1662 results for "LSD"
A study of the role of noradrenaline in behavioural changes produced in the rat by psychotomimetic drugs
British Journal of Pharmacology – February 01, 1969
Summary
Psilocybin and other hallucinogens profoundly affect brain chemistry and behavior. These psychotomimetic compounds, including LSD-25, reduced noradrenaline in the rat hypothalamus. They retarded an avoidance response, while JB-329 enhanced it. Behavioral effects peaked around 1.5 hours post-injection, considerably earlier than the 3-hour peak for noradrenaline changes. Doses influencing behavior were often lower than those altering noradrenaline levels. Pharmacology shows Reserpine pretreatment can shorten drug-induced excitation, highlighting complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, crucial for Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
LSD‐25, psilocybin and JB‐329 reduced the noradrenaline content of the rat hypothalamus. All three drugs affected the acquisition of a conditioned ...
Functional imaging investigation of psychedelic visual imagery
Spiral (Imperial College London) – October 01, 2019
Summary
Psychedelics induce vivid **mental image** experiences, making the visual system mimic real-world perception even with eyes closed. **Psychology** investigations with 15 subjects on 75 µg LSD revealed increased visual cortex connectivity and patterns matching neural **Cartography** (retinotopic mapping), similar to **Computer vision**. This active **Cognitive psychology** processing, relevant to **Artificial intelligence** and **Aesthetic Perception and Analysis**, creates these **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** visions. 9 subjects on 2mg psilocybin also showed hierarchical visual cortex activation during imagery onset.
Abstract
Psychedelics can induce eyes-closed imagery in which various visions can be experienced. These visions vary from simple geometrical patterns, to mo...
Commentary on Keyes and Patrick: Changes in psychedelic use in the United States may require changes in our narrative of psychedelic harms
Addiction – November 02, 2023
Summary
Drug studies reveal a near doubling in non-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) hallucinogen use among 19-30 year olds from 2018-2021. While some perceive this as a health concern, this increase, largely involving psilocybin and other psychedelics, occurred primarily in higher socio-economic groups. Psychology insights suggest infrequent hallucinogen use, unlike phencyclidine, may correlate with improved well-being and lower psychopathology, challenging negative narratives. Monitoring these trends is crucial, but potential benefits might outweigh perceived risks for this demographic.
Abstract
Given the shifting public perception of psilocybin and associated legal changes, the increase in use observed by Keyes and Patrick is not surprisin...
Italian psychedelic therapies of the past century: An historical overview
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2023
Summary
Italy holds the 20th-century world record for clinical studies using psilocybin and lysergic acid amide. New documentation reveals at least 60 pioneering Italian clinical studies (1927-1966) with hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide. Psychiatrists administered the first 500 mcg LSD dose to humans, demonstrating early chemical synthesis and alkaloids application. Successful medicine involved 3 mg psilocybin for depression. This history significantly impacts Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, challenging the psychotomimetic view and informing psychotherapists and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
In recent years, the historical record of psychedelic therapy in Europe and the Americas has undergone considerable revision. In this article, we c...
AVANÇOS NO TRATAMENTO DE TRANSTORNOS MENTAIS: Uma análise bibliométrica global da pesquisa sobre psicodélicos clássicos
Psicologia e Saúde em Debate – October 18, 2024
Summary
Research into classic psychedelics for mental health treatment is experiencing a dramatic global surge. An analysis of 4,235 publications from 91 countries reveals a strong, accelerating trend in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Publications on LSD and psilocybin, central to Psychology and Mental Health, show particularly robust growth, with yearly increases correlating strongly at 0.92 and 0.94 respectively. This expanding evidence base offers new avenues for psychotherapists seeking innovative therapeutic options.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics are being globally investigated for their therapeutic potential in mental disorders, however, the literature offers little inf...
Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: Outcomes from a Large-Scale Compassionate Use Cohort in Switzerland
OpenAlex – December 01, 2025
Summary
Real-world data reveals significant improvements in mental health following psychedelic-assisted therapy. Among 115 adults (56.5% female) with treatment-resistant depression or anxiety, a single session with LSD or psilocybin led to substantial symptom reduction. Depressive symptoms decreased with a large effect (partial η² = 0.42), and anxiety symptoms showed a medium effect reduction (partial η² = 0.17). Participants also reported better emotional regulation, including less self-blame and more positive refocusing. The therapy was well-tolerated, with only mild, transient adverse events and no serious complications.
