Research
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and subjective effects of 50, 75, and 100 µg LSD in healthy participants within a novel intervention paradigm: A proof-of-concept study
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2022
Summary
A remarkable 91% of participants completed a study testing varying doses of LSD, with 32 healthy adults (average age 28.8) receiving doses of 50, 75, or 100 µg. No serious adverse events occurred, and only 28% reported mild side effects. LSD produced significant subjective effects compared to placebo, peaking in blood plasma levels between 1.2 to 2 hours post-administration, with a half-life of 2.8 to 4.3 hours. This innovative intervention shows promise for safe psychedelic use in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
Background: Classic psychedelics hold promise as therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, but require scalable intervention protocols. This proof-of...
Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca therapy significantly boosts mood and psychological flexibility. In a study of 261 participants from South American retreats, individuals reported a notable decrease in negative mood and an increase in positive mood after three months. Specifically, acute reappraisal during ceremonies was linked to the greatest improvements in mood and flexibility. This indicates that enhancing cognitive strategies can mediate positive emotional changes, suggesting that integrating mindfulness and third-wave therapeutic approaches with psychedelic treatments may enhance mental health outcomes effectively.
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that psychedelic-assisted therapy carries transdiagnostic efficacy in the treatment of mental health conditions chara...
An Ancient Mexican Mask Describes the Clinical Manifestations of Psychoactive Mushrooms, Including Hallucinations Millennia Ago.
SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología – March 01, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding from Latin American history reveals that the ancient Olmec civilization (1500-400 BCE) in south-central Mexico iconographically documented the psychological and medical effects of psychedelics. A pre-Columbian ceramic mask, discovered in 1955, depicts a transformation from an anxious jaguar to a divine human. This imagery, resembling a mushroom, portrays enhanced auditory and visual abilities—hallucinations now linked to psilocybin. This suggests traditional medicine practices understood these psychoactive chemicals long before modern drug studies or written medical texts.
Abstract
Background: Archaeologists, historians, and physicians have frequently examined historical pieces including images or sculptures (visual arts) and ...
The epidemiology of mescaline use: Pattern of use, motivations for consumption, and perceived consequences, benefits, and acute and enduring subjective effects.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – March 01, 2022
Summary
About 74% of 452 English-speaking adults reported using mescaline, primarily for spiritual exploration or nature connection. Most consumed it infrequently, with only 9% expressing drug cravings and just 1% reporting legal or psychological issues. Participants rated mystical effects as moderate and noted improvements in psychiatric conditions, with over 67% experiencing benefits post-use. Commonly used types included Peyote and San Pedro, with no significant difference in effects between them. Overall, mescaline appears to offer therapeutic potential with low abuse risk.
Abstract
Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychoactive phenethylamine found in several cacti and historically used ceremonially by Indigenous and Latin Am...
Anomalous psychedelic experiences: at the neurochemical juncture of the humanistic and parapsychological
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – March 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic experiences can trigger extraordinary mental states that blur the line between mystical and scientific understanding. Research shows that substances like psilocybin and DMT consistently produce phenomena like synesthesia (blending of senses), out-of-body experiences, and encounters with perceived entities. These experiences mirror those reported in near-death events and deep meditation, suggesting common neural pathways for transcendent states of consciousness.
Abstract
This paper explores the nature of psychedelically-induced anomalous experiences for what they reveal regarding the nature of 'expanded consciousnes...
Tabernaemontana arborea and ibogaine induce paroxysmal EEG activity in freely moving mice: Involvement of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors.
Neurotoxicology – March 01, 2022
Summary
Researchers uncovered how a plant extract, *Tabernaemontana arborea*, profoundly influences brain signals. Testing its compounds, including ibogaine and voacangine, they observed significant changes in brain electrical activity (EEG) in mice. High doses of the extract and ibogaine led to unusual, intense bursts of brain activity, while voacangine caused a distinct flattening of EEG patterns. While these compounds didn't prevent induced seizures, the extract's effects were found to involve specific 5-HT1A receptors, shedding light on how these plant substances interact with critical brain pathways.
Abstract
Several Apocynaceae species, most notably Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and many Tabernaemontana species, produce ibogan-type alkaloids. Alt...
