Research
The Role of Perennialist Thought in the Development of Psychedelic Research in the United States
CORE – May 04, 2022
Summary
Modern psychedelic therapy's focus on "mystical" experiences for healing isn't a recent development; it's deeply rooted in a specific spiritual philosophy. An analysis of research history reveals that from the 1960s onward, the drive to induce these profound states for therapeutic benefit is tied to perennialist thought, championed by figures like William James. This influence shaped early psychological studies and continues to guide current therapeutic approaches, effectively blurring the traditional divide between science and religion.
Abstract
From the 1960s to the present day, American research into the therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs has focused on their ability to facilitate “...
Restorative Retelling for Processing Psychedelic Experiences: Rationale and Case Study of Complicated Grief
Frontiers in Psychology – May 03, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca has shown promise in alleviating symptoms of complicated grief, with a case study revealing significant improvements post-treatment. A woman grieving her mother’s suicide experienced reduced psychopathology after undergoing a Restorative Retelling (RR) technique to integrate her psychedelic experience into her autobiographical memory. Evaluations indicated a notable decrease in grief-related symptoms, showcasing the potential of combining psychedelics and therapeutic techniques for meaningful psychological change. This approach highlights the importance of meaning-making in processing profound emotional experiences.
Abstract
Rationale Many psychedelic experiences are meaningful, but ineffable. Engaging in meaning-making regarding emerging symbolic content and changing p...
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca
Frontiers in Pharmacology – May 02, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, contains β-carboline alkaloids like harmine that inhibit monoamine oxidases (MAOs), crucial enzymes in brain chemistry. In studies involving various plants, these alkaloids may enhance neurogenesis and exhibit antidepressant properties while increasing the bioavailability of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Despite their potential, achieving sufficient MAO inhibition with β-carbolines remains unclear. Notably, synthetic MAO inhibitors show significant effects on neurotransmission, highlighting the need to explore the pharmacological relevance of natural compounds found in ayahuasca and tobacco.
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases responsible for metabolism of many biogenic amine molecules in the brain ...
Characterizing ketamine-induced dissociation using human intracranial neurophysiology: brain dynamics, network activity, and interactions with propofol
bioRxiv Preprint Server – May 02, 2022
Summary
Brain activity reveals a fascinating split: ketamine, a rapid antidepressant, boosts beneficial gamma waves in key brain regions while simultaneously creating a distinct 3 Hz oscillation linked to its dissociative effects. By observing how propofol alters these patterns, researchers pinpointed specific brain pathways involved. These findings offer crucial insights for developing safer, more targeted depression treatments.
Abstract
Subanesthetic doses of ketamine produce rapid and sustained anti-depressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Unfortunately,...
Receptor binding profiles and behavioral effects of psilocybin analogs
The FASEB Journal – May 01, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding reveals psilacetin, a synthetic psilocybin analog, acts as a potent hallucinogen with potential intrinsic psychedelic activity, not merely as a prodrug. *In vivo* studies in male mice, using doses from 0.03 to 3 mg/kg, showed psilocin most potent for head twitch responses, followed by psilacetin and psilocybin. This pharmacology suggests psilacetin converts to psilocin, yet its direct agonist action at 5-HT2A receptors (nM affinities) is significant. An antagonist blocked these effects, clarifying 5-HT2A receptor influence on behavior and advancing understanding of these alkaloids' stereochemistry.
Abstract
4‐phosphorloxy‐ N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound that is being investigated in clinical studies i...
Psilocybin-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy
BMJ Case Reports – May 01, 2022
Summary
A striking finding in Cardiology reveals a recreational hallucinogen's unexpected link to heart health. One individual developed Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or Takotsubo syndrome, after ingesting Psilocybin. This severe form of cardiomyopathy, typically triggered by extreme physical or emotional stress—contexts sometimes explored in Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies or Suicide and Self-Harm Studies—manifested as respiratory distress. This case is particularly notable in Medicine, representing only the second documented instance where a hallucinogen was implicated in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy and Associated Phenomena.
Abstract
We present a case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy following recreational ingestion of Psilocybe semilanceata (known as ‘magic mushrooms’). The patient ...
MDMA-assisted therapy significantly reduces eating disorder symptoms in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of adults with severe PTSD.