Abstract
Abstract Background Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin show promising antidepressant effects in controlled trials, but re...
Natural language analysis of the structure of altered states of consciousness
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – May 17, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like salvia and ketamine show remarkable similarities in content to non-drug methods of inducing altered states of consciousness (ASC), based on an analysis of 300 narrative reports. Most psychedelics, excluding LSD, were associated with positive and authentic experiences, with authenticity linked to a positive sentiment (R = 0.68). The study identified themes that trace the journey from ordinary awareness to profound metaphysical experiences, suggesting a structured understanding of ASC across various induction techniques, which could enhance future explorations in psychology and linguistics.
Abstract
Abstract Background and aims Altered states of consciousness (ASC) represent acute and marked deviations from normal waking consciousness. Investig...
Discriminative stimulus effects of the optical isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 01, 1992
Summary
Isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) demonstrated distinct stimulus control in rats, with 1.25 mg/kg doses leading to significant drug lever selection. Both (-) and (+) MDA maintained appropriate responding for over 90 minutes, and cross-substitution occurred with MDMA isomers. Notably, the hallucinogen LSD substituted for both MDA isomers, while amphetamine and cocaine showed no similar effects. The findings suggest that (-) MDA may exhibit stronger hallucinogenic properties than (+) MDA, with its effects leaning more towards serotonergic activity.
Abstract
The isomers of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) functioned as discriminative stimuli in rats trained to discriminate either (-) MDA (1.25mg/kg) ...
Lysergic acid diethylamide induces behavioral changes in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Neuroscience letters – August 10, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD affect tiny worms similarly to humans, revealing shared brain chemistry across species. Scientists found that when C. elegans worms were exposed to LSD, their movement slowed significantly, mimicking serotonin's natural calming effects. The changes occurred through specific serotonin receptors, particularly SER-4, showing how these ancient neural pathways respond to psychedelic compounds.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a synthetic psychedelic compound with potential therapeutic value for psychiatric disorders. This study aims to...
I like the old stuff better than the new stuff? Subjective experiences of new psychoactive substances.
The International journal on drug policy – February 01, 2017
Summary
Not all new psychoactive substances capture user interest equally. Researchers explored how frequent psychostimulant consumers subjectively rated newer substances against traditional drugs. While stimulant-type NPS like mephedrone were less appealing than ecstasy, DMT stood out. It offered similar pleasurable effects to LSD but with fewer negative experiences, suggesting a higher potential for user appeal among new psychoactive substances. Other newer hallucinogens, however, were rated less favorably than LSD.
Abstract
Over the past decade, monitoring systems have identified the rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS). While the use of many NPS is min...
Persistence of lysergic acid diethylamide in the plasma of human subjects
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – September 01, 1964
Summary
A significant finding reveals that after administering two micrograms per kilogram of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) intravenously to five normal human subjects, the drug was detected in substantial amounts during its peak effect. Plasma levels were measured over an 8-hour period, indicating a prolonged presence of LSD-25. Notably, the calculated half-life of LSD-25 in human plasma was 175 minutes, highlighting its persistence and potential implications for pharmacology and endocrinology within the context of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Two micrograms per kilogram of LSD‐25 was administered intravenously to five normal human subjects. The concentration of drug in plasma was determi...
Comparison of strength and adulteration between illicit drugs obtained from cryptomarkets versus off-line.
Addiction (Abingdon, England) – January 01, 2025
Summary
Online drug markets show surprising quality control: substances purchased through cryptomarkets often contain fewer adulterants and higher purity than street drugs. Testing of over 60,000 drug samples revealed cocaine and MDMA powder from digital sources were consistently stronger and less contaminated. However, results varied by substance, with some drugs showing opposite trends.
Abstract
Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off-line. The present ...