Challenges in translational research: MDMA in the laboratory versus therapeutic settings.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – March 01, 2022
Summary
Despite MDMA's promise for mental disorders, understanding its precise therapeutic mechanisms remains a challenge. This analysis highlights crucial differences in research design between controlled lab studies and clinical trials. Factors like patient expectations, environment, and participant characteristics significantly impact findings. Bridging this gap is vital for successful Translational research, ensuring lab insights effectively inform treatment.
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in the use of mind-altering drugs to treat psychiatric disorders, the psychological processes through which these drug...
The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ): A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs’ effects on psychological flexibility
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2022
Summary
The interplay between acceptance and experiential avoidance during psychedelic experiences profoundly shapes psychological flexibility. A survey of 1,833 participants, reporting on experiences with psilocybin, ayahuasca, and other hallucinogens, revealed that acceptance and avoidance are complementary aspects. Drug context, including therapeutic or escapist motives, influenced these experiences. Crucially, the degree of avoidance moderated the positive impact of acceptance on long-term psychological flexibility. This work in psychology and drug studies offers a model for understanding how these substances, including those involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influence behavior, informing clinical psychology and acceptance-based therapies.
Abstract
Background: Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs’ acceptance/avoidance-promoting effec...
(2-Aminopropyl)benzo[β]thiophenes (APBTs) are novel monoamine transporter ligands that lack stimulant effects but display psychedelic-like activity in mice.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – March 01, 2022
Summary
Unexpectedly, a novel compound class, APBTs, influences brain chemistry without causing stimulant effects. Researchers investigated these sulfur-based analogs, finding they inhibit monoamine reuptake and release neurotransmitters, similar to MDMA. Despite this, they didn't induce hyperactivity in mice. Instead, these compounds activated serotonin receptors, producing psychedelic-like effects, evident by specific behavioral responses. This distinct profile, with strong psychedelic activity and minimal stimulation, suggests potential for therapeutic applications, such as in drug-assisted psychotherapy.
Abstract
Derivatives of (2-aminopropyl)indole (API) and (2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB) are new psychoactive substances which produce stimulant effects in v...
The Use of Psilocybin in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders with Attention to Relative Safety Profile: A Systematic Review
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – February 28, 2022
Summary
The hallucinogen psilocybin, a potent alkaloid, shows remarkable promise in psychiatry. A review of 76 articles highlights its efficacy in significantly reducing anxiety and depression symptoms, a major burden on population health. This psychedelic medicine, alongside MDMA, causes no reported adverse effects or deaths, offering a compelling alternative in drug studies for psychological well-being. Its re-emergence signals a "Psychedelic Renaissance," broadening the scope of complementary medicine. The potential for such compounds, naturally derived, to alleviate depression is a significant development for the population.
Abstract
There has been a reemergence of research into the use of substances such as LSD, MDMA, and psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. T...
The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety – February 26, 2022
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, psilocybin, is emerging as a promising medicine for various mental disorders. Preliminary clinical trials, some involving 75 participants, have shown over 60% experienced substantial symptom reduction. This alkaloid, whether naturally derived or via chemical synthesis for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, influences neurotransmitter receptors, altering behavior. While adverse effects are monitored, rigorous randomized controlled trials comparing psilocybin to placebo are crucial. Extensive clinical trial data is essential before this novel psychiatry treatment can be widely adopted.
Abstract
Psilocybin - mostly combined with psychotherapy or psychotherapeutic support - shows a promise as a treatment for various (treatment-resistant) men...
Updated cost-effectiveness of MDMA-assisted therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Findings from a phase 3 trial
PLoS ONE – February 25, 2022
Summary
MDMA-assisted therapy (MDMA-AT) for severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) shows remarkable cost-effectiveness, potentially saving $132.9 million over 30 years for 1,000 patients. The recent phase 3 trial involving 90 patients indicated that MDMA-AT costs $11,537 per patient while generating 4,856 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and averting 61.4 premature deaths. Notably, adding a third session enhances both medical savings and health benefits. With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $2,384 per QALY gained, MDMA-AT presents a compelling option in psychiatric care.
Abstract
Background Severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition in the United States. and globally. Using pooled e...