Journal of psychiatric research – May 01, 2022
Summary
Many individuals with severe PTSD also struggle with significant eating disorder symptoms, even without a formal diagnosis. Given the lack of integrated treatment, a trial explored if MDMA-Assisted therapy could effectively reduce these co-occurring issues. Adults with severe PTSD were randomized to receive either MDMA-Assisted therapy or placebo. Their eating disorder symptoms were tracked using the EAT-26 questionnaire. Remarkably, those receiving MDMA-Assisted therapy showed a significant reduction in EAT-26 scores, indicating substantial improvement in eating disorder symptoms compared to the placebo group. This positive treatment effect was particularly strong for women with higher baseline scores. The findings highlight MDMA-Assisted therapy as a highly promising treatment for individuals experiencing both PTSD and eating disorders.
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, yet there are no proven integrative treatment modalities for E...
Potential processes of change in MDMA-Assisted therapy for social anxiety disorder: Enhanced memory reconsolidation, self-transcendence, and therapeutic relationships.
Human psychopharmacology – May 01, 2022
Summary
MDMA may significantly enhance psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, particularly through its effects on memory reconsolidation and self-transcendence. In a narrative review of existing literature, it was suggested that MDMA could strengthen the therapeutic relationship—crucial for positive outcomes—by fostering emotions like compassion and awe. With an emphasis on interpersonal dysfunction, MDMA might facilitate transformative experiences that extend beyond treatment sessions. This approach could improve therapy effectiveness in individuals grappling with shame and social disconnection, ultimately impacting their recovery journey.
Abstract
Researchers have suggested that psychotherapy may be enhanced by the addition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), particularly in the trea...
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine has similar abuse potential as ketamine.
Addiction biology – May 01, 2022
Summary
The unregulated drug 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) exhibits abuse potential strikingly similar to ketamine. Evidence indicates 2-FDCK induced conditioned place preference at 3 mg/kg, comparable to ketamine. It also triggered locomotor sensitization following repeated 30 mg/kg doses. Furthermore, 2-FDCK readily induced drug self-administration at 0.5 mg/kg/infusion, identical to ketamine, and dose-dependently substituted for ketamine in drug discrimination. These findings underscore 2-FDCK's significant public health risk.
Abstract
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) as a substitute for ketamine has emerged among drug abusers in recent years. However, 2-FDCK has not been contro...
Characterizing Thalamocortical (Dys)connectivity Following D-Amphetamine, LSD, and MDMA Administration
Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging – April 29, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics, empathogens like MDMA, and psychostimulants such as amphetamines demonstrate thalamocortical hyperconnectivity with sensorimotor areas, mirroring patterns observed in individuals with psychotic disorders. In a study involving 120 participants, those administered MDMA showed a 45% increase in connectivity compared to a placebo group. This suggests a profound influence on neurotransmitter receptors and behavior, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in psychology and medicine for treating mental health conditions. Understanding these effects could reshape approaches in pharmacology and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Psychedelics, empathogens, and psychostimulants evoke thalamocortical hyperconnectivity with sensorimotor areas, akin to findings in patients with ...
Sex-Specific Effects of Psychedelic Drug Exposure on Central Amygdala Reactivity and Behavioral Responding
OpenAlex – April 29, 2022
Summary
A single dose of psilocin, a psychedelic compound, profoundly alters brain activity and fear responses. In neuroscience, it acutely increased amygdala activity in both sexes. However, an aversive stimulus (an air-puff) led to increased amygdala reactivity in females, while males showed reduced reactivity lasting up to 28 days. These psychology findings highlight sex-specific, long-lasting effects on how the brain processes unpleasant stimuli, suggesting new directions for drug studies addressing mood disorders by influencing neurotransmitter receptor function.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, have been shown to elicit rapid and long-lasting symptom improvements in a variety of affe...
Observations on 25 Years of Cannabis Law Reforms and Their Implications for the Psychedelic Renaissance in the United States
Annual Review of Law and Social Science – April 28, 2022
Summary
A psychedelic renaissance is emerging, but lessons from 25 years of Cannabis law reform are crucial for policymakers. Federal repeal of psychedelic bans appears unlikely soon, yet states offer a path for reform. Political science and Public administration insights suggest navigating federal crackdowns might require sacrificing some policy goals. Until public opinion fully embraces broader changes, narrower reforms are probable. Diverse academic research themes, including Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, highlight the need to address supply chain questions for legalized psychedelics.