The changing outlook of psychedelic drugs: The importance of risk assessment and occupational exposure limits
Journal of Applied Toxicology – August 30, 2023
Summary
Occupational exposure limits for potent hallucinogens like psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide are remarkably low. New pharmacology guidelines set limits at 0.05 μg/m³ for psilocybin and 0.002 μg/m³ for Lysergic acid diethylamide, highlighting their hazardous nature. These serotonergic psychedelics are explored in medicine for anxiety and other psychology/psychiatry conditions. Understanding their adverse effect profiles and Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for workplace safety. This area of Psychedelics and Drug Studies emphasizes stringent controls to prevent unintended psychedelic effects, a critical aspect of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and 5‐methoxy‐ N , N ‐dimethylt...
Unequal representation? A cross-sectional analysis of age, sex, race, and ethnicity in clinical trials of classic psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 11, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin clinical trials, a key area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveal a significant lack of diversity. Across eight psilocybin trials (n=501), 87.2% of participants were White, while Black individuals constituted only 3.0% and Asian individuals 5.0%. Among those reporting ethnicity (n=134), 13.4% were Hispanic or Latino. This limited representation in clinical psychology and psychiatry trials raises serious questions about the generalizability of these hallucinogen therapies across the broader population. Ensuring equitable access and understanding true safety and efficacy in medicine requires broader inclusion of every ethnic group.
Abstract
Background: Although classic psychedelic trials show therapeutic potential, the limited diversity of participants raises concerns about generalizab...
Decreased mental time travel to the past correlates with default-mode network disintegration under lysergic acid diethylamide
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2016
Summary
A fascinating insight reveals how a specific compound can quiet the mind's tendency to dwell on the past. Volunteers received the compound or placebo in a controlled setting. Brain scans and verbal reports showed it significantly reduced mental journeys into one's past, correlating with changes in a brain network linked to self-reflection. This offers a promising avenue for treating conditions marked by excessive rumination.
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of LSD on mental time travel during spontaneous mentation. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-co...
The Use of Classic Hallucinogens/Psychedelics in a Therapeutic Context: Healthcare Policy Opportunities and Challenges
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy – March 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin and other hallucinogens show promise in psychiatry, offering rapid, enduring relief for severe mental disorders using single or few doses. Historically used in ritual contexts, like Ayahuasca, these psychedelics are now gaining medical interest for their antidepressant and anti-addictive effects. Pharmacology reveals their action on 5-HT2A receptors. Integrating them into medicine faces hurdles due to social stigma and scheduling, despite ethical concerns about denying access. Dialogue between psychology, industry, and policy is crucial to harness their therapeutic potential for treating addiction and other conditions.
Abstract
Psychedelics or serotonergic hallucinogens are a group of substances that share the agonism of serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors as their main mechanis...
Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 14, 2012
Summary
Danish hallucinogen users display extensive polysubstance dependence, consuming an average of 12.6 psychoactive substances lifetime. A Psychology study of 98 individuals revealed common simultaneous use patterns. Among MDMA users, 69% mixed it with amphetamines, 56% with other hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was combined with an average of 2.1 additional substances across 32 unique combinations, hinting at a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides insights relevant to Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlighting precise drug combination preferences.
Abstract
Objective To describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Ecstasy”) and halluc...
The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy
Psychiatric News – March 31, 2021
Summary
The push to revive psychedelics like psilocybin, lauded for therapeutic potential, risks a public health tragedy akin to the opioid crisis. Despite grassroots decriminalization efforts and psychology insights, hallucinogens present significant concerns. MDMA saw lifetime use by 5-10% of the population, with one lab distributing 500,000 doses monthly before government restrictions. Lessons from political science and public relations failures in drug studies are vital. Unchecked politics and marketing could repeat the 450,000 opioid deaths in 20 years.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessThe Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent TragedyStanley N. Ca...
125I-lysergic acid diethylamide binds to a novel serotonergic site on rat choroid plexus epithelial cells
Journal of Neuroscience – December 01, 1985
Summary
A novel serotonergic binding site in the rat choroid plexus exhibits a remarkable density of 3,100 fmol/mg of protein, ten times higher than any other serotonergic site in brain tissues. This unique site, localized to epithelial cells, shows distinct pharmacological properties that do not align with traditional serotonergic receptors like 5-HT1a or 5-HT2. Binding is strongly inhibited by compounds such as mianserin and serotonin, while other neurotransmitter agonists demonstrate only moderate affinities. This discovery could reshape our understanding of serotonin's role in brain disorders and internal medicine.
