1662 results for "LSD"
Acute effects of LSD on amygdala activity during processing of fearful stimuli in healthy subjects
Translational Psychiatry – April 04, 2017
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly alters emotional processing. A Neuroscience study on 20 healthy individuals revealed 100 µg LSD reduced Amygdala and Prefrontal cortex reactivity to fearful faces versus placebo. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation, relevant to Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, illuminates brain function across sensory domains, including those explored in Audiology. Biochemical analysis confirmed LSD levels. The Amygdala's diminished response correlated with stronger subjective drug effects, pointing to Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) induces profound changes in various mental domains, including perception, self-awareness and emotions. We...
LSD Administered as a Single Dose Reduces Alcohol Consumption in C57BL/6J Mice
Frontiers in Pharmacology – August 31, 2018
Summary
A significant reduction in alcohol consumption was observed in male mice treated with 50 μg/kg of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), showing a 17.9% decrease sustained over 46 days. In a study involving adult C57BL/6J mice, those given LSD drank less ethanol compared to controls, while no effects were noted at the 25 μg/kg dosage. These findings suggest that classical hallucinogens could be valuable in exploring new treatments for alcohol use disorder and understanding addiction's neurobiology.
Abstract
There is a substantive clinical literature on classical hallucinogens, most commonly lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for the treatment of alcohol ...
LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking
Journal of Psychopharmacology – February 01, 2022
Summary
LSD significantly enhances creativity, as shown in a study with 24 healthy volunteers. Participants experienced increased novelty and originality, alongside a 30% rise in semantic distances, indicating enhanced divergent thinking. However, utility and convergent thinking decreased by approximately 20%, suggesting a shift away from conventional problem-solving. Notably, LSD also promoted symbolic thinking, which could aid in psychedelic-assisted therapy. These findings highlight how psychedelics can transform cognitive resources, fostering innovative thought processes that break from traditional patterns and embrace the unexpected.
Abstract
Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualizati...
Comparative discriminative stimulus effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and LSD.
Life sciences – June 14, 1982
Summary
Rats demonstrated impressive discrimination abilities, achieving over 85% accuracy in identifying injections of 5-OMe DMT (1.5 mg/kg) and LSD (0.096 mg/kg) versus saline. Notably, the effects of 5-OMe DMT and LSD influenced each other, indicating a shared mechanism within the serotonergic system. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist BC-105 significantly reduced both drug responses, although its impact varied between the two substances. These findings suggest that while both drugs interact with similar receptors, their specific interactions may differ.
Abstract
Rats were trained to discriminate injections of either 5-OMe DMT (1.5 mg/kg) or LSD (0.096 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination ta...
[Mechanisms of action and therapeutic perspectives of LSD: Current status].
Biologie aujourd'hui – January 01, 2025
Summary
LSD uniquely modulates multiple brain systems, offering hope for rapid, sustained antidepressant effects. Studies reveal how psychedelics like LSD act as fast-acting antidepressants, especially for treatment-resistant depression. Findings suggest LSD enhances neuroplasticity, a promising path for dépression résistante au traitement, potentially complementing existing antidépresseurs à action rapide.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition affecting over 350 million individuals worldwide. Although conventional anti...
LSD in the Treatment of Alcoholics*
Pharmacopsychiatry – March 01, 1971
Summary
LSD, when combined with psychotherapy, showed promising results in treating alcoholism among 135 chronic alcoholics. Participants receiving 450 micrograms of LSD experienced significant improvements in drinking behavior and overall adjustment compared to those given 50 micrograms after six months. While the initial benefits diminished by 12 to 18 months, both groups outperformed typical outcomes for alcoholics not receiving LSD-assisted therapy. These findings highlight the potential of psychedelic peak therapy but underscore the need for strategies to maintain long-term gains in treatment efficacy.
Abstract
The use of LSD in the treatment of alcoholism has led to many claims concerning the drug's efficacy. Efforts to verify these reports in controlled ...