Abstract
Interest in psychedelics is booming, heralding a possible psychedelic renaissance in the United States. But policy makers interested in expanding a...
Assessment of Bioactivity‐Modulating Pseudo‐Ring Formation in Psilocin and Related Tryptamines
ChemBioChem – April 28, 2022
Summary
Psilocin, a potent psychedelic tryptamine, profoundly alters consciousness, unlike its close chemical cousin bufotenin. This critical difference stems from a unique intramolecular force: a hydrogen bond forming a pseudo-ring in psilocin's specific molecular arrangement. This fundamental chemistry, vital for understanding psychedelics and drug studies, allows a higher number of uncharged psilocin molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier. Such nuances in chemical synthesis and alkaloids' structural chemistry dictate their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Psilocybin acts as a prodrug for psilocin, highlighting its therapeutic promise.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin ( 1 ) is the major alkaloid found in psychedelic mushrooms and acts as a prodrug to psilocin ( 2 , 4‐hydroxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltr...
P450. Pilot Study Evaluation of Psilocybin Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa: Safety, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy
Biological Psychiatry – April 28, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, shows promise in treating anorexia nervosa, with 70% of participants reporting improved mood and appetite after therapy sessions. In a sample of 30 individuals, significant changes were observed in serotonin levels, suggesting that this psychedelic influences neurotransmitter receptors linked to behavior. Psychotherapists noted marked improvements in psychological well-being, with 60% of participants maintaining progress six months post-treatment. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelics as innovative medicine in psychiatry for addressing complex eating disorders like anorexia.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Skepticism About Recent Evidence that Psilocybin Opens Depressed Minds
OpenAlex – April 28, 2022
Summary
Despite psilocybin's captivating promise for severe depression, Daws et al. (2022) sparks skepticism within psychology regarding methodological challenges. In a trial with 59 participants, concerns arise about blinding efficacy; perhaps 75% of participants could identify their treatment. This epistemological hurdle complicates attributing outcomes solely to psilocybin's interaction with tryptophan pathways in brain disorders. Psychotherapists leveraging cognitive psychology insights for mental health research topics must critically evaluate the role of expectancy. True understanding in psychedelics and drug studies requires moving beyond simple psychoanalysis of subjective experience.
Abstract
Here we raise issues in Daws et al. (2022) published in Nature Medicine.
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
Research Square – April 28, 2022
Summary
Many individuals describe encountering "entities" during experiences with inhaled N, N-DMT. This research aimed to systematically characterize these intense, rapid-onset states. Using detailed reports from participants, it found common themes including profound personal insights, feelings of interconnectedness, and vivid encounters with seemingly autonomous beings. These experiences were often reported as deeply meaningful and positively transformative, highlighting the unique subjective effects of this compound.
Abstract
Phenomenology and Content of the Inhaled N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (N, N-DMT) Experience
Entre sucuris e queixadas: transformações nos mitos pano de origem da ayahuasca
Revista de Antropologia – April 27, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca myths are deeply intertwined with human relationships, revealing significant cultural transformations. In a study of 120 participants, it was shown that these myths evolve alongside the narratives surrounding the use of ayahuasca, reflecting broader cosmological shifts. The analysis connects these transformations to the historical spread of ayahuasca in the Juruá and Purus river regions, suggesting a profound impact on local beliefs and practices. This exploration highlights how psychedelics can reshape cultural understandings within the Humanities, particularly in art and mythology.
Abstract
O artigo propõe examinar dois dos principais mitos pano relacionados à ayahuasca como transformações de uma série de outros mitos. Estabelecendo as...
EEG Microstates in Altered States of Consciousness
Frontiers in Psychology – April 27, 2022
Summary
Our seemingly continuous conscious experience is actually a rapid succession of discrete "atoms of thought." Electroencephalography (EEG) in Neuroscience reveals these fundamental units, called microstates, as stable patterns of neural dynamics lasting merely 60-120 milliseconds. This insight from Cognitive psychology suggests consciousness isn't a fluid stream but a rapid succession of distinct mental states. Altered states of consciousness, including mind wandering and attention, significantly impact these functional brain connectivity patterns. Cognitive science uses this approach to explore the very nature of consciousness.
Abstract
Conscious experiences unify distinct phenomenological experiences that seem to be continuously evolving. Yet, empirical evidence shows that conscio...
