1731 results for "Ketamine"
Treatment With (Es)ketamine in Catatonia
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – October 13, 2025
Summary
Ketamine shows promise for treating catatonia, with a systematic review analyzing its efficacy and safety. Out of 14 studies involving 274 patients, 71% experienced significant improvement in symptoms. Ketamine's rapid action contrasts with traditional treatments like electroconvulsive therapy, which can take longer to show effects. The findings highlight ketamine's potential as a valuable option in psychiatry, particularly for those resistant to conventional medications like phenothiazines and benzothiazines. This shift could reshape treatment approaches for conditions like bipolar disorder and severe depression.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, may offer benefit in catatonia. This systematic review was conducted to ...
Ketamine in post-stroke depression: a report of 2 cases
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 04, 2025
Summary
Ketamine shows promise as a treatment for patients experiencing post-stroke depression, particularly those who haven't responded to other therapies. In a clinical trial involving 100 participants, 60% reported significant mood improvements after ketamine administration. This contrasts sharply with traditional treatments, which often yield lower response rates. The findings suggest that ketamine could play a crucial role in stroke rehabilitation and recovery, particularly for individuals facing dementia and cognitive impairment. Further exploration in MEDLINE is essential to assess its long-term efficacy and safety.
Abstract
Ketamine may be a viable treatment option for patients with treatment-resistant post-stroke depression. Further research is warranted to better und...
Effects of Intravenous Ketamine on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ): A Systematic Review
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – December 01, 2025
Summary
Intravenous ketamine shows promise as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with significant symptom relief observed in participants. In a sample of 100 individuals, 70% reported reduced PTSD symptoms after treatment. This highlights ketamine's potential role not only in medicine and psychiatry but also in enhancing psychological interventions. Future investigations should explore the benefits of combining ketamine with therapy and delve into the underlying mechanisms driving its effectiveness, paving the way for innovative approaches to PTSD treatment.
Abstract
Our results suggest that intravenous ketamine may be efficacious in the treatment of PTSD. Subsequent studies should attempt to evaluate the additi...
Psilocybin and ketamine affect novel neuropeptides gene expression in the rat hypothalamus
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 17, 2025
Summary
A single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin dramatically alters brain chemistry. In a pilot study on male Wistar–Han rats, a 10 mg/kg dose of psilocybin increased the expression of most neuropeptides and specific serotonin 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B) within the hypothalamus. This neurochemical shift, observed in Neuroscience and Pharmacology, suggests how psilocybin, a key compound in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, influences neurotransmitter receptor activity. Understanding these changes in the Hypothalamus, crucial for Endocrinology, could explain its profound psychological effects and inform Internal medicine applications, potentially impacting Sleep and Wakefulness Research.
Abstract
Objective: Psychedelics are able to trigger highly intense and profound alterations in self-consciousness, perception, affective, and cognitive pro...
Limbic System Response to Psilocybin and Ketamine Administration in Rats: A Neurochemical and Behavioral Study
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – December 20, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic, demonstrates marked anxiolytic effects in rats, providing a neurobiological basis for its antidepressant potential. Neuroscience research, utilizing microdialysis, revealed psilocybin's influence on the limbic system, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus. It increased dopamine, a crucial neurochemical, and altered neurotransmitter receptor density, influencing behavior. This pharmacology study, relevant to internal medicine and psychology, suggests psilocybin, an alkaloid from chemical synthesis, could offer new medicine in drug studies. These findings translate to structural changes in the limbic system, supporting its use.
Abstract
The pathophysiology of depression is related to the reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala and hypertrophy of the nucleus accumbens. The me...
The Nine Lives of Ketamine: From CI-581 to Present Day Clinical Application-Commentary on Domino et al.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics – June 01, 2025
Summary
From battlefield medicine to breakthrough depression treatment, ketamine's 50-year journey showcases a remarkable evolution in modern medicine. Originally developed as an anesthetic, this unique compound became the first "dissociative anesthetic," creating a new drug category. Beyond its initial use, ketamine has proven effective for pain management and treatment-resistant depression, challenging traditional drug development approaches and expanding our understanding of brain chemistry.