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects
Neuropsychopharmacology – February 25, 2022
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, powerful hallucinogens, induce remarkably similar psychological experiences at comparable doses. A placebo-controlled crossover study with 28 healthy subjects found that 100-200 µg LSD and 30 mg psilocybin produced comparable subjective effects, influencing behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. While both psychedelics showed similar pharmacology, LSD's effects lasted significantly longer. Psilocybin increased blood pressure more, LSD increased heart rate more; both had comparable cardiostimulant properties. These drug studies advance understanding of chemical synthesis and alkaloids in psychology.
Abstract
Abstract Growing interest has been seen in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin in psychiatric research and therapy. However, no m...
Primitivist medicine and capitalist anxieties in ayahuasca tourism Peru
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute – February 24, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca tourism in Peru reveals a striking paradox: while tourists seek authentic healing experiences, their presence inadvertently fuels local sorcery practices tied to economic gain. In a study of 30 participants at a tourism center, it was found that healers adapt traditional Shipibo curing methods to cater to guests’ primitivist desires, despite most tourists rejecting the notion of sorcery. This dynamic highlights how both groups navigate issues of power and capital amidst poverty, reflecting shared anxieties about wealth and authenticity in their interactions.
Abstract
Abstract Analysing healing practices at an ayahuasca tourism centre in Peru, this article illustrates how Shipibo practices of curing and sorcery h...
Impact of Two Neuronal Sigma-1 Receptor Modulators, PRE084 and DMT, on Neurogenesis and Neuroinflammation in an Aβ1–42-Injected, Wild-Type Mouse Model of AD
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – February 24, 2022
Summary
The selective sigma-1 receptor agonist PRE084 shows promise in treating Alzheimer’s disease by stimulating hippocampal cell proliferation and differentiation. In a study using an Aβ-induced mouse model with 30 subjects, PRE084 significantly reduced astrogliosis, a marker of neuroinflammation, alongside improving neurogenesis. In contrast, dimethyltryptamine (DMT) negatively affected neurogenesis due to its interaction with multiple receptors. These findings highlight the potential of targeting sigma-1 receptors in developing effective pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer's, emphasizing their role in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia characterized by cognitive dysfunctions. Pharmacological interventions to slow the pro...
Psilocin acutely alters sleep-wake architecture and cortical brain activity in laboratory mice
Translational Psychiatry – February 23, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics show promise for psychological well-being and psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience reveals psilocin acutely alters sleep architecture. Electroencephalography in mice showed delayed REM sleep onset and reduced NREM sleep for up to 3 hours after dosing, with an enhanced 4 Hz oscillation. While not affecting overall sleep rebound, psilocin decreased recovery of slow-wave activity in the cerebral cortex after Wakefulness deprivation. This Sleep and Wakefulness Research from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offers insights for Medicine, impacting our understanding of sleep (system call) regulation.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelic drugs, such as psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), profoundly alter the quality of consciousness through...
Natural language signatures of psilocybin microdosing
OpenAlex – February 22, 2022
Summary
Artificial intelligence can accurately detect a psilocybin microdose from speech. A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment explored how this hallucinogen, a chemical synthesis and alkaloid, affects natural language. Participants received either a 0.5g psilocybin mushroom microdose or a placebo. Analyzing speech for verbosity, semantic variability, and sentiment scores, differences emerged in all but semantic variability. Computer science techniques, specifically machine learning, then distinguished between conditions with high accuracy (AUC≈0.8). This breakthrough in psychology and pharmacology offers new biochemical analysis for psychedelics and drug studies, potentially monitoring microdosing schedules.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics are being studied as novel treatments for mental health disorders and as facilitators of improved well-being, me...
The psychotomimetic ketamine disrupts the transfer of late sensory information in the corticothalamic network
bioRxiv Preprint Server – February 21, 2022
Summary
The brain's ability to process sensory information is crucial, yet conditions like early schizophrenia disrupt this. Research using ketamine, which mimics these symptoms, reveals how sensory perception is impaired. In rats, the drug alters brain rhythms and connectivity, specifically disrupting the transfer of perceptual data within the brain's somatosensory networks. This clarifies how NMDA receptor antagonism interferes with the brain's ability to integrate what it perceives.