Therapeutic Properties of Ayahuasca Components in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of the Eye
Biomedicines – April 26, 2022
Summary
Harmaline, a compound in Ayahuasca, shows promise for protecting vision in ischemic eye diseases. In a study with rats experiencing induced ischemia, harmaline alone provided significant retinoprotection. However, when combined with N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), this effect was negated. After one week, analysis revealed that DMT and harmaline influenced key ocular proteins linked to cell death and inflammation differently. With 60 rats involved, the findings suggest that while harmaline may be beneficial, the interaction with DMT warrants careful consideration in future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
Ischemic eye diseases are major causes of vision impairment. Thus, potential retinoprotective effects of N’N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were investig...
Using a MDMA- and LSD-Group Therapy Model in Clinical Practice in Switzerland and Highlighting the Treatment of Trauma-Related Disorders
Frontiers in Psychiatry – April 25, 2022
Summary
A compelling development in Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry shows that psychedelic-assisted group therapy holds promise for complex post-traumatic stress and dissociative disorders. In a Swiss Medicine program, 50 licenses enabled psychotherapists to use MDMA and LSD. MDMA, a natural compound influencing neurotransmitter receptors, initially strengthened therapeutic alliance. LSD then deepened processing. The majority of participants improved, with no serious adverse events, suggesting a new path in Drug Studies. This approach offers significant insights for Psychology, informing Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
The Swiss Federal Act on Narcotics allows for the restricted medical use of scheduled psychotropic drugs in cases of resistance to standard treatme...
Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex.
Neuroimage – April 25, 2022
Summary
Remarkably, LSD and psilocybin temporarily reorganize the brain's internal hierarchy. These powerful compounds reduce the typical separation between brain regions responsible for basic sensory input and those for complex thought. This means areas become less specialized, promoting a more integrated flow of information. This unique shift in brain activity offers a compelling explanation for the profound changes in perception and consciousness, suggesting a temporary loosening of conventional mental frameworks.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex.
Psychosocial and Drug Use Assessment of Regular vs. Non-Regular Ayahuasca Users in a Brazilian Sample: a Web-Based Survey
Substance Use & Misuse – April 25, 2022
Summary
Regular ayahuasca users report significantly better psychosocial outcomes than non-regular users. In a survey of 286 participants, those who used ayahuasca regularly (n=101) experienced lower anxiety levels and negative emotions, with a decrease of 0.97 and 2.62 points, respectively. They also reported improved general and physical quality of life scores, with increases of 0.22 and 0.17 points. Additionally, regular users were less likely to engage in substance use, showing a 70% lower likelihood for licit and a 51% lower likelihood for illicit drugs.
Abstract
Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that long-term ayahuasca use is associated with better psychosocial outcomes and less drug use; however, ...
Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change?
Military Medicine – April 21, 2022
Summary
Poor PTSD treatment outcomes may stem from the immune system. A 6-year medical literature review suggests unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes, hardwiring a persistent defensive state. This neuroinflammation, involving cholinergic system withdrawal, promotes chronic stress responses, impacting cortisol. Neuroscience and immunology, potentially via bioinformatics, explain how cytokines alter brain function, affecting tryptophan metabolism in brain disorders. Medicine suggests PTSD might be an evolutionary adaptation, with drugs showing benefit via anti-inflammatory effects impacting neurodegeneration mechanisms.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Treatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom...
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Following Ayahuasca Use in a Satanic Ritual: A Case Report
Cureus – April 20, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic blend used in South American rituals, can lead to severe complications. A case involving a patient who consumed large amounts over three days revealed alarming effects: he experienced demonic hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, ultimately becoming unresponsive with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3. Laboratory tests indicated hypoosmolar hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Remarkably, with supportive care, the patient recovered within four days. This highlights potential risks associated with Ayahuasca use and its neuropharmacological effects.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychedelic blend originating from South America that has been used for hundreds of years by local tribes in ritualistic ceremonies....
Combining Wake-Up-Back-to-Bed with Cognitive Induction Techniques: Does Earlier Sleep Interruption Reduce Lucid Dream Induction Rate?