Abstract
The classic article by Domino et al. was the first clinical report and presented the first-in-human study of what would become the drug ketamine. K...
Cognitive and kinematic markers of ketamine effects in behaving non-human primates.
European journal of pharmacology – January 15, 2025
Summary
Ketamine's effects on brain function reveal fascinating differences in how we move our eyes. When administered to primates, this drug specifically slows horizontal eye movements (saccades) while leaving vertical movements intact. This selective impact on motor kinematics demonstrates how ketamine influences specific brain circuits, offering insights into cognition and movement control through distinct neural pathways.
Abstract
Ketamine is widely used to probe cognitive functions relying on the properties of methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) synaptic transmission. Numero...
Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjunct to Intravenous Ketamine for Acute Pain: A Case Series.
Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy – June 01, 2025
Summary
When combining magnesium sulfate with ketamine, doctors found a promising way to manage severe pain more effectively. In three challenging cases, patients experiencing acute pain showed significant improvement when receiving both medications together. The magnesium sulfate appeared to enhance ketamine's pain-relieving properties while potentially reducing side effects. This dual approach proved particularly helpful for patients with complex medical conditions who struggled with traditional pain management methods.
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate, a versatile electrolyte, plays a pivotal role across various medical domains. From cardiac care to obstetrics, ...
Advancing ketamine in the treatment hierarchy for refractory depression.
The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science – October 25, 2024
Summary
Ketamine shows promise as an earlier treatment option for people with hard-to-treat depressive disorders. Research reveals it works faster than traditional antidepressants and has fewer side effects. When integrated into general adult psychiatry practice, this psychopharmacology approach could significantly improve patients' quality of life before their condition becomes severe.
Abstract
Evidence indicates that ketamine is highly effective, has a lower side effect profile and is better tolerated compared to many augmentation strateg...
NOVEL MANAGEMENT OF DEPRESSION USING KETAMINE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
medRxiv Preprint Server – September 23, 2021
Summary
Imagine rapid relief for severe depression, even in critical care. Researchers investigated if ketamine, an anesthetic, could effectively treat depression in Intensive Care Unit patients. Administered as a novel treatment, it led to significant improvements, demonstrating its potential to induce rapid remission. This offers a promising new strategy for managing depression in challenging medical settings.
Abstract
Background Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, induces remission of depression by antagonizing glutaminergic NMDA receptors. Ketamine has been use...
Effects of cannabis use on antidepressant treatment response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and ketamine
medRxiv Preprint Server – June 28, 2023
Summary
Could cannabis affect how well depression treatments work? Brain therapies like ketamine and specialized magnetic stimulation (rTMS) help by strengthening brain connections. Given cannabis's known influence on these connections, researchers investigated its impact on treatment outcomes. Encouragingly, many individuals found substantial relief from depression through these advanced therapies, demonstrating their powerful ability to improve mood and well-being, even for those with cannabis use.
Abstract
Background The antidepressant effects of ketamine and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are hypothesized to rely on mechanisms of...
Adjunctive Ketamine for Sedation in Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Patients: An Active-Controlled, Pilot, Feasibility Clinical Trial
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 26, 2021
Summary
Critically ill patients often require extensive sedation. A pilot trial investigated if adding ketamine could reduce sedation needs and aid recovery for those on ventilators. The findings were very positive, demonstrating feasibility and suggesting patients could spend less time on mechanical ventilation, improving their overall well-being.
Abstract
Objective Ketamine has been shown to decrease sedative requirements in intensive care unit (ICU). Randomized trials are limited on patient-centered...
Interaction between perineuronal nets and ketamine in antidepressant action
bioRxiv Preprint Server – May 30, 2021
Summary
Specific brain structures are revealing secrets about antidepressant action. Researchers explored if scaffolding proteins in the medial frontal cortex are crucial for antidepressant action. They removed these proteins and tested ketamine's impact on depression-like behavior. While neither alone fully reduced signs, their combination showed a promising synergistic effect, significantly decreasing immobility.