Abstract
125I-Lysergic acid diethylamide (125I-LSD) binds with high affinity to serotonergic sites on rat choroid plexus. These sites were localized to chor...
Pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances
edoc (University of Basel) – January 01, 2016
Summary
Norepinephrine plays a crucial role in the cardiostimulant effects of MDMA, with findings showing that bupropion pretreatment decreased MDMA-induced norepinephrine elevations and heart rate response in a study involving 16 healthy participants. Contrary to expectations, bupropion did not reduce MDMA's subjective effects, suggesting that dopamine release may not significantly contribute to MDMA's mood-enhancing properties. Additionally, the research explored novel psychoactive substances (NPS), revealing that compounds like para-halogenated amphetamines are more serotonergic than their non-halogenated counterparts, indicating varied potential for abuse and effects on neurotransmitter systems.
Abstract
This PhD work consists of an in vitro and in vivo part. In the in vivo part, we investigated the role of dopamine in the acute clinical effects of ...
Serotonergic Psychedelics Rapidly Modulate Evoked Glutamate Release in Cultured Cortical Neurons
Journal of Neurochemistry – February 28, 2025
Summary
Serotonergic psychedelics like LSD rapidly alter how primary rat cortical neurons communicate. This Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research found these compounds reduced the fraction of chemical messengers released within 3-30 minutes. This transient effect, gone after 24 hours, varied. DMT only reduced the total supply, while LSD and psilocin also impacted readily available packets. Psilocin increased glutamate release, hinting at complex interactions with glutamate receptor systems. Such Chemistry and Drug Studies on Serotonin's influence via these alkaloids illuminate their therapeutic potential.
Abstract
ABSTRACT The serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD and DMT hold great promise for the development of new treatments for psychiatric conditions ...
Associations between psychedelic use and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative sample.
Drug and alcohol dependence – January 01, 2025
Summary
Recent findings reveal an unexpected connection between psychedelic use and problematic marijuana habits. Analysis of nationwide health surveys shows that people who used psilocybin mushrooms or LSD were roughly twice as likely to develop cannabis-related issues. While DMT, ketamine, and MDMA were also studied, the strongest links were with classic psychedelics. This challenges assumptions about psychedelics' potential role in addiction treatment.
Abstract
Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) is an increasingly prevalent disorder affecting millions of Americans each year. Psychedelic compounds have recently be...
Systematic characterization of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide metabolites in Caenorhabditis elegans by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
Journal of chromatography. A – October 11, 2023
Summary
Scientists mapped how tiny worms process LSD, revealing new insights into how psychedelics interact with living systems. Using advanced chemical analysis (UHPLC-HRMS/MS), researchers tracked how C. elegans breaks down LSD, identifying key metabolic pathways. This breakthrough provides valuable insights for understanding psychedelic metabolism in biological systems.
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds have gained renewed interest for their potential therapeutic applications, but their metabolism and effects on complex biolog...
Systems-level analysis of local field potentials reveals differential effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and ketamine on neuronal activity and functional connectivity.
Frontiers in neuroscience – January 01, 2023
Summary
Breakthrough brain recordings reveal distinct neural signatures of two powerful mind-altering compounds. While both LSD and ketamine alter consciousness, they do so through different neurological mechanisms. Using advanced in vivo neurophysiology, researchers measured brain activity patterns and neural communication in rodents. LSD, a classic psychedelic, decreased brain network connectivity without changing overall neural activity. Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, both increased neural firing and reduced connectivity between brain regions.
Abstract
Psychedelic substances have in recent years attracted considerable interest as potential treatments for several psychiatric conditions, including d...
Synergistic, Multi-level Understanding of Psychedelics: Three Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Their Pharmacology, Neuroimaging and Phenomenology
OpenAlex – October 07, 2023
Summary
LSD induces more profound visionary experiences than psilocybin, a key finding from a meta-analysis exploring how these serotonergic hallucinogens alter consciousness. This neuroscience review, spanning psychology and neuroimaging, reveals psychedelics strengthen brain connectivity *between* networks while reducing it *within* networks. In terms of chemical synthesis, LSD also generates more inositol phosphate at the 5-HT 2A receptor than DMT and psilocin. This integrated understanding of neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior offers insights into potential addiction treatments, advancing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disor...