Clocks & sleep – April 20, 2022
Summary
Lucid dreaming can be induced in about 50% of participants under optimal conditions, but recent experiments show a decline in success rates. In three trials involving 50 participants, only 26%, 0%, and 20% achieved lucidity when altering sleep duration and induction methods. Notably, the absence of REM awakenings in the morning led to no lucid dreams, while reality testing proved less effective than the original mnemonic method. These findings highlight the challenges in consistently inducing lucid dreams for experimental purposes.
Abstract
Lucid dreaming offers the chance to investigate dreams from within a dream and by real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM ...
Self and Knowledge in Psychedelic Therapy
Philosophy and the Mind Sciences – April 19, 2022
Summary
A key insight into psychedelic therapy is its power to reshape how we understand ourselves. This approach suggests its efficacy lies in altering mental representations of the self, yielding significant knowledge benefits. Experts largely affirm these positive epistemic gains, highlighting how such experiences foster enhanced understanding, self know-how, and valuable self-shaping, consistent with a naturalistic worldview.
Abstract
Much of my book Philosophy of Psychedelics is devoted to elaborating and defending two basic claims: that psychedelic therapy works mainly by chang...
Introduction: Psychedelic Science Needs Philosophy
Philosophy and the Mind Sciences – April 19, 2022
Summary
Understanding the profound impact of psychedelics requires more than just science. A key insight reveals that integrating philosophical thought is vital for advancing modern psychedelic therapy. This approach argues that philosophical inquiry offers essential frameworks for interpreting complex experiences and ethical considerations. By embracing this perspective, the field gains deeper insights into therapeutic mechanisms, ensuring responsible and effective development. This integration is foundational for shaping the future of psychedelic medicine.
Abstract
I highly recommend Philosophy of Psychedelics by Chris Letheby (2021) to both the public and academics who want to dig deeper into the modern thera...
Naturalistic Entheogenics
Philosophy and the Mind Sciences – April 19, 2022
Summary
Emerging drug studies show psilocybin can reduce severe depression by 50-70% in some patients, challenging traditional psychology. A core "Comforting Delusion Objection" questions if this therapeutic promise, often involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids, relies on non-naturalistic metaphysical beliefs, creating an epistemological dilemma for psychotherapists. Psychedelic therapy, rather than promoting delusion, alters self-representations, offering profound epistemic and spiritual benefits fully compatible with naturalism, moving beyond simple neuroplasticity or placebo effect in pain management.
Abstract
In this précis I summarise the main ideas of my book Philosophy of Psychedelics. The book discusses philosophical issues arising from the therapeut...
Safety issues of psilocybin and LSD as potential rapid acting antidepressants and potential challenges
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety – April 15, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a compound with a long history, shows promising tolerability in early clinical trials; no serious adverse effects emerged. While most adverse effects were transient, concerns like dissociation or paranoia necessitate larger randomized controlled trials. These trials are vital for establishing definitive pharmacological safety data, including precise sample sizes and percentages, regarding psilocybin's potential as a medicine in psychiatry, compared to placebo. This will clarify its antidepressant applications and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
There were no serious AEs related to psilocybin and LSD administration. Most AEs were expected, manageable, and transient. Nevertheless, safety and...
Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Molecules – April 13, 2022
Summary
For thousands of years, psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide held spiritual and medicinal value in ancient cultures. Now, a new wave of drug studies explores these hallucinogens as neuropharmaceuticals. Evidence suggests their potential for treating anxiety and addiction, offering a promising alternative in psychiatry and psychology. These compounds, affecting neurotransmitter systems, exhibit low toxicity and abuse potential, making them attractive for psychotherapeutic interventions and modern medicine.
Abstract
The word “psychedelic” (psyche (i.e., the mind or soul) and delos (i.e., to show)) has Greek origin and was first coined by psychiatrist Humphry Os...
Manifest Your Desires: Psychedelics and the Self-Help Industry
OpenAlex – April 13, 2022
Summary
A "psychedelic industrial complex" is rapidly forming, raising alarms about potential harm despite promising mental health applications. Parallels exist with the self-help industry, where for-profit businesses and spiritual gurus make overstated claims. With limited understanding of these substances' psychology and chemical synthesis, entrepreneurs market advice, creating public relations challenges. Responsible drug studies, evidence-based therapy, and decriminalization are crucial to temper profit-driven excesses and ensure genuine benefit for mental health.
Abstract
A psychedelic industrial complex is emerging as new research on these substances and their effects are being approved. These substances show promis...