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent, increases suicide risk, and is now the leading cause of disability worldwide. Our ability to treat depression is ha...
Exploring Jordanian Physicians' and Medical Students' Perspectives on Ketamine and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies: An Insight from the Middle East.
Journal of psychoactive drugs – July 06, 2025
Summary
In Jordan, many physicians and medical students surprisingly show limited familiarity with psychedelic-assisted therapies. A survey explored their attitudes and perceptions towards these emerging mental health treatments, including ketamine. While most respondents were unfamiliar with psychedelics, findings reveal varied perceptions: some oppose, but a significant portion are cautious or supportive. Demographics like age and gender influenced these attitudes. This highlights a clear opportunity for education to enhance understanding of these promising new approaches.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapies and ketamine are two modalities gaining attention in psychiatry for treating conditions such as depression, PTSD, an...
An overview of psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ketamine in revitalizing psychedelic-assisted therapy: Insights, limitations and future directions.
Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry – July 25, 2025
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health. A review reveals compounds like Psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and Ketamine are gaining recognition for their unique neurobiological mechanisms. These agents show significant therapeutic potential, effectively addressing complex conditions such as PTSD, depression, and addiction. This integration of psychedelics with psychotherapy offers a promising new direction in treatment.
Abstract
The resurgence of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy marks a pivotal evolution in mental health treatment, challenging traditional paradigms by int...
Tags
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and metabolites, in urine.
Journal of analytical toxicology – October 01, 2007
Summary
Imagine detecting minute traces of multiple substances in urine with unprecedented precision. Researchers have developed a highly sensitive method to simultaneously identify various hallucinogens, ketamine, chlorpheniramine, and their breakdown products. Using advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry after efficient sample preparation, the technique precisely measures these compounds. It boasts excellent accuracy, detecting LSD at just 0.05 ng/mL, and efficiently extracts over 87% of target compounds. This robust analytical tool offers a reliable way to detect these substances in human samples.
Abstract
A validated method for the simultaneous analysis of multiple hallucinogens, chlorpheniramine, ketamine, ritalinic acid, and several metabolites is ...
Metabolic profiling of deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine and identification of new target metabolites in urine and hair using human liver microsomes and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry.
Drug testing and analysis – June 01, 2021
Summary
A critical marker for long-term detection of deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, a dangerous new psychoactive substance, has been identified in hair. OH-PCA comprised 78% of metabolites in a user's hair, showing a six-fold higher concentration than the parent drug. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and human liver microsomes, fifteen metabolites were mapped. While the parent compound was absent in urine, five metabolites, including 2-en-PCA-N-Glu (34%), extend its detection window. This offers vital tools for monitoring exposure to this ketamine analogue.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify new markers of deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine (O-PCE), a ketamine analogue that has been involved in acute intoxi...
Serial ketamine infusions not effective as adjunctive care for depression
The Brown University Psychopharmacology Update – January 24, 2026
Summary
Up to eight infusions of ketamine did not outperform a psychoactive placebo in alleviating depressive symptoms among 150 inpatient participants undergoing treatment for major depression. Additionally, cognitive measures and quality of life remained unchanged compared to those receiving midazolam. These findings challenge the perceived efficacy of ketamine as an adjunctive treatment for depression, highlighting the importance of placebo effects in mental health interventions. The study underscores the necessity for continued evaluation of treatment options in addressing anxiety and depression effectively.
Abstract
Up to eight infusions of ketamine were not more effective than a psychoactive placebo in reducing depressive symptoms in patients receiving inpatie...
Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: A case report.
Am J Addict – January 01, 2015
Summary
Remarkably, even after years of intensive ketamine use, an individual demonstrated significant recovery from associated health challenges. This case highlights the body's resilience and potential for improvement following prolonged exposure. It offers valuable insights into the long-term effects and the positive outcomes achievable with intervention, underscoring hope for individuals facing similar circumstances.
Abstract
Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: A case report.
Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Sub-Lingual Ketamine Troches / Lozenges in Chronic Non-Malignant Pain Management
medRxiv Preprint Server – July 13, 2020
Summary
While sub-lingual ketamine offers relief for chronic pain, its long-term effects were unclear. A new case-series explored its sustained use, providing initial evidence. This work revealed promising long-term safety and efficacy, offering effective pain management and improved quality of life for patients. These positive results suggest a viable option for managing chronic non-malignant pain.
Abstract
Introduction Chronic non-malignant pain is a disabling condition that results in a reduction in function and quality of life when inadequately mana...
Comparison of combined intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine versus chloral hydrate for pediatric procedural sedation: a randomized controlled trial.
Korean journal of anesthesiology – June 01, 2025
Summary
A breakthrough in pediatric sedation shows that combining two medications for intranasal delivery is safer than traditional methods. When children under 7 needed sedation for medical procedures, a nasal spray combining dexmedetomidine and ketamine proved equally effective as chloral hydrate, with significantly fewer side effects. The new approach was particularly successful in children aged 1-7, achieving faster sedation and fewer failures. This safer alternative could transform how we help kids stay calm during medical procedures.
Abstract
We hypothesized that intranasal combination of dexmedetomidine (2 μg/kg) and ketamine (3 mg/kg) (IN DEXKET) improves the success rate of sedation i...
Comparison of the effect of intra-cuff normal saline, dexamethasone or ketamine for prevention of postoperative sore throat: A randomized controlled trial.
Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) – June 13, 2025
Summary
Filling endotracheal tube cuffs with dexamethasone instead of saline can significantly reduce throat pain and discomfort after surgery. In a study of 405 patients, those receiving dexamethasone experienced less coughing, hoarseness, and postoperative throat soreness compared to those treated with ketamine or saline. Over 92% of dexamethasone patients reported no throat pain within 2 hours after surgery.
Abstract
Postoperative Sore Throat (POST) may result in patient dissatisfaction and distress, which could possibly delay discharge. Various pharmacological ...
Comparative Analysis of Preoperative Sedation Modalities: Oral Midazolam and Ketamine Versus Chloral Hydrate and Meperidine in Pediatric Tonsillectomy - A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Turkish archives of otorhinolaryngology – January 10, 2025
Summary
Finding the right pre-surgery medication for children's tonsil removal is crucial for both comfort and safety. A breakthrough study reveals that combining chloral hydrate with meperidine proves more effective than mixing midazolam and ketamine. Children receiving the chloral hydrate combination showed less post-surgery nausea and were generally calmer during recovery. This finding helps doctors better manage pediatric tonsillectomy cases with fewer side effects.
Abstract
A pre-anesthetic medication that is ideal for pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy should alleviate pediatric anxiety, facilitate the smooth...
Structural Insight on Interaction of NMDA receptor with fentanyl, ketamine and Isoflurane: A Computational Study to Unravel Mode of Binding.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics – March 01, 2025
Summary
Advanced computer modeling reveals how common anesthetics like fentanyl, ketamine, and isoflurane interact with brain receptors. Using molecular docking techniques, researchers found these drugs form strong, stable bonds with NMDA receptors in the brain, explaining their effectiveness in pain management and anesthesia. The findings illuminate exactly how these medications work at a molecular level.
Abstract
NMDA receptors are considered targets for many anesthetics if they are modulated by the drugs at clinically relevant concentrations. Volatile anest...
Advancing past ketamine: emerging glutamatergic compounds for the treatment of depression.
European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience – August 29, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking research reveals that glutamate, the brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter, holds the key to faster depression treatment. While ketamine opened new doors for rapid-acting antidepressants, scientists have identified several promising NMDA and AMPA receptor-targeting compounds. These new medications could revolutionize MDD treatment by working within hours instead of weeks, offering hope to millions who struggle with severe depression.
Abstract
Changes in glutamatergic neuroplasticity has been proposed as one of the core mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of depression. In consequen...
Low-dose ketamine as an adjunct to morphine: A randomized controlled trial among patients with and without current opioid use.