Neuropsychological Assessment of Undergraduate Marihuana and LSD Users
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1974
Summary
LSD and mescaline users performed significantly worse than marihuana/hashish users and controls on the Trail Making Test, a key measure of cognitive flexibility. With 120 college seniors participating across three groups, LSD/mescaline users scored within normal limits, yet their performance was notably poorer than the other groups. Importantly, alcohol use did not influence these results. While findings do not suggest organic dysfunction, they highlight the potential value of neuropsychological testing in understanding the cognitive effects of psychedelics like mescaline and LSD.
Abstract
An extended battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to three groups of college seniors (lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD]/mescaline use...
On-Line Immunoaffinity Extraction-Coupled Column Capillary Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Trace Analysis of LSD Analogs and Metabolites in Human Urine
Analytical Chemistry – January 01, 1996
Summary
An innovative method using online immunoaffinity extraction with capillary liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry has achieved groundbreaking sensitivity in detecting LSD and its metabolites. The system, analyzing human urine directly without pretreatment, reached detection limits as low as 2.5 parts per trillion (ppt), significantly surpassing the previous limit by 20-fold. With a sample size including LSD-positive specimens from users, this technique streamlines analysis while providing precise results, showcasing advancements in analytical chemistry and metabolomics using mass spectrometry techniques.
Abstract
An on-line immunoaffinity extraction-coupled column capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (IAE/LC/LC/MS/MS) method is described....
Detection of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – October 01, 1999
Summary
A highly sensitive method for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine achieved detection limits of 20 pg/mL and quantitation limits of 80 pg/mL using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Analyzing 5 mL of urine through solid-phase extraction, the method demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 20-2000 pg/mL with an impressive correlation coefficient of 0.999. Intraday and interday variability were minimal, with coefficients of variation under 6% and 13%, respectively, ensuring reliable results for quality-control specimens and LSD-positive samples.
Abstract
A confirmatory method for the detection and quantitation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is presented. The method employs gas chromatography-ta...
Crime and LSD: The Insanity Plea
American Journal of Psychiatry – October 01, 1969
Summary
Legal insanity determinations can be complex, especially in homicide cases linked to LSD use. Analyzing three murder cases, including one personally examined, highlights the unique challenges posed by psychedelics in forensic psychiatry. The authors propose five criteria to aid forensic evaluations, emphasizing distinctions between alcoholic intoxication and LSD-induced psychosis. This clarity is crucial for understanding voluntary intoxication's impact on criminal responsibility, ultimately shaping how plea defenses are constructed in the intersection of psychology, criminology, and human factors.
Abstract
The authors outline some of the problems involved in making a determination of legal insanity when a crime is committed following the use of LSD. T...
A highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for determining 15 designer LSD analogs in biological samples with application to stability studies.
The Analyst – January 13, 2025
Summary
Scientists have developed a groundbreaking method to detect minute traces of LSD and its designer variants in blood and urine samples. The technique is so sensitive it can identify quantities as small as 0.5 picograms - that's smaller than one trillionth of a gram. This advancement helps track new synthetic psychedelics and provides crucial insights into how these compounds break down in biological samples under different storage conditions.
Abstract
In recent years, the rise in the synthesis and distribution of LSD analogs in illicit drug markets, commonly referred to as "designer psychedelics"...
The Rise, Decline, and Fall of LSD
Perspectives in biology and medicine – June 01, 1991
Summary
The urge to transcend self, a core human appetite, led to LSD's profound societal impact after its 1943 discovery. This echoes the Fall of man, where humanity seeks lost spiritual connection. Ancient cultures, as seen in the 3,500-year-old Rig-Veda, integrated natural psychoactive agents into their Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices. LSD temporarily changed America's "brainscape" by the late 1960s, initially explored for medical uses. However, its widespread public use for instant spiritual experiences led to a 1965 ban, underscoring the complex quest for transcendence.
Abstract
THE RISE, DECLINE, AND FALL OF LSD ROBERT F. ULRICH and BERNARD M. PATTEN* The urge to transcend self-conscious selfhood is ... a principal appetit...
Detection of LSD and Metabolite in Rat Hair and Human Hair
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1996
Summary
LSD can be detected in hair even at low doses, with notable findings from a study involving rats. After administering doses as low as 0.05 mg/kg, LSD was found in the hair samples, while its metabolite, norLSD, appeared only at 2 mg/kg. In a separate analysis of hair from 17 self-reported LSD users, LSD was identified in 12% of samples. Advanced techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated effective detection of these substances, highlighting potential implications for monitoring exposure to drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
Abstract
To examine the feasibility of detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolites in hair, LSD was administered to rats with pigmented h...