Abstract
In prodromal and early schizophrenia, disorders of attention and perception are associated with structural and chemical brain abnormalities, and wi...
Neurotoxicological profile of the hallucinogenic compound 25I-NBOMe.
Scientific reports – February 21, 2022
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 25I-NBOMe, readily penetrates the brain, accumulating after repeated use and causing cellular harm. Within 72 hours of chronic exposure, DNA damage was detected in brain tissue. While immediate cell death signals were absent, a decrease in vital brain support cells was observed in the frontal and medial prefrontal cortex. This suggests that 25I-NBOMe's accumulation and resulting oxidative DNA damage can lead to the demise of these critical support cells, potentially compromising brain health.
Abstract
4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is a new psychoactive substance with strong hallucinogenic properties. Our previ...
Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic Effects
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 21, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a decoction made from the liana Banisteriopsis caapi and often combined with Psychotria viridis, contains active alkaloids like β-carbolines and DMT. Analysis of over 100 plant sources revealed that while minimal adverse effects were reported in studies involving this beverage, potential therapeutic benefits remain unclear. In cases where concentrations of these alkaloids were known, no evidence suggested lethality; however, side effects were linked to pre-existing psychiatric conditions. Understanding the precise composition is essential for evaluating its pharmacological impact.
Abstract
Ahyahuasca is a term commonly used to describe a decoction prepared by cooking the bark or crushed stems of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi (contain...
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) – February 18, 2022
Summary
Remarkably, an online survey in Brazil revealed many individuals successfully quit tobacco after using ayahuasca. It investigated whether ayahuasca use correlated with smoking cessation. Positive results showed a high rate of reported tobacco abstinence following ayahuasca use. These findings suggest ayahuasca could be a promising aid for quitting smoking.
Abstract
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil.
N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – February 17, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a potent hallucinogen, shows promise in Medicine for psychological conditions like depression and anxiety. Neuroscience reveals its compounds influence neurotransmitter receptors—serotonergic, glutaminergic, and dopaminergic systems—profoundly impacting behavior. Biochemical analysis indicates effects like increased delta and theta brain oscillations in key brain regions. Psychotherapists are considering its potential, but comprehensive Psychedelics and Drug Studies are essential to fully understand its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and integrate this plant medicine into healthcare.
Abstract
Abstract Objective Reports have indicated possible uses of ayahuasca for the treatment of conditions including depression, addictions, post‐traumat...
Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study
Scientific Reports – February 16, 2022
Summary
Strikingly, lifetime peyote use significantly reduces the odds of Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) by over 50% (Odds ratio: 0.47). A comprehensive logistic regression analysis of 214,505 U.S. adults, addressing a major public health and addiction challenge, revealed this finding. While other classic psychedelics showed no such protective effect, peyote also lowered odds for seven of eleven CUD criteria. This insight from drug studies and clinical psychology offers promising directions for medicine and psychiatry in developing new treatments.
Abstract
Abstract Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is a significant public health problem associated with elevated morbidity and mortality within the United State...
Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression
OpenAlex – February 15, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin therapy significantly enhances the brain's emotional response to music. Nineteen patients with depression underwent two psilocybin sessions, where music therapy is a key element. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed increased activity in the temporal lobe and supramarginal gyrus during music listening post-treatment, compared to resting state fMRI. This suggests psilocybin, a psychedelic medicine, elevates responsiveness to this hedonic stimulus. These neuroscience findings in psychology highlight how psilocybin influences sensory processing, with activity correlating to subjective drug effects, offering insights for medicine and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with psilocybin is an emerging therapy with great promise for depression, and modern psychedelic therap...
A randomized controlled trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and fear extinction retention in healthy adults
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 15, 2022
Summary
MDMA significantly improved fear extinction retention in a study involving 34 healthy adults aged 21-55. Participants receiving 100 mg of MDMA demonstrated enhanced retention of learned extinction compared to those on a placebo, with a notable effect size observed (χ² = 7.29). The drug was well-tolerated, with no serious adverse effects reported. This promising finding suggests that MDMA could play a vital role in therapies for PTSD by enhancing memory and neural mechanisms related to fear extinction, warranting further exploration in clinical settings.
Abstract
Background: Fear conditioning and extinction are well-characterized cross-species models of fear-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sympt...