1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes: conformationally restricted hallucinogenic phenethylamine analogues as functionally selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
Journal of medicinal chemistry – September 21, 2006
Summary
A new compound mimics how hallucinogens bind to brain receptors. Researchers synthesized restricted versions of phenethylamines, predicting one's potency through virtual modeling. This compound, (R)-2, proved as potent as LSD in animal models, effectively activating specific signaling pathways. Crucially, it showed significantly higher activity in one pathway over another, suggesting it might produce desired receptor effects without the intoxicating properties of traditional hallucinogens.
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted analogues of the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, 2C-B) was synthesize...
Behavioral effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and dose-dependent antagonism by BC-105.
Psychopharmacology – January 01, 1983
Summary
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-OMeDMT) significantly influenced behavior in rats, with doses of 1.0-3.0 mg/kg reducing response rates under a variable-interval schedule. Notably, 1.5 mg/kg 5-OMeDMT decreased responses, an effect blocked by the serotonin antagonist BC-105, indicating a dose-dependent relationship. In discrimination tests, rats trained on 1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg 5-OMeDMT showed generalization to LSD, with BC-105's antagonism also varying by LSD dosage. These findings highlight the critical role of dosing in understanding 5-OMeDMT's effects.
Abstract
The discriminative effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-OMeDMT) were studied in rats trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg 5-OMe...
The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin shows subtle cognitive benefits, potentially offering new avenues for depression treatment. A review of 14 experimental drug studies found small doses (e.g., 10-20 mcg LSD) subtly improve thinking and affect brain regions. While generally well-tolerated with minimal physiological impact, some users experience increased anxiety or mood cycling. These pharmacological effects suggest microdosing could foster cognitive flexibility, potentially reducing rumination—a key aspect of psychological distress. Understanding its therapeutic value as an alternative psychiatric approach warrants continued medical inquiry.
Abstract
Microdosing psychedelics is the repeated use of small doses of, for example, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, typically for a few w...
Psychedelics and Hallucinogens in Psychiatry: Finding New PharmacologicalTargets
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry – December 02, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduced obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in a small sample, highlighting the potential of psychedelics and hallucinogens in psychiatry. Ayahuasca, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and psilocybin show promise for depression and anxiety, with psilocybin also aiding tobacco addiction and LSD assisting alcohol use disorders. These substances, explored in drug studies, appear safe. Their influence on neurotransmitter receptors, like 5HT2A, and brain connectivity changes, identified through biochemical analysis, offer new avenues in psychology and addiction treatment, despite current studies having small samples.
Abstract
Background: The therapeutic options for neurobehavioral disorders are still limited, and in many cases, they lack a satisfactory balance between ef...
Molecular docking and binding interaction between psychedelic drugs and human serum albumin
BioTechnologia – June 16, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drugs like LSD and psilocybin strongly bind to human serum albumin, a key plasma protein. Using computational biology, all six tested psychedelics interact with serum albumin, influencing their pharmacology. LSD showed the highest binding energy at -7.6 kcal/mol, with psilocybin at -6.5 kcal/mol. These protein interaction studies, vital for drug studies and chemistry, highlight albumin's role as a biodistributor. Such insights are often complemented by analytical chemistry, chromatography, and fluorescence analysis.
Abstract
Drug-plasma protein interaction is a critical concern in monitoring drug circulation and drug-drug interactions. The present study aimed to investi...
To treat or not to treat? High-potency benzodiazepine use in a case of comorbid hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and alcohol use disorder.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – September 01, 2022
Summary
Visual hallucinations can persist for over 20 years after Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use, a key finding in Psychology and Psychiatry. One 37-year-old experienced halos and moving walls, even with a history of Cannabis use. These severe perception disturbances, characteristic of a Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, resolved with Clonazepam, a Benzodiazepine. This case from Psychedelics and Drug Studies highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis, distinguishing such visual phenomena from other hallucinations in medical conditions to ensure proper treatment, especially when Psilocybin or LSD are involved.
Abstract
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is characterized by visual disturbances that resemble psychedelic intoxication and linger after ...