LSD acutely impairs fear recognition and enhances emotional empathy and sociality
OpenAlex – August 24, 2016
Summary
LSD significantly enhances emotional empathy and social behavior, which could be beneficial in psychotherapy. In a study involving 40 healthy participants aged 25 to 65, a dose of 100 μg LSD boosted explicit and implicit empathy scores by 20% on the Multifaceted Empathy Test. Additionally, it increased prosocial behavior as measured by the Social Value Orientation test. However, recognition of sad and fearful faces was impaired. These findings suggest LSD's potential to improve emotional processing and social connections, making it a valuable tool for mental health interventions.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used recreationally and has been evaluated as an adjunct to psychotherapy to treat anxiety in patients with lif...
The acute effects of monoamine reuptake inhibitors on the stimulus effects of hallucinogens.
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior – July 01, 1999
Summary
It's intriguing how certain antidepressants can amplify the effects of hallucinogens. This investigation explored whether these common antidepressant medications enhance the discriminative effects of various hallucinogens beyond LSD. Using rats trained to recognize specific hallucinogen effects (LSD, DOM, ibogaine, 5-MeO-DMT), researchers introduced different antidepressants. The findings showed **positive results**: fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine significantly increased LSD-like responses. Similar enhancements were observed for DOM and ibogaine, with fluoxetine also boosting 5-MeO-DMT responses. This demonstrates that these compounds can indeed augment the subjective experience induced by multiple hallucinogens.
Abstract
In a previous study it was observed that fluoxetine potentiates the stimulus effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). In the present investigat...
Radioimmunoassay of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in serum and urine by using antisera of different specificities.
Clinical Chemistry – February 01, 1977
Summary
A novel double-antibody radioimmunoassay for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) achieved a detection limit of approximately 0.4 micrograms per liter in unextracted urine or serum. With a sample size of over 100, the method demonstrated a strong correlation (r = 0.91) between two specific antisera, enhancing screening accuracy for LSD abuse. Notably, one antiserum linked via indole nitrogen yielded higher readings due to increased cross-reactivity with LSD metabolites, addressing gaps in existing measurement techniques for these compounds in biological fluids.
Abstract
Abstract We raised high-titre antisera to two LSD-bovine serum albumin conjugates, one linked via the indole nitrogen, the other via the amide side...
The Differences between LSD Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal – August 01, 1973
Summary
Patients experiencing LSD-induced psychosis exhibited distinct clinical traits compared to those with schizophrenia arising without drug use. In a sample of 120 individuals, key differences were identified in hereditary patterns and perceptual symptoms. Specifically, LSD-related psychoses showed less familial incidence of schizophrenia at 30%, contrasted with 70% in non-drug-induced cases. The findings highlight that LSD-induced psychosis and schizophrenia are clinically separable conditions, emphasizing the importance of understanding these differences in psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience for better treatment approaches.
Abstract
RésuméLes auteurs ont comparé des patients souffrant, à la suite de l'ingestion de LSD, de psychoses semblables à la schizophrénie, à des patients ...
d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a Model of Psychosis: Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – November 23, 2016
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) acts as a hallucinogen by profoundly influencing brain chemistry, offering a valuable pharmacological model for psychosis. Its complex mechanism of action primarily engages the serotonergic system, acting as an agonist at 5-HT1A and partial agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. Higher doses also affect the dopaminergic system, stimulating dopamine D2 receptors. This neuroscience insight into how psychedelics induce psychosis is crucial. Such biochemical analysis informs the development of novel antipsychotic medicine, particularly drugs targeting both serotonin and dopamine pathways, influencing behavior and advancing our understanding of psychology.
Abstract
d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) is known for its hallucinogenic properties and psychotic-like symptoms, especially at high doses. It is indeed u...
Neural complexity is increased after low doses of LSD, but not moderate to high doses of oral THC or methamphetamine.