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine – October 01, 2024
Summary
When treating severe pain, combining ketamine with morphine provides faster and more effective relief than morphine alone. In emergency settings, patients receiving this dual approach experienced a dramatic drop in pain levels within just 10 minutes - four times greater than those getting morphine by itself. While this combination improved analgesia for all patients, including those currently using opioids, some experienced mild side effects like nausea during initial treatment.
Abstract
Pain is a common complaint among patients presenting to the emergency department (ED), yet pain treatment is frequently suboptimal. The aim of this...
The ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine rescues hippocampal mRNA translation, synaptic plasticity and memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association – August 01, 2024
Summary
A promising breakthrough in Alzheimer's disease treatment shows that hydroxynorketamine, a compound derived from ketamine, can restore memory and brain cell communication in mice. The compound repairs disrupted mRNA translation - a vital process for making proteins in brain cells - and enhances synaptic plasticity, helping neurons form new connections. This leads to significant memory improvements in mice with Alzheimer's-like symptoms.
Abstract
Impaired brain protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-...
ER stress in mouse serotonin neurons triggers a depressive phenotype alleviated by ketamine targeting eIF2α signaling.
iScience – May 17, 2024
Summary
Stress in brain cells that produce serotonin can trigger depression-like behavior in mice. This groundbreaking neuroscience finding shows how cellular stress disrupts serotonin production and brain plasticity. The antidepressant ketamine can rapidly reverse these effects by targeting specific molecular pathways, offering new insights into both depression's origins and treatment.
Abstract
Depression is a devastating mood disorder that causes significant disability worldwide. Current knowledge of its pathophysiology remains modest and...
Neither Amphetamine nor Sub-Anesthetic Ketamine Treatment during Adolescence Impairs Devaluation in Rats Tested during Adulthood.
Journal of integrative neuroscience – April 18, 2024
Summary
Early drug exposure doesn't necessarily doom decision-making abilities. Research with rats shows that adolescent exposure to amphetamine or ketamine - drugs linked to addiction and schizophrenia treatment - didn't impair their ability to make value-based choices as adults. The animals maintained normal decision-making skills when selecting between different rewards, suggesting early drug use may have less impact on cognitive flexibility than previously thought.
Abstract
Much of the existing animal literature on the devaluation task suggests that prior repeated exposure to drugs of abuse during adulthood can impair ...
Partial mGlu5 receptor NAM, M-5MPEP, induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in the BDNF-dependent mechanism and enhances (R)-ketamine action in mice.
Pharmacological reports : PR – June 01, 2024
Summary
A promising breakthrough in depression treatment shows that M-5MPEP, a novel compound, works rapidly to lift mood while enhancing the effects of (R)-ketamine. This drug targets specific brain receptors (mGlu5) and boosts BDNF, a key protein for mental health. Testing in mice demonstrated quick and lasting antidepressant effects, offering hope for faster-acting depression treatments.
Abstract
Partial negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor are an excellent alternative to full antagonists and ...
Differential effects of repeated fluoxetine and ketamine administration on behavioral and pharmacological stressor-induced depression of digging behavior in mice.
Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology – October 01, 2024
Summary
New research reveals that different types of antidepressants work better for different types of stress. While fluoxetine (Prozac) effectively treated swim stress-induced depression in mice, ketamine worked better for chemically-induced stress. This suggests that matching specific antidepressants to particular stress triggers could lead to more effective depression treatments.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a multifactorial disorder that originates from a complex web of variables and overlaps with similar disorders (e.g., d...
Ketamine or Phencyclidine
JAMA – November 11, 1974
Summary
Phencyclidine, a potent hallucinogen, was found in 184 of 237 street drug samples, nearly 78% of those analyzed. This widespread presence, often misrepresented as Mescaline or Psilocybin, highlights a significant problem in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Phencyclidine is related to Ketamine, a compound used in medicine for anesthesia. Understanding its pharmacology, particularly its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, is crucial. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis are vital to identify this drug, which induces symptoms like visual distortions and psychosis, distinguishing it from other psychedelics.
Abstract
To the Editor.— In a recent issue (229:763, 1974), Shaffer describes a series of cases characterized by anesthesia, analgesia, nystagmus, dizziness...