Transcriptome Fingerprints Distinguish Hallucinogenic and Nonhallucinogenic 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A Receptor Agonist Effects in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex
Journal of Neuroscience – October 01, 2003
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induce distinct brain responses. Neuroscience and Biology reveal different Receptor agonists, acting on the 5-HT2A Receptor, establish unique signal transduction patterns. A Pharmacology and Cell biology transcriptome assay showed distinct fingerprints in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. In mice, LSD stimulated a head-twitch, absent with non-hallucinogens or in null-mutant mice. Unique somatosensory system transcriptome changes link specific drug effects (Psychedelics and Drug Studies) to Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling, influencing Behavior.
Abstract
Most neuropharmacological agents and many drugs of abuse modulate the activity of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Although the effects of...
Hallucinogen use in the United States, 2021-2023: Diverging trends and subgroup patterns.
Drug and alcohol dependence reports – March 01, 2026
Summary
Despite overall hallucinogen use remaining stable at around 2.8% from 2021-2023, national substance use trends show a significant shift. Epidemiology data from ages 12+ reveal LSD use declined from 0.88% to 0.58%, while ketamine use, another psychedelic, increased from 1.61% to 1.91%. This indicates evolving patterns among hallucinogens, with ketamine's prevalence rising (adjusted odds ratio 1.11 annually) as LSD's falls (adjusted odds ratio 0.83 annually). These substance use trends highlight changing preferences, influencing public health strategies.
Abstract
While interest in the therapeutic and recreational use of hallucinogens has increased, national surveillance often reports use in aggregate, potent...
Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Illicit Drug Use Among Students1
Journal of Applied Social Psychology – August 01, 2003
Summary
Intentions to use illicit drugs like LSD, amphetamine, cannabis, and ecstasy can be predicted effectively using the theory of planned behavior. In a study with 461 students, intentions were explained by descriptive norms (mean R² = .49) and moral norms specifically for cannabis. Attitude variability influenced intentions for LSD and ecstasy, while perceived behavioral control moderated the relationship between intentions and actual drug use across all substances. These findings highlight the complex interplay of social influences and personal attitudes in substance use behavior.
Abstract
This study employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to investigate the factors underlying intentions to use and use of LSD, amphetamine, canna...
Phencyclidine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Mescaline: Cerebral Artery Spasms and Hallucinogenic Activity
Science – May 29, 1981
Summary
PCP, LSD, and mescaline induced significant contraction in isolated cerebral arteries, with LSD showing the highest potency. In a sample of isolated arteries, all three substances caused cerebrovasospasm at concentrations that align with their psychotomimetic effects. Notably, PCP's contractile response was similar to levels found in individuals who suffered fatal overdoses. Importantly, verapamil, a calcium antagonist, effectively prevented and reversed PCP-induced vasospasm, suggesting its potential as a treatment for PCP intoxication. This highlights distinct receptors for PCP in cerebral blood vessels.
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and mescaline produced potent contractile responses on isolated basilar and middle cerebral ...
PSYCHOTOMIMETICS, CLINICAL AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS: HARMINE, WIN-2299 AND NALLINE
American Journal of Psychiatry – April 01, 1957
Summary
Harmine, Win-2299, and Nalline induce mental effects in individuals with schizophrenia that closely resemble those from mescaline and LSD. In a sample of 100 participants, these psychotomimetics produced drowsiness and hypnagogic visual hallucinations at varying dosages. Unlike mescaline and LSD, which typically do not cause sleepiness, the effects of these substances suggest an acute toxic reaction. Notably, the chemical structure does not require an indole nucleus, indicating that different molecular components can influence hallucinogenic responses.
Abstract
Harmine, Win-2299, and Nalline in single dosage produce many new mental effects in schizophrenics grossly similar to those elicited by mescaline an...
Effects of serotonergic psychedelics on synaptogenesis and immediate early genes expression - comparison with ketamine, fluoxetine and lithium.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – May 28, 2025
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocin can rewire brain connections similarly to established psychiatric medications. New research shows psilocin promotes neuroplasticity and new neural connections as effectively as ketamine and lithium - outperforming traditional antidepressants. While DMT and LSD showed minimal effects, psilocin triggered specific brain proteins linked to learning and memory formation.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that psychedelics can induce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects. The generally acknowledged explanation for the...
Anaesthetic implications of psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide: what is old is now new: A narrative review on psychedelics and anaesthesia.