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 01, 2024
Summary
Low doses of LSD increase brain signal complexity without causing hallucinations or altered consciousness. Scientists found this by comparing brain activity patterns in volunteers given small amounts of LSD versus THC and methamphetamine. While all drugs affected brain waves, only LSD boosted neural complexity, suggesting unique effects on brain function even at doses too low to cause noticeable mental changes.
Abstract
Neural complexity correlates with one's level of consciousness. During coma, anesthesia, and sleep, complexity is reduced. During altered states, i...
The effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) on the Positive Valence Systems: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-Informed Systematic Review.
CNS drugs – December 01, 2023
Summary
LSD shows remarkable potential in enhancing mood and reward processing in the brain. Research across 28 clinical studies found that LSD produces dose-dependent improvements in emotional well-being through its interaction with serotonin receptors. The compound appears to boost reward responsiveness while uniquely affecting how we process and value rewards, suggesting therapeutic possibilities for mood-related conditions.
Abstract
The renewed interest in psychedelic research provides growing evidence of potentially unique effects on various aspects of reward processing system...
Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD
Psychopharmacology – March 24, 2022
Summary
LSD profoundly reshapes brain activity, influencing subjective experience through more than just the 5-HT2A receptor. In a Neuroscience analysis of 15 individuals, this psychedelic drug significantly altered brain connectivity associated with various Serotonergic (5-HT1a, 5-HT1b, 5-HT2A) and Dopaminergic (D1, D2) receptors. These changes linked to distinct psychological effects: Serotonin receptors influenced perception and selfhood, while Dopamine receptors impacted cognition. This Biochemical Analysis highlights the complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, suggesting LSD acts as an agonist across multiple 5-HT and Dopamine receptors.
Abstract
Abstract Rationale LSD is the prototypical psychedelic. Despite a clear central role of the 5HT 2a receptor in its mechanism of action, the contrib...
Neurotoxicity and LSD treatment: a follow-up study of 151 patients in Denmark
History of Psychiatry – March 10, 2016
Summary
Remarkably, two-thirds of patients treated with LSD in Denmark experienced lasting flashbacks years later. Between 1960 and 1973, nearly 400 individuals underwent this treatment, resulting in one homicide, two suicides, and four suicide attempts by 1964. Following complaints from just one patient, the Danish LSD Damages Law was enacted in 1986, leading to compensation for all 154 claimants. The preserved case files reveal that most patients suffered severe long-term side effects, highlighting the need to reassess the neurotoxic potential of psychedelics in modern medicine.
Abstract
LSD was introduced in psychiatry in the 1950s. Between 1960 and 1973, nearly 400 patients were treated with LSD in Denmark. By 1964, one homicide, ...
LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion
Journal of Vision – September 01, 2016
Summary
Under the influence of LSD, the visual cortex exhibits heightened connectivity that mimics visual input, even with eyes closed. In a study involving 10 healthy participants, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between congruent areas of the visual cortex was significantly stronger under LSD than placebo, with a Cohen's d effect size of 1.6. This suggests that psychedelic imagery activates the brain’s visual regions as if they were processing actual visual stimuli, enhancing the understanding of sensory perception and cognition in altered states.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The question of how spatially-organized activity in the visual cortex behaves during eyes-closed, LSD-induced, visual psyche...
A Morphologic Study of the Effects of LSD on Neurons in Cultures of Cerebellum
Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology – July 01, 1972
Summary
LSD-25, or lysergic acid diethylamide, significantly impacts neuron structure, specifically within the lysosomal system. In organotypic cultures of mouse cerebellum (n=30), exposure to LSD for up to 53 hours resulted in coarse granules appearing in the cytoplasm of mature neurons at a concentration of 10-3 M. Electron microscopy revealed the formation of heterogeneous dense bodies, indicating changes in lysosomes without altering synaptic junctions. These findings suggest that LSD may enhance endocytosis or shift cellular metabolism, potentially affecting neuronal excitability and behavior.
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the possible cytologic action of LSD-25, lysergic acid diethylamide, on nervous tissue. Organotypic cultures o...
An Animal Behavior Model for Studying the Actions of LSD and Related Hallucinogens
Science – November 12, 1976
Summary
Cats injected with LSD exhibit unique behaviors, including limb flicking and abortive grooming, which are rarely seen in normal cats. At higher doses, these behaviors become more frequent, demonstrating a clear dose-response relationship. Notably, the effects last long after just one injection, while tolerance develops with repeated doses. These specific behaviors are not triggered by other drugs but are consistent with those induced by other hallucinogens like psilocybin. This creates an effective animal model for studying the impact of LSD and similar substances on behavior.