Psychotherapeutic and neurobiological processes associated with ayahuasca’s mental health and wellbeing outcomes: a proposed model and implications for therapeutic use
OpenAlex – February 14, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychoactive brew, is linked to significant mental health benefits. In the largest study of its kind, involving over 10,000 ayahuasca drinkers, five key psychotherapeutic processes were identified: somatic effects, introspection, enhanced self-connection, spiritual connection, and gaining new insights. These processes suggest that ayahuasca promotes transformative learning and emotional healing through unique neurobiological mechanisms. Understanding these processes can help psychotherapists optimize treatment models for ayahuasca's therapeutic use, highlighting its potential in modern medicine alongside other psychedelics like psilocybin.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive Amazonian plant brew. It is usually made from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine, which contains three primary harmala alkal...
The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT)
Journal of Neurochemistry – February 12, 2022
Summary
Single exposure to the naturally occurring tryptamine 5-MeO-DMT shows promise for rapid, sustained reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms. This potent psychedelic acts as an agonist on specific neurotransmitter receptors, influencing behavior and inducing short-lasting "peak" experiences, a key predictor in psychology. One clinical trial confirmed safety for vaporized doses up to 18 mg. Its rapid pharmacology and short duration make it appealing for medicine, attracting biotech interest for commercial development in brain disorders. Understanding its neurophysiological mechanisms is crucial.
Abstract
Abstract 5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine that primarily acts as an agonist at the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2...
Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 11, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin offers rapid, sustained antidepressant effects for up to six months. A meta-analysis of ten studies, including randomized controlled trials, revealed a strong effect size (strictly standardized mean difference) of -1.74 (95% confidence interval: -2.15 to -1.32) at one week, persisting to -1.12 at six months. Discontinuation rates were comparable to placebo. While heart rate was similar, psilocybin increased systolic blood pressure by 19.00 mmHg and diastolic by 8.66 mmHg. This highlights its potential in medicine, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
We examined the cardiovascular safety, acceptability, and trajectory of the antidepressant effects of psilocybin after single- or two-dose administ...
Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines
Frontiers in Pharmacology – February 09, 2022
Summary
Synthetic phenethylamine compounds, related to the psychedelic mescaline, interact with brain receptors up to 63 times more strongly than mescaline itself. Researchers investigated various scalines and 3C-scalines to understand how these derivatives affect serotonin receptors. They found that modifying these compounds, especially through fluorination, significantly improved their binding and activation of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, crucial for psychedelic effects. This suggests a promising path for developing novel therapeutics.
Abstract
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline) is a psychedelic alkaloid found in peyote cactus. Related 4-alkoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylam...
Psilocybin for Treating Psychiatric Disorders: A Psychonaut Legend or a Promising Therapeutic Perspective?
Journal of Xenobiotics – February 07, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen present in over 200 mushroom species, is showing profound promise in modern psychiatry. Synthesized in 1957, early clinical observations suggested its therapeutic potential for anxiety, mood disorders, and addiction. Despite its 1970 scheduling, renewed interest in chemical synthesis and alkaloids has propelled recent psychology and drug studies. Contemporary medicine now provides robust evidence for psilocybin's efficacy in treating conditions like pathological anxiety and addiction. This complementary and alternative medicine approach, often involving a psychotherapist, represents a significant advance.
Abstract
Psychedelics extracted from plants have been used in religious, spiritual, and mystic practices for millennia. In 1957, Dr. Hofmann identified and ...
Psilocybin: Characterization of the Metastable Zone Width (MSZW), Control of Anhydrous Polymorphs, and Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
ACS Omega – February 07, 2022
Summary
Optimizing psilocybin production for psychedelics and drug studies reveals critical insights into crystallization. A thermodynamically controlled process, monitoring nucleation and metastable zone width, yields a stronger crystal structure with controlled particle size distribution and improved purity. This chemical engineering breakthrough, vital for materials science, showed that polymorph B (trihydrate) forms independently of the crystallization method, even through water recrystallization. Polymorphs A and H, studied via crystallography, depend on drying conditions, impacting overall crystallinity. These crystallization and solubility studies are key for consistent drug development.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist, was granted a "breakthrough therapy" status by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials involving m...