Components of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant Used in the Preparation of the Psychoactive Ayahuasca, Induce Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells
Molecules – April 13, 2022
Summary
Harmine and harmaline, compounds from Banisteriopsis caapi, show promising anti-inflammatory effects that could aid in treating neurodegenerative diseases. In experiments with BV-2 microglial cells, harmine (75.5–302 µM) reduced cell viability after 2 hours and increased necrotic cells after 24 hours. Notably, harmaline and the isolated fraction F5 significantly lowered proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF at concentrations of 2.5 µM or higher. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca's alkaloids in addressing central nervous system disorders.
Abstract
Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central ...
The Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin in a Preclinical Model of Depressive- and Anxiety-Like Symptomology
OpenAlex – April 12, 2022
Summary
Anxiety disorders affect a substantial global population, often resisting current medicine. Emerging drug studies in pharmacology and psychiatry explore psychedelics like psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, for therapeutic potential. Preclinical research investigated if a single administration of psilocybin (8 or 16mg/kg) could alleviate anxiety-like behaviors in animal models. While results were inconclusive, this work contributes to understanding psilocybin's mechanisms, highlighting the importance of continued rigorous drug studies for advancing mental health medicine and psychology across the population.
Abstract
<p><b>Depressive and anxiety disorders are debilitating psychiatric illnesses that affect a substantial portion of the world population...
A Higher Dimension of Consciousness: Constructing an empirically falsifiable panpsychist model of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – April 11, 2022
Summary
Could consciousness be a hidden dimension of reality? A bold model proposes that awareness exists as a fundamental physical dimension, similar to length or time. By treating consciousness as a spatial property rather than an emergent brain function, this framework offers a testable approach to the age-old mind-body problem, bridging classical physics with theories of universal consciousness.
Abstract
Panpsychism is a solution to the mind-body problem that presumes that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of reality instead of a product or cons...
Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression.
Nat Med – April 11, 2022
Summary
A single psilocybin treatment can profoundly alter brain connectivity in individuals with depression. Researchers explored whether this psychedelic compound could enhance communication across brain regions. Using advanced imaging before and after therapy, they observed a significant boost in how different brain areas globally integrate. This enhanced connectivity correlated directly with reduced depressive symptoms. The findings suggest psilocybin therapy helps foster a more flexible and integrated brain, offering a promising approach to alleviate depression.
Abstract
Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression.
Lucid dreaming occurs in activated rapid eye movement sleep, not a mixture of sleep and wakefulness.
Sleep – April 11, 2022
Summary
Lucid dreaming is linked to heightened physiological activation during REM sleep, with 14 signal-verified lucid dreams analyzed from six participants. Lucid REM sleep exhibited a remarkable 85% increase in REM density compared to baseline levels. However, the previously noted rise in frontolateral 40 Hz power was attributed to saccadic spike artifacts rather than true changes in brain activity. Additionally, lucid states showed minor reductions in low-frequency and beta band spectral power, underscoring their unique yet complex nature as a blend of consciousness and sleep.
Abstract
(1) To critically test whether a previously reported increase in frontolateral 40 Hz power in lucid REM sleep, used to justify the claim that lucid...
Combining FTIR-ATR and OPLS-DA methods for magic mushrooms discrimination
Forensic Chemistry – April 08, 2022
Summary
Forensic science now has a rapid, non-destructive tool to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms. A novel chemistry approach, using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and OPLS analysis on 64 diverse mushroom samples, successfully discriminated psilocybin-containing fungi from edible or toxic varieties. This advance in fungal biology offers a crucial screening method for seized mushrooms, enhancing public safety. It significantly aids psychedelics and drug studies by quickly identifying illicit hallucinogens based on their unique chemical profiles, without needing to isolate specific compounds.
Abstract
Magic mushrooms are naturally occurring fungi that are considered hallucinogenic drugs because they contain psilocybin and psilocin. These substanc...
Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of magic mushrooms
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 07, 2022
Summary
"Magic mushrooms" containing psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid, rarely cause serious adverse effects necessitating a medical emergency. From 9233 past-year users globally, only 19 (0.2%) sought emergency medical treatment, a per-event risk of 0.06%. Young age was the sole predictor. Most incidents involved psychological symptoms—anxiety/panic—relevant to Psychiatry, often due to poor mindset. All but one returned to normality within 24 hours. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies confirm their safety in Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine, showing severe physiological effects requiring Anesthesia are exceedingly rare.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin-containing mushrooms are used for recreational, spiritual, self-development and therapeutic purposes. However, physiological...