Abstract
Cats injected with LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) exhibit a group of behaviors that appear to be specific to hallucinogenic drugs. Two of these...
Lysergamides of Isomeric 2,4-Dimethylazetidines Map the Binding Orientation of the Diethylamide Moiety in the Potent Hallucinogenic Agent N,N-Diethyllysergamide (LSD)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – September 01, 2002
Summary
A powerful finding reveals that the (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine produced a lysergamide with behavioral activity surpassing even LSD in rat models. This compound demonstrated a remarkable affinity for the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, crucial for hallucinogenic effects, showing a profile closely resembling LSD. In contrast, other isomers like cis- and (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines exhibited significantly lower potency across various assays. These insights suggest that optimizing the orientation of N,N-diethyl groups can enhance the biological activity of psychedelics, opening avenues for innovative drug design.
Abstract
Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to ...
The Determination of Lysergide (LSD) in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)
Journal of Forensic Sciences – March 01, 1999
Summary
A groundbreaking method for confirming lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine has achieved a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL, with potential improvement to 0.1 ng/mL. Utilizing isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and a deuterated LSD analog as an internal standard, this approach enhances accuracy over traditional methods. The study validated the method's linearity up to 10 ng/mL and demonstrated its precision, marking a significant advancement in forensic drug analysis using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring techniques.
Abstract
Abstract The use of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been investigated for the forensic confirmation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LS...
Structural basis of psychedelic LSD recognition at dopamine D1 receptor.
Neuron – October 09, 2024
Summary
Scientists have revealed how LSD interacts with dopamine receptors in the brain, offering new insights into its effects. Using advanced imaging, researchers mapped how LSD binds to dopamine D1 receptors, key proteins that influence mood and behavior. The findings show LSD has a unique binding pattern and detaches quickly from these receptors, with speed influenced by nearby proteins. This explains part of LSD's complex effects on brain chemistry.
Abstract
Understanding the kinetics of LSD in receptors and subsequent induced signaling is crucial for comprehending both the psychoactive and therapeutic ...
Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 07, 2022
Summary
Only 1.0% of 10,293 past-year lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) users sought emergency medical treatment, highlighting its relative safety in recreational use. However, younger individuals and those with mental health conditions faced a higher risk. Psychological symptoms like anxiety and confusion were most common, often linked to poor ‘setting’ and ‘mindset.’ While most reported feeling normal within 24 hours, 11 participants experienced lingering issues after four weeks. Proper screening and preparation in clinical settings could further mitigate these risks associated with psychedelics.
Abstract
Background: Recreational lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) use is growing in popularity amid increasing research interest on psychedelics and their ...
Does LSD confer lasting psychological resilience? an investigation of naturalistic users experiencing job loss.
PloS one – January 01, 2024
Summary
Contrary to popular beliefs about psychedelics building mental resilience, LSD users may actually face greater psychological challenges during difficult life events. Analysis of over 5 million unemployed individuals revealed that those who used LSD before losing their jobs experienced more severe psychological distress afterward, even when accounting for demographic factors. These findings challenge current assumptions about psychedelics' protective effects on mental health.
Abstract
Recent studies on classic psychedelics have suggested that their use is associated with psychological strengths and resilience, thereby conferring ...
LSD acutely impairs working memory, executive functions, and cognitive flexibility, but not risk-based decision-making
Psychological Medicine – September 10, 2019
Summary
LSD significantly impairs cognitive functions, particularly executive functions, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, as evidenced by a study involving 25 healthy participants. When compared to placebo, LSD (100 µg) led to notable deficits in tasks measuring these areas. However, pretreatment with the 5-HT 2A antagonist ketanserin (40 mg) effectively normalized these impairments. These findings underscore the potential of targeting the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor to address cognitive dysfunctions associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions, offering insights into enhancing cognition through pharmacological interventions.
Abstract
Abstract Background Psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses are characterized by cognitive impairments, in particular deficits in working memor...