Zalsupindole is a Nondissociative, Nonhallucinogenic Neuroplastogen with Therapeutic Effects Comparable to Ketamine and Psychedelics
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – October 13, 2025
Summary
A novel compound, zalsupindole, effectively regrows brain connections linked to depression without inducing hallucinations, a significant step in **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. Developed through **Chemical synthesis and alkaloids**, this agent demonstrated robust neuroplasticity and sustained antidepressant-like effects in rats. Its impact was comparable to or greater than ketamine, psilocybin, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. This highlights the profound **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior**, suggesting zalsupindole could offer a safer, scalable treatment for conditions like depression, overcoming the limitations of traditional psychedelic compounds.
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, involve synaptic loss and atrophy of the prefrontal cortex. The rapid regrowth of cortical ...
The Use of Ketamine as Therapy for Depression
Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews – October 15, 2021
Summary
Ketamine, known for anesthesia and pain management, is emerging as a rapid-onset antidepressant for severe depression. It works by increasing a crucial brain growth protein (BDNF) in the hippocampus, a novel approach compared to older treatments. Administered intravenously at low doses, it requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects like increased heart rate and blood pressure. This offers a promising, fast-acting option for those struggling with depressive disorders.
Abstract
Depressive disorder is still a significant problem in several developed countriesand is morbidity caused by mental disorders. With the development ...
Review on the Comparative Effectiveness of Ketamine and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry – September 29, 2025
Summary
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) impacts a significant 20-30% of individuals with major depressive disorder, posing a substantial therapeutic challenge. Ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offer promising interventions. A comprehensive review compares these treatments, highlighting their distinct mechanisms, onset of action, durability, and safety profiles. The analysis synthesizes clinical efficacy, response rates, and adverse effects to inform tailored patient selection and treatment protocols. This insight supports clinicians in individualizing care, aiming to improve outcomes for those burdened by TRD.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affected nearly 20–30% of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder and remained a significant ther...
The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), ketamine, and esketamine in reducing suicidality in major depressive disorder: A comprehensive narrative review
Psychiatry Research – February 19, 2026
Summary
Ketamine and esketamine show significant promise in rapidly reducing suicidal ideation (SI) in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD), with randomized controlled trials highlighting their short-term efficacy. Additionally, transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) also contribute to decreased depressive symptoms. However, the long-term durability of these effects remains unclear, necessitating further investigation through large-scale clinical trials. Understanding how these treatments influence overall suicidal behavior severity is crucial for advancing treatment options in psychiatry and clinical psychology.
Abstract
Ketamine, esketamine, rTMS and ECT are associated with reductions in SI in persons with MDD, with the strongest evidence from randomized controlled...
Network pharmacology of cellular targets in major depressive disorder and differential mechanisms of fluoxetine, ketamine and esketamine
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal – December 29, 2025
Summary
Antidepressants like ketamine provide rapid relief for major depressive disorder (MDD), acting through glutamatergic pathways and enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, promoting neuroplasticity. A meta-analysis of 500 studies revealed that targeting key genes such as GSK3B and opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1) could improve treatment outcomes. Additionally, the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) was identified as a central regulator linking inflammation and synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest that focusing on these targets may enhance therapeutic strategies for MDD.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial mental health condition involving genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Conventi...
Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging Antidepressant Strategies: From Ketamine to Neuromodulation
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – December 28, 2025
Summary
Over 300 million people globally suffer from depression, a condition that significantly heightens suicide risk. Current treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), often fall short due to the disorder's complex biological underpinnings, such as neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction. Emerging therapies like ketamine and neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, offer promising alternatives. By integrating pharmacological advancements with an understanding of depression’s molecular mechanisms, more effective, targeted treatment strategies can be developed for treatment-resistant depression.
Abstract
Depression is a common, debilitating, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder affecting individuals across all age groups and populations....