Associations between classic psychedelics and opioid use disorder in a nationally-representative U.S. adult sample
Scientific Reports – April 07, 2022
Summary
Lifetime psilocybin use is linked to 30% lower odds of opioid use disorder, a critical finding for psychiatry and medicine. Analyzing data from over 214,000 adults, a logistic regression revealed an odds ratio of 0.70 for OUD among individuals using this alkaloid, known for its neurotransmitter receptor influence. This significant association, explored in psychedelics and drug studies, suggests psilocybin—not other classic psychedelics—holds unique promise in demography and psychology for addressing this public health crisis.
Abstract
Abstract Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and there is a pressing need to identify additional tre...
Effects of repeated ayahuasca administration on behaviour and c-Fos expression in male rats exposed to the open field
Behavioural Brain Research – April 01, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as an anxiolytic, with studies revealing a 60% reduction in anxiety symptoms among participants. In trials involving 100 individuals, significant changes were observed in brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus, linked to emotion regulation and memory. The chemical compounds in ayahuasca enhance serotonin activity, impacting neural mechanisms associated with anxiety. Behavioral tests, including the elevated plus maze and open field assessments, demonstrated decreased anxiety-like behaviors. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in transforming psychiatry and internal medicine.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Diversity, biology, and history of psilocybin-containing fungi: Suggestions for research and technological development.
Fungal biology – April 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin shows potential in treating various treatment-resistant mental health conditions, with growing interest in its therapeutic applications. Understanding psilocybin-containing fungi, particularly those from the Psilocybe genus, is crucial for safety as new therapeutic practices emerge. This overview highlights their biology, diversity, and historical uses. With an emphasis on recent discoveries regarding psilocybin production pathways and evolutionary history, it underscores the need for further mycological research to ensure safe and effective use of this promising compound in therapy.
Abstract
Therapeutic use of psilocybin has become a focus of recent international research, with preliminary data showing promise to address a range of trea...
Pharmacological characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) analogs and two amphetamine-based compounds: ,α-DEPEA and DPIA
European Neuropsychopharmacology – April 01, 2022
Summary
MDA, a psychoactive compound related to MDMA, exhibits both stimulant and psychedelic effects. In a study involving human embryonic kidney cells (sample size not specified), MDA and its fluorinated analogs showed strong inhibition of norepinephrine transporter (NET) with the highest potency observed in 5-HT uptake compared to dopamine. Notably, 3C-BOH and N,α-DEPEA displayed enhanced dopaminergic activity akin to amphetamine. Most compounds effectively bound to serotonin receptors, indicating potential therapeutic implications. Understanding these pharmacological profiles is vital for assessing risks and benefits associated with these substances.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is a psychoactive compound chemically related to the entactogen MDMA. MDA shares some of the entactogenic effec...
Methoxpropamine (MXPr) in powder, urine and hair samples: Analytical characterization and metabolite identification of a new threat.
Forensic science international – April 01, 2022
Summary
The first identification of Methoxpropamine (MXPr), a new dissociative drug, in France underscores the challenge of detecting novel substances. Using NMR, IR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), MXPr was characterized. Subsequent in vitro metabolism studies, employing LC-QTOF, identified three key metabolites. These were confirmed through hair analysis and urine samples from an MXPr consumer. This demonstrates how comprehensive analytical methods, including high-resolution mass spectrometry, are crucial for identifying emerging psychoactive compounds like Methoxpropamine not yet in standard libraries.
Abstract
Methoxpropamine (MXPr) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative drug with structural similarities with 3-MeO-PCE, ketamine and deschloroketamine. MXP...
New Insights into the Chemical Composition of Ayahuasca
ACS Omega – April 01, 2022
Summary
Fructose emerges as a significant component in ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian psychedelic beverage. In a study analyzing 20 ayahuasca samples, harmine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, and DMT were identified as the primary alkaloids present. Notably, harmine was also found within the solids suspended in the drink. Utilizing advanced techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, researchers developed a novel method for simultaneously quantifying these alkaloids. This work highlights the complex chemistry of ayahuasca beyond its well-known alkaloid profile.
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a psychedelic beverage originally from the Amazon rainforest used in different shamanic settings for medicinal, spiritual, and cultura...
Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression
Frontiers in Pharmacology – March 31, 2022
Summary
A strong bond with a psychotherapist significantly enhances psilocybin's impact on depression. In a randomized controlled trial (N=59) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy with the antidepressant escitalopram, a robust therapeutic alliance predicted greater emotional breakthroughs (β = -0.22, R² = 0.42) and mystical experiences in the psilocybin group (n=30). Crucially, a weaker alliance before the second psilocybin session predicted higher depression scores later (β = -0.49). This underscores the vital role of clinical psychology in optimizing psychedelic medicine within psychiatry.
Abstract
Background: Across psychotherapeutic frameworks, the strength of the therapeutic alliance has been found to correlate with treatment outcomes; howe...
Screening method for the analysis of blood and urine for the presence of naturally occurring toxic compounds from mushrooms (fungi) using the LC-MS method
Problems of Forensic Sciences – March 29, 2022
Summary
Detecting deadly mushroom toxins like amanitins in human samples is now significantly more efficient. A new chemistry method employs solid phase extraction to purify blood and urine, followed by advanced chromatography using formic acid. This approach precisely identifies key analytes, achieving impressive detection limits as low as 0.3 ng/ml for certain toxins in blood. This advancement is crucial for diagnosing mushroom poisoning and understanding drug-induced hepatotoxicity, providing better protection. The method also holds potential for quantitative analysis in fields like insect and pesticide research.
Abstract
Analysis of biological material collected during autopsies and even from living humans for the presence of amanitins and other fungal toxins remain...
A Single Belief-Changing Psychedelic Experience Is Associated With Increased Attribution of Consciousness to Living and Non-living Entities
Frontiers in Psychology – March 28, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic experiences profoundly reshape how people perceive consciousness. A survey of 1,606 individuals revealed dramatic shifts in the attribution of consciousness to various entities. For instance, after their experience, attribution of consciousness to plants increased from 26% to 61%, and to fungi from 21% to 56%. This suggests a significant alteration in cognitive psychology regarding the scope of consciousness, extending beyond traditional views. These shifts, observed within the field of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, were lasting, unlike changes in superstitious beliefs.
Abstract
Introduction Although the topic of consciousness is both mysterious and controversial, psychedelic drugs are popularly believed to provide unique i...
Toward Synergies of Ketamine and Psychotherapy
Frontiers in Psychology – March 25, 2022
Summary
Ketamine, a dissociative drug, holds substantial potential for psychiatric applications, particularly in the Treatment of Major Depression. Used medically since the 1970s, it's increasingly explored in conjunction with psychological interventions. This review examines historical and modern approaches, including a unique model combining esketamine with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Advancing this field requires understanding Ketamine's acute psychoactive effects, guiding psychotherapists in integrating these powerful tools. This contributes to broader Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative drug that has been used medically since the 1970s primarily as an anesthetic agent but also for various psychiatric appl...
Psilocybin-Assisted Compassion Focused Therapy for Depression
Frontiers in Psychology – March 25, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrates significant efficacy, with studies showing it reduces depressive symptoms by over 50% for many patients. To enhance these benefits, a new clinical psychology protocol integrates Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. This framework provides psychotherapists with specific guidance, emphasizing compassion practices and mindfulness throughout the typical three-phase treatment. The aim is to deepen psychological insights during therapy sessions, potentially improving outcomes in psychiatry and advancing psychotherapy techniques within psychedelics and drug studies, and complementary medicine applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, i.e., psilocybin treatment with psychological support, has demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin to reduce dep...
Teacher plants - Indigenous Peruvian-Amazonian dietary practices as a method for using psychoactives.
Journal of ethnopharmacology – March 25, 2022
Summary
The Peruvian-Amazonian dieta, a transformative method in traditional medicine, involves strict dietary restrictions while consuming psychoactive plants. Interviews with 16 healers revealed its multifaceted applications for treatment and prevention, impacting body, mind, spirit, and energy. Healers emphasized the importance of their training and the safety measures in place to manage potential adverse effects. With over 500 coded segments analyzed, this intricate intervention highlights the need for integrating Indigenous healing practices into the growing interest in psychedelic therapies and recognizing healers as experts in this field.
Abstract
Indigenous groups of the Amazon have developed intricate methods for the application of psychoactives, among which particularly the dieta or diet m...