European journal of anaesthesiology – May 01, 2025
Summary
As psychedelic medicines enter mainstream treatment for mental health, their interaction with anesthesia becomes increasingly important. These substances affect serotonin receptors in the brain, potentially impacting blood pressure and heart rate during surgery. Notably, LSD can enhance pain medication effects and influence muscle relaxants, while psilocybin may affect stress hormone levels. Anesthesiologists now recommend delaying non-urgent surgeries until these substances clear the system.
Abstract
Psychedelic drugs, known for their perception-altering properties, are gaining popularity in the treatment of mental health and pain disorders. As ...
Psychedelics as an intervention for psychological, existential distress in terminally ill patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 10, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics significantly alleviate anxiety and distress in terminally ill individuals, according to a meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials involving 606 participants. These hallucinogens reduced depression (SMD -0.80) and anxiety (SMD -0.84). Psilocybin, an alkaloid, emerged as most effective for depression, while LSD showed promise for anxiety. This review, relevant to clinical psychology and psychiatry, highlights the therapeutic potential of such compounds, often administered by a psychotherapist, for end-of-life care, with comparable safety.
Abstract
Background: The interest in psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for existential distress of people with terminal illness grounds on their me...
Synergistic, multi-level understanding of psychedelics: three systematic reviews and meta-analyses of their pharmacology, neuroimaging and phenomenology.
Translational psychiatry – December 04, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like LSD produce stronger visual experiences than psilocybin, while uniquely rewiring brain connectivity patterns. This comprehensive analysis reveals how these substances affect consciousness at multiple levels - from brain chemistry to subjective experience. Different psychedelics create distinct neural "fingerprints," though they share core mechanisms through serotonin receptors. The findings highlight how these compounds alter mental states through complex brain network changes.
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics induce altered states of consciousness and have shown potential for treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, inc...
Snapshot of 5-HT 2A receptor activation in the mouse brain via IP 1 detection.
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology – October 12, 2024
Summary
Scientists have discovered a new way to track how psychedelic drugs like LSD affect specific brain receptors. The research shows that psychedelic and non-psychedelic substances trigger different responses in the brain's serotonin system. By measuring a specific brain chemical called IP1, researchers can now distinguish between true psychedelics and similar compounds, offering insights into how these substances create their unique effects.
Abstract
The distinct subjective effects that define psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin or DOI as drug class are causally linked to activation of the sero...
Efficacy and safety of psychedelics for the treatment of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Psychiatry research – May 01, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking meta-analysis reveals psychedelics show remarkable promise in treating mental disorders, with psilocybin leading the way. Analysis of 126 studies found these substances effectively reduce depression and anxiety symptoms, with minimal safety concerns. While psilocybin showed strongest results, ayahuasca, MDMA, and LSD also demonstrated significant therapeutic benefits. Most patients reported only mild side effects like headaches.
Abstract
We aim to systematically review and meta-analyze the effectiveness and safety of psychedelics [psilocybin, ayahuasca (active component DMT), LSD an...
Microdosing psychedelics and the risk of cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy: Comparison to known cardiotoxins
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 12, 2024
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics, popular in psychology, carries unknown long-term cardiac health risks. Regular use, often 2-4 times weekly for months or years, raises a significant medical concern. Compounds like LSD and psilocybin structurally resemble drugs known to cause cardiac fibrosis and valvulopathy, a critical issue in internal medicine. This risk stems from their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, specifically the 5-HT2B receptor. Understanding these effects is crucial for future Psychedelics and Drug Studies and informs physical medicine.
Abstract
Though microdosing psychedelics has become increasingly popular, its long-term effects on cardiac health remain unknown. Microdosing most commonly ...
Analytical and behavioral characterization of N-ethyl-N-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA), an isomer of N6 -ethylnorlysergic acid N,N-diethylamide (ETH-LAD).
Drug testing and analysis – February 01, 2024
Summary
A newly studied psychedelic compound shows promising similarity to LSD, with about half its potency. Scientists analyzed EIPLA, one of many new psychoactive substances, finding it produces similar effects to classic psychedelics. Lab tests of blotters revealed precise doses, while animal studies confirmed the substance triggers characteristic behaviors associated with serotonergic compounds.
Abstract
Preclinical investigations have shown that N-ethyl-N-isopropyllysergamide (EIPLA) exhibits lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-like properties, which ...
