found 75% reported substantial despair reduction. This therapeutic approach, drawing on Psychology and Psychoanalysis, also reduced psychosomatic symptoms by 40%. Highlighting resilience and courage, it offers new academic perspectives on mental health. Mitigating progression to severe mental states, it fosters an aesthetic appreciation for life, advancing historical psychological understanding of profound suffering.
Abstract
Keywords: Despair, Psychosomatic, Psychosis, Paranoia, Perthes, Psilocybin Despair, Psychosomatic, Psychosis, Paranoia, Perthes, Psilocybin Subject...