Hallucinogen chemistry guides antidepressant drug discovery
C&EN Global Enterprise – February 07, 2022
Summary
A breakthrough in drug discovery reveals how hallucinogen compounds like LSD and psilocybin bind to a specific serotonin receptor (5-HT 2A), causing their psychedelic effects. By determining the crystal structures of this receptor bound to four distinct molecules—including potent psychedelics and non-hallucinogenic drugs—new pharmacology and chemistry insights emerge. This allows for designing novel antidepressant drugs that maintain mood-altering benefits without inducing hallucinations. These drug studies advance the potential for safer treatments, moving beyond traditional hallucinogens to more targeted therapies.
Abstract
Scientists have long sought the secrets of the 5-HT 2A serotonin receptor—a central nervous system receptor that binds hallucinogenic compounds, in...
Analysis of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy in Medicine: A Narrative Review
Cureus – February 05, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is emerging as a powerful medicine in psychiatry. Clinical trials reveal significant reductions in anxiety and mood disorders compared to placebo, and comparable efficacy to SSRIs in one study. This pharmacology, rooted in the unique Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior of this chemical (an alkaloid), is revolutionizing addiction treatment. Small open-label Psychedelics and Drug Studies show psilocybin's superiority over traditional therapies for alcohol addiction, offering new hope for complex conditions.
Abstract
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been consumed by various cultures in many different parts of the world for thousands of years. Psilocybin, a c...
Development and application of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and two of its metabolites in human plasma.
J Pharm Biomed Anal – February 03, 2022
Summary
Understanding how natural compounds like DMT behave in the body is crucial. Researchers aimed to develop a highly sensitive method to precisely measure DMT and two breakdown products in human blood. Using advanced LC-MS/MS technology, they successfully created a robust tool. This new method accurately and simultaneously quantifies these substances even at very low levels. This breakthrough provides a vital instrument for exploring DMT's effects and metabolism, opening doors for future therapeutic insights.
Abstract
Development and application of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and two of its metaboli...
Effects of ayahuasca on the endocannabinoid system of healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder: Results from two pilot, proof‐of‐concept, randomized, placebo‐controlled trials
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – February 02, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca may enhance endocannabinoid levels in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). In a randomized controlled trial involving 17 SAD volunteers, significant increases in anandamide (AEA) were noted after ayahuasca intake, compared to baseline. Healthy participants also showed changes, albeit less pronounced, with 20 subjects involved. The analysis revealed variability in responses, suggesting that while ayahuasca could influence the endocannabinoid system, individual differences and small sample sizes limit broader conclusions about its potential as a treatment for anxiety.
Abstract
Abstract Objective To assess endocannabinoid (anandamide, AEA; 2‐arachidonoylglycerol, 2‐AG) plasma levels in healthy volunteers and in volunteers ...
Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science.
J Psychopharmacol – February 02, 2022
Summary
Beyond hearsay, systematic science is precisely mapping the true risks of psychedelics. This research aimed to replace anecdotes with rigorous data, analyzing diverse reports to identify specific adverse effects. Findings reveal that while risks exist, scientific clarity enables safer, more informed practices, underscoring the value of precise evaluation for these compounds.
Abstract
Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science.
Mindfulness meditation experiences of novice practitioners in an online intervention: Trajectories, predictors, and challenges.
Applied psychology. Health and well-being – February 01, 2022
Summary
Mindfulness interventions can significantly enhance well-being, but individual responses vary widely. In a 3-week guided meditation program with 175 novice participants, experiences of effort, meaning, and boredom evolved positively; meditation became less effortful for many. Those with higher baseline self-management and autonomous motivation were more engaged and found the process rewarding. Conversely, individuals with lower self-regulation or higher rumination struggled, often perceiving mindfulness as tedious and ultimately dropping out. This highlights the importance of self-determination theory in optimizing activity-related experiences during mindfulness practices.
Abstract
The benefits of mindfulness interventions are well-known, but their challenges and individual differences in reactions to these challenges are much...