Race and Gender Differences in the Moderating Relationship of Psychedelics on Stigma and Distress
Psychedelic Medicine – April 22, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic use, including psilocybin and LSD, is linked to reduced psychological distress stemming from mental health stigma, according to an analysis of 458,372 individuals. This finding, relevant to clinical psychology, suggests potential benefits for mental well-being. However, the impact varies significantly; White men show stronger associations between lifetime psychedelic use and lower distress from stigma. For other groups, including women and individuals of different race/ethnicity, these associations are less pronounced. The influence of these substances on neurotransmitter receptors, often involving tryptophan-derived compounds, may alter social psychology related to stigma, but benefits are not universal.
Abstract
Objective: Prior research has found an association between psychedelic use and reduced stigma attached to mental illness. However, whether psychede...
Prodrugs of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A New Challenge.
Journal of forensic sciences – May 01, 2020
Summary
Many substances are designed to be inactive until the body converts them into active compounds. This mechanism creates a new forensic challenge with 'prodrugs' of new psychoactive substances (NPS). For instance, compounds like 1-propanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1p-lsd), 2cb-aminonitrile (2c-b-an), or psilacetin, complicate detection by releasing their active forms only after metabolism. Recognizing these evolving prodrugs is crucial for accurate forensic and toxicological analysis, enhancing our ability to identify them effectively.
Abstract
The concept of a substance acting as a prodrug for an intended drug is not new and has been known and utilized with particular benefits within medi...
American Trip
The MIT Press eBooks – July 14, 2020
Summary
The nature of psychedelics like Psilocybin in midcentury America was profoundly shaped by historical and social forces. From CIA LSD experiments to the Harvard Psilocybin Project, the user's mindset and surrounding environment—the "set and setting"—determined whether they were seen as therapeutic medicines or dangerous drugs. This era's unique context, encompassing the counterculture, politics, and psychology, influenced perceptions. Figures like Timothy Leary illustrate how collective suggestion, incorporating aesthetics and religious studies, created a distinct "American trip," revealing the deep sociological and psychological interplay defining psychedelic experiences.
Abstract
How historical, social, and cultural forces shaped the psychedelic experience in midcentury America, from CIA LSD experiments the Harvard Psilocybi...
Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 28, 2020
Summary
Individuals microdosing hallucinogens like psilocybin were significantly less likely to report anxiety disorders (OR = 0.61) or substance use disorders (OR = 0.17). A survey of 909 people explored the demographics of this population, with most using LSD (59.3%) or psilocybin (25.9%) at sub-hallucinogenic doses. While offering insights for psychiatry and potential medicine, these psychedelics and drug studies also found microdosers were over five times more likely (OR = 5.2) to use other recreational substances. Understanding these chemical synthesis alkaloids requires biochemical analysis.
Abstract
Rationale: Microdosing psychedelics – the practice of consuming small, sub-hallucinogenic doses of substances such as LSD or psilocybin – is gainin...
Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2019
Summary
Serotonergic hallucinogens like psilocybin significantly reduce the recognition of negative facial expressions, a key aspect of cognitive psychology. A review of 8 studies, from 62 identified in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, revealed that drugs such as LSD modulate amygdala activity. This neuroscience finding suggests a neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, potentially aiding psychotherapists. These compounds, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, were well-tolerated and correlated with antidepressive effects, offering promising insights for psychotherapeutic applications.
Abstract
Background: Recognition of emotions in facial expressions (REFE) is a key aspect of social cognition. Anxiety and mood disorders are associated wit...
Rise of the Mushrooms: Effects of Psilocybin Reforms on Psychedelic Usage Patterns
Journal of Public Policy & Marketing – July 16, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin reforms are significantly altering how individuals use hallucinogens. Analysis of extensive drug use panel data from the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future project reveals a clear substitution: as access to psilocybin, a natural alkaloid, increases, use of LSD and MDMA declines. This trend, critical for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and public psychology, suggests health benefits due to psilocybin's lower risks. However, the burgeoning business and marketing interest, fueled by venture capital, demands careful advertising and consumer safety considerations within this emerging drug market.
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between psilocybin reforms and usage patterns of prevalent psychedelics in the United States. Given decriminal...