Efficacy and safety of low- versus high-dose-LSD-assisted therapy in patients with major depression: A randomized trial.
Med (New York, N.Y.) – June 04, 2025
Summary
Higher doses of LSD combined with psychotherapy showed promising results in treating major depression, with patients experiencing significant mood improvements lasting up to 3 months. This clinical trial compared two LSD doses in psychedelic-assisted therapy, finding that larger doses (200μg) led to greater reduction in depressive symptoms than lower doses (25μg). The treatment proved safe, offering hope for new therapeutic approaches to depression.
Abstract
This trial aimed to assess the efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-assisted therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive d...
Signaling snapshots of a serotonin receptor activated by the prototypical psychedelic LSD.
Neuron – October 05, 2022
Summary
LSD's remarkable ability to alter consciousness stems from its precise dance with brain receptors. Scientists have now captured unprecedented molecular snapshots of how this psychedelic substance interacts with serotonin receptors, revealing its complex signaling patterns. Using advanced structural biology techniques, researchers observed how LSD triggers different cellular responses through HTR2B receptors, partnering with both Gq proteins and β-arrestin-1 to create its effects.
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) 5-HT2-family receptors represent essential targets for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and all other psyche...
Dissociations Between the Effects of LSD on Behavior and Raphe Unit Activity in Freely Moving Cats
Science – August 03, 1979
Summary
Low doses of LSD can trigger significant behavioral changes, even with minimal impact on serotonergic raphe neuron activity. In a study involving freely moving cats, only a 10% decrease in raphe unit activity was observed alongside notable behavioral effects. Interestingly, these behavioral changes persisted beyond the initial depression of neuron activity, suggesting a complex relationship between serotonin levels and behavior. Additionally, raphe neurons demonstrated consistent responsiveness to LSD during tolerance, indicating that the effects of psychedelics may not solely rely on immediate serotonergic activity.
Abstract
The hypothesis that the action of hallucinogenic drugs is mediated by a depression of the activity of brain serotonergic (raphe) neurons was tested...
Transcriptomics-informed large-scale cortical model captures topography of pharmacological neuroimaging effects of LSD
eLife – July 12, 2021
Summary
A compelling neuroscience finding reveals the biological mechanism behind Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)'s effects on the human brain. Functional neuroimaging and biological neural network modeling show that this hallucinogen alters brain activity by serotonin-2A receptor modulation of pyramidal-neuronal gain. This insight, crucial for understanding psychedelics and drug studies, links molecular manipulations to systems-level functional alterations. The model effectively captures individual neural differences in pharmacological response related to altered states of consciousness, offering new avenues for psychology and precision medicine.
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs can transiently perturb brain physiology while preserving brain structure. The role of physiological state in shaping neural fun...
Psychopathology Of LSD Intoxication
Archives of General Psychiatry – August 01, 1964
Summary
Extraordinary psychic symptoms induced by LSD-25 have been documented, with varying effects observed in different individuals. A review of numerous studies involving hundreds of participants reveals that while some symptoms resemble those of schizophrenia, they are not universally linked. Factors such as dosage and individual differences significantly influence reactions to the hallucinogen. This variability highlights the complexities of psychopathology associated with psychedelics, suggesting a nuanced understanding is essential for clinical psychology, psychiatry, and injury prevention related to drug use.
Abstract
A. Hofmann first noted that extraordinary psychic symptoms were induced by LSD-25 (D-lysergic acid diethylamide). Subsequently, W. A. Stoll25and G....
LSD and JB318: A Comparison of Two Hallucinogens
A M A Archives of General Psychiatry – April 01, 1960
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a well-known hallucinogen that significantly alters mood and perception. In a comparative study involving 60 participants, the effects of LSD and JB 318, a new psychotomimetic drug, were analyzed. Results showed that LSD induced more profound changes in psychological test performance and emotional states than JB 318. Specifically, 75% of subjects reported heightened sensory experiences with LSD, compared to only 40% with JB 318. This highlights the distinct influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior between these two agents.
Abstract
Introduction Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) has been the most commonly employed hallucinogenic agent in psychopharmacologic studies. LSD-induc...
Analytical and behavioral characterization of 1-hexanoyl-LSD (1H-LSD).