Psychedelics and schizophrenia: Distinct alterations to Bayesian inference
bioRxiv – February 01, 2022
Summary
Our brains constantly update beliefs based on new information. A new investigation reveals that both psychedelics and schizophrenia distinctly alter this fundamental process. Researchers hypothesized unique effects on how the brain processes uncertainty. By comparing healthy individuals, those with schizophrenia, and those given psychedelics on specific tasks, distinct patterns of belief updating were identified. This offers crucial insights into the brain's predictive mechanisms, guiding new approaches for understanding mental health challenges.
Abstract
Psychedelics and schizophrenia: Distinct alterations to Bayesian inference
LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
LSD significantly enhances creativity, as shown in a study with 24 healthy volunteers. Participants experienced increased novelty and originality, alongside a 30% rise in semantic distances, indicating enhanced divergent thinking. However, utility and convergent thinking decreased by approximately 20%, suggesting a shift away from conventional problem-solving. Notably, LSD also promoted symbolic thinking, which could aid in psychedelic-assisted therapy. These findings highlight how psychedelics can transform cognitive resources, fostering innovative thought processes that break from traditional patterns and embrace the unexpected.
Abstract
Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualizati...
The frontiers of new psychedelic therapies: A survey of sociological themes and issues
Sociology Compass – February 01, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic therapies are poised to revolutionize mental health treatment for conditions like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. As these compounds near medical approval, a crucial sociological lens examines their conceptualization and integration into psychiatry. This approach considers the historical context of psychedelic drug studies, exploring how advocacy shapes their medicalization and the affordances they offer for psychotherapy. This interdisciplinary perspective highlights the profound impact on psychological well-being and healthcare systems.
Abstract
Abstract Psychedelic compounds are on the cusp of being approved by medical regulators for treatment‐resistant mental health disorders. Following p...
Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose-response study.
Addict Biol – February 01, 2022
Summary
Even tiny amounts of LSD can subtly influence mood and cognition. Researchers explored if repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults could safely yield positive effects. Participants received different microdoses or a placebo. Findings revealed that specific low doses were well-tolerated, showing beneficial subjective experiences and mood improvements, distinguishing them from placebo. This indicates that carefully controlled, very low LSD administration can offer positive subjective experiences.
Abstract
Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose-response study.
Rewarding and reinforcing effects of two dissociative-based new psychoactive substances, deschloroketamine and diphenidine, in mice.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – February 01, 2022
Summary
Deschloroketamine, a new psychoactive substance, exhibits significant dependence liability. In animal models, 10 mg/kg deschloroketamine induced strong conditioned place preference. Critically, 1 mg/kg/infusion increased self-administration, indicating both rewarding and reinforcing effects. While diphenidine (10-20 mg/kg) also produced conditioned place preference, it did not increase self-administration. This suggests diphenidine's dependence liability is primarily rewarding, whereas deschloroketamine drives both reward and reinforcement, distinguishing how these new psychoactive substances impact behavior.
Abstract
Dissociative-based new psychoactive substances (NPSs) are increasingly available through the Internet, and public health problems related to the re...
Efficacy and safety of psilocybin-assisted treatment for major depressive disorder: Prospective 12-month follow-up
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy offers remarkable long-term antidepressant effects for major depressive disorder. A randomized controlled trial with 24 participants showed 75% achieved treatment response and 58% remission after 12 months. Sustained, large decreases in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Hamd) scores (Cohen d up to 2.6) were observed. No serious adverse effects occurred within the study's context. This medicine, a psychedelic alkaloid, shows promise for psychiatry and clinical psychology, advancing psychedelics and complementary medicine studies.
Abstract
Background: Preliminary data suggest that psilocybin-assisted treatment produces substantial and rapid antidepressant effects in patients with majo...
The Role ofPsychedelics in Managing Anxiety, Depression, and Flashbacks of Individuals withPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder
International Journal of Science and Research Methodology – January 31, 2022
Summary
A compelling review reveals psilocybin's significant therapeutic potential for traumatic stress, marking a paradigm shift in Psychiatry. This hallucinogen shows promise in alleviating anxiety, depression, and flashbacks in patients with PTSD. Clinical psychology is actively exploring this novel approach, moving past historical stigma surrounding psychedelics and drug studies. Psychotherapists anticipate leveraging psilocybin's effects, offering new hope where typical treatments fall short. This evolution in mental health psychology could redefine care for many.
Abstract
Background: The impact of psychedelic treatment on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has become more intriguing to the psychiatric...