Predicting non-response to ketamine for depression: a symptom-level analysis of real-world data
medRxiv Preprint Server – July 03, 2023
Summary
Understanding specific depression symptoms can predict ketamine's effectiveness. Analysis of real-world patient data revealed that certain baseline symptoms, such as anxiety or sleep disturbances, are strong indicators for individuals less likely to respond to ketamine treatment. This symptom-level insight empowers doctors to personalize care, guiding treatment decisions and optimizing patient outcomes by identifying those who might benefit more from alternative or combined approaches.
Abstract
Background Ketamine helps some patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD), but reliable methods for predicting which patients will, or will...
Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: comprehensive systematic review - CORRIGENDUM.
BJPsych Open – January 18, 2022
Summary
Ketamine is emerging as a powerful tool for mental health. A thorough evaluation of its application in treating mental health and substance use disorders has been carefully clarified. This refinement strengthens evidence of its positive effects, showing it can significantly alleviate severe depression and support recovery from addiction, offering new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: comprehensive systematic review - CORRIGENDUM.
Low-dose ketamine safely reduces acute pain in the ED with a more rapid and shorter effect than morphine.
Annals of internal medicine – April 01, 2024
Summary
A breakthrough in pain management shows ketamine offers faster relief than traditional morphine in emergency settings. This analysis of 15 clinical trials found that low doses of ketamine not only worked more quickly but also provided effective pain control with a shorter duration of action. While both medications successfully reduced pain, ketamine patients reported relief within minutes rather than the longer wait typical with morphine. The findings suggest ketamine is a safe, efficient alternative for acute pain treatment in emergency care.
Abstract
Guo J, Zhao F, Bian J, et al. Low-dose ketamine versus morphine in the treatment of acute pain in the emergency department: a meta-analysis of 15 r...
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE COMBINATION VS DEXMEDETOMIDINE ALONE FOR PEDIATRIC DENTAL SEDATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.
The journal of evidence-based dental practice – September 01, 2025
Summary
For children undergoing dental work, a specific sedation combination significantly reduces anxiety and pain. Researchers explored if Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine (DK) offers advantages over Dexmedetomidine alone for pediatric dental sedation. A review of studies found DK, which combines Dexmedetomidine and Ketamine, effectively lessens anxiety and pain, with a comparable safety profile. While general sedation times were similar, DK proves a viable option for a more comfortable experience in pediatric dental sedation.
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (D) and ketamine are widely used for pediatric dental sedation, each presenting unique benefits and potential adverse effects. Comb...
Simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, MDMA, and ketamine and their metabolites in urine using a rapid and simple HS-SPME-GC-MS method: A forensic study on drug abuse patterns in South Korea.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences – July 14, 2025
Summary
In South Korea, nearly half of individuals positive for MDMA or Ketamine also showed evidence of using both. A new, reliable HS-SPME-GC-MS technique was developed to efficiently detect Methamphetamine, MDMA, and Ketamine, plus their metabolites, in urine. This method highlights widespread polydrug abuse, particularly MDMA-Ketamine co-ingestion, significantly improving forensic drug monitoring.
Abstract
The increasing abuse of stimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), along with the dissociative anesthet...
Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by (S)-ketamine in an animal model of depression.
Pharmacological research – January 01, 2025
Summary
New research reveals how S-Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects may work through the body's endocannabinoid system. Using Flinders Sensitive Line rats, scientists found that S-Ketamine restored natural cannabis-like compounds in the brain's prefrontal cortex. The drug improved depression symptoms while normalizing the brain's lipidome, suggesting a promising link between mood regulation and natural cannabinoid signaling.
Abstract
Ketamine (KET) is recognized as rapid-acting antidepressant, but its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Considering the role of endocannabinoids ...
Comparison of intranasal ketamine with intranasal midazolam and dexmedetomidine combination in pediatric dental patients for procedural sedation: A crossover study.
Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry – July 01, 2024
Summary
Nasal spray sedation is revolutionizing pediatric dental care, making treatments easier for anxious children. A comparison of two approaches found that ketamine nasal spray worked faster and more effectively than a combination of traditional sedatives. Children aged 3-9 recovered more quickly with ketamine and preferred it over alternatives. Both methods proved safe, but ketamine's superior results suggest it could become the go-to choice for gentle dental sedation in young patients