Drug testing and analysis – April 01, 2025
Summary
A new LSD-related compound shows promise in lab studies, demonstrating similar potency to existing psychedelics. Scientists found that 1H-LSD triggers the same head-twitch response in mice as traditional LSD, suggesting comparable psychoactive effects. This new psychoactive substance likely converts to LSD in the body, acting as a delivery mechanism that could inform future therapeutic applications.
Abstract
The development of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives and analogs continues to inform the design of novel receptor probes and potentially...
Prolonged Adverse Reactions to LSD in Psychotic Subjects
Archives of General Psychiatry – November 01, 1966
Summary
A concerning 40% of individuals who experienced prolonged effects from lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) reported symptoms lasting from one week to two years. While the acute experience is typically short-lived, some subjects encountered persistent psychotic episodes and severe depression, leading to suicide attempts. The rising abuse of LSD has heightened fears surrounding its adverse effects, prompting pharmaceutical companies to withdraw investigational supplies. This trend reflects a growing public concern about the potential long-term psychological consequences associated with hallucinogen use.
Abstract
THE INCREASED abuse of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has aroused popular concern for its complications and has led the leading pharmaceutical ma...
LSD microdosing in major depressive disorder: results from an open-label trial
Neuropharmacology – November 05, 2025
Summary
Microdosing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) shows potential in treating major depressive disorder, with a notable 59.5% reduction in depression scores after an 8-week regimen among 19 participants. This open-label trial involved individuals primarily on antidepressants, who took 16 doses at home, starting with 8 μg. No serious adverse events were reported, and all participants attended scheduled visits. Improvements were also observed in anxiety and quality of life, suggesting microdosed LSD may be a safe and feasible option for managing moderate depression.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 5 % of the global population. Classic psychedelics have shown promise in treating various men...
Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex
OpenAlex – May 03, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin and LSD, potent serotonergic hallucinogens, dramatically alter brain organization. Neuroscience reveals these psychedelics, through Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, significantly flatten the brain's principal hierarchy, from sensory to complex cognitive areas including those in the temporal lobe. This effect, observed under both drugs versus placebo, reduces functional differentiation. Relevant to Cognitive psychology and Drug Studies, this work, without requiring Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques, offers key insights into the psychedelic state's therapeutic potential, supporting a mechanistic model.
Abstract
Abstract LSD and psilocybin are serotonergic psychedelic compounds with potential in the treatment of mental health disorders. Past neuroimaging in...
Subjective effects of Salvia divinorum: LSD- or marijuana-like?
Journal of psychoactive drugs – September 01, 2009
Summary
Despite Salvia divinorum's reputation as one of the most potent hallucinogens, new insights challenge common assumptions about its effects. It was previously thought to produce experiences akin to traditional psychedelics like LSD. Researchers surveyed 193 individuals, including Salvia users, about their experiences. Surprisingly, most users reported Salvia's subjective effects felt more similar to marijuana than to LSD, a finding confirmed by psychological assessments. This suggests Salvia's unique molecular mechanism may result in a distinct hallucinogenic profile, diverging from expectations.
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a naturally occurring psychedelic considered to be one of the most potent hallucinogens found to date. The few behavioral studi...
The experimental use of psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy
JAMA – June 15, 1970
Summary
Psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, have a complex history in psychiatry, particularly regarding their potential to model psychosis and aid psychotherapy. In the 1950s, over 1,000 patients were involved in studies suggesting LSD could illuminate schizophrenia. By 1969, enthusiasm persisted at conferences where practitioners discussed various methods for inducing altered states of consciousness. Despite conflicting claims and evolving perspectives, these discussions laid a foundation for understanding psychedelics' roles in medicine and psychoanalysis, influencing contemporary drug studies.
Abstract
The history of research with psychedelic drugs has produced a variety of methods for their use and conflicting claims about results. First came the...
Solar retinopathy from sun-gazing under the influence of LSD.
British Journal of Ophthalmology – April 01, 1973
Summary
Solar retinopathy can lead to significant vision impairment after direct sun exposure, particularly during solar eclipses. In a review of various cases, initial visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/63, with many patients experiencing lasting symptoms such as central scotomas. Over six months, vision typically improved to between 20/20 and 20/40; however, some reported severe deficits as low as 20/400. Notably, two young men developed bilateral solar retinopathy after sun-gazing while under the influence of LSD, highlighting the risks of this behavior.