Comment and Response: (Lugo-Radillo & Cortez-Lopez, 2020) Long-Term Amelioration of OCD Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Consumption of Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 27, 2022
Summary
A compelling case documented a single individual experiencing reduced obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms after psilocybin consumption. This report, published in a leading journal, underscores the potential of this natural hallucinogen in Psychiatry and Medicine. While such findings from Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies are intriguing for Psychology, the broader field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies increasingly emphasizes rigorous clinical trials. The ability to study chemically synthesized psilocybin, an alkaloid, facilitates controlled research, moving beyond isolated case reports to establish its therapeutic role.
Abstract
The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs published a case study reporting reduction of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms after consumption of p...
Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Frontiers in Pharmacology – January 27, 2022
Summary
Hallucinogens, including psilocybin, show surprising potential for autism spectrum disorder, suggesting new avenues in psychiatry. This review highlights how these serotonergic compounds may improve mood, anxiety, and social behavior in the autism population. Neuroscience and clinical psychology studies from past decades revealed positive behavioral outcomes, yet also adverse effects like dissociative states. Understanding their influence on neurotransmitter receptors and prefrontal cortex activity is key for medicine. Future drug studies are vital to weigh benefits against risks for this population.
Abstract
Recent clinical and preclinical evidence points towards empathogenic and prosocial effects elicited by psychedelic compounds, notably the serotonin...
Structure-based discovery of nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs
Science – January 27, 2022
Summary
A breakthrough in pharmacology reveals a path to safer therapies, creating non-hallucinogenic compounds with antidepressant potential. By mapping how Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocin, a psilocybin metabolite, interact with the brain's 5-HT receptor, neuroscience advances. Crucially, serotonin and psilocin exhibit a unique second binding mode. This chemical understanding, vital for drug studies and chemical synthesis, allowed the design of new psychedelics. These compounds, influencing neurotransmitter receptor behavior, showed antidepressant-like activity in mice without hallucinogenic effects, promising targeted treatments for the serotonin receptor.
Abstract
Drugs that target the human serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases; however, many have hallucinogenic effect...
Crystallographic hallucinations
Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry – January 27, 2022
Summary
Achieving consistent therapeutic outcomes with psychedelics requires precise chemical understanding. Comprehensive drug studies focusing on psilocybin, a key compound in plant-based medicinal research, have now clarified its structural forms. A detailed powder diffraction investigation casts significant doubt that any other anhydrous polymorphs exist beyond those already known. This definitive characterization, crucial for chemical synthesis and alkaloids, ensures greater reliability in developing standardized treatments and dosages.
Abstract
In a detailed powder diffraction study of the structural forms of psilocybin, Sherwood et al. [Acta Cryst. C78, 36–55] cast doubt that any other an...
Classic Psychedelic Drugs: Update on Biological Mechanisms
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 25, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly re-engineer brain function, offering new therapeutic avenues. Over two decades, Neuroscience has revealed these substances primarily target serotonergic receptor subtypes, crucial for information processing. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior modulates brain activity, fostering neuroplasticity in areas governing Cognition, Affect, and self-perception. Neuroimaging and Neuropsychology tasks demonstrate distinct changes in brain connectivity, linking subjective experiences to altered emotion regulation. Such insights from Cognitive psychology and Biochemical Analysis suggest re-shaping self-experience and emotional processing holds significant psychiatric promise.
Abstract
Abstract Renewed interest in the effects of psychedelics in the treatment of psychiatric disorders warrants a better understanding of the neurobiol...
Impaired glutamate reuptake induces synaptic mistuning in rat hippocampal slices, that can be counteracted by ketamine
bioRxiv Preprint Server – January 25, 2022
Summary
"Mistuned" brain signals are linked to psychiatric disorders. When glutamate, a key neurotransmitter, isn't cleared, it disrupts synaptic transmission, weakening connections and altering their long-term potentiation. Crucially, the antidepressant ketamine reverses this, restoring healthy brain signal tuning. This suggests ketamine rebalances brain circuits, a promising therapeutic insight.
Abstract
Mistuning of synaptic transmission has been proposed to underlie many psychiatric disorders, with decreased reuptake of the excitatory neurotransmi...