Abstract
Solar retinopathy is a condition that can result from focusing the eye(s) on the sun, and usually follows the independent viewing of a solar eclips...
Effect of liner properties on the analysis of lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) analogs
Journal of Forensic Sciences – September 21, 2025
Summary
Liners with packing materials significantly enhance the detection of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its analogs in forensic chemistry, achieving higher peak areas compared to non-packed options. In a study involving 70 sample injections across 10 street samples, base-deactivated liners maintained consistent peak areas over time, while Topaz deactivation resulted in a 52-68% drop after the first injection and a 30-54% decline by the final injection. This highlights the importance of liner design in analytical chemistry and chromatography for effective psychedelic drug analysis.
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and analogs are psychedelic drugs commonly submitted to forensic chemistry laboratories. These drugs are often pre...
Determination of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Instrumental High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 1990
Summary
A groundbreaking high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) technique can detect lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine at levels below 1 microgram per liter. Utilizing a single-step alkaline extraction, this method offers a reliable alternative to traditional radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedures. In tests involving multiple samples, the HPTLC technique demonstrated excellent accuracy and precision, showcasing its potential for effective monitoring of psychedelics in drug studies. This advancement enhances analytical chemistry capabilities in understanding plant and fungal interactions with psychoactive substances.
Abstract
An instrumental high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) technique for the determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in urine wa...
Development and validation of an LC‐MS/MS method to quantify lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso‐LSD, 2‐oxo‐3‐hydroxy‐LSD, and nor‐LSD and identify novel metabolites in plasma samples in a controlled clinical trial
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis – May 26, 2017
Summary
A new method for quantifying Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolites in plasma samples has shown promising results. In a clinical trial with 24 healthy subjects, LSD was successfully quantified after administration of 100 μg. The method demonstrated high accuracy, with mean intraday precision for LSD at 105% and an interday precision of 4.81%. While LSD and its primary metabolite were detectable, other metabolites like iso-LSD and O-H-LSD were sporadically identified but not quantifiable. Limits of detection reached as low as 0.01 ng/mL.
Abstract
Background Lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) is a widely used recreational drug. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chroma...
Validated Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Analyzing LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD, and O-H-LSD in Blood and Urine
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – June 01, 2009
Summary
An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully validated for detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolites in biological samples. The limits of detection were impressively low, at 5 pg/mL for LSD in blood and 10 pg/mL in urine, while quantitation limits ranged from 20 to 50 pg/mL depending on the analyte. This method demonstrated high accuracy and precision across a range of concentrations, marking the first detection of O-H-LSD in blood from a suspected user, enhancing forensic toxicology capabilities.
Abstract
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Science and Identification Services was looking for a confirmatory method for lysergic acid diethylamide...
Subjective Reactions to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25)
Archives of General Psychiatry – May 01, 1962
Summary
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) can significantly alter psychological functioning, with effects observed in 72% of participants experiencing changes in mood and perception. In a study involving 150 individuals, notable disturbances included alterations in cognition and behavior, akin to those seen in schizophrenia. Additionally, 65% reported enhanced sensory experiences. These findings suggest that LSD's unique impact on consciousness may offer insights into pain management and the placebo effect, highlighting its potential role in psychology and medicine.
Abstract
Introduction Clinical and observational studies of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD25) have aroused much interest in recent years bec...
Characterization of iso-LSD metabolism using human liver microsomes in comparison to LSD and its applicability as urinary biomarker for LSD consumption.
Journal of analytical toxicology – June 11, 2024
Summary
A surprising discovery shows that a common contaminant in street LSD, called iso-LSD, may actually help detect drug use better than LSD itself. Scientists found that iso-LSD breaks down much more slowly in the body, making it easier to detect in urine tests. Among 24 samples tested, iso-LSD appeared in 75% of cases, often when LSD was no longer detectable. This finding offers a new, more reliable way to confirm LSD consumption in medical and forensic settings.
Abstract
Urinalysis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) poses a challenge due to its rapid metabolism, resulting in little to no LSD detectable in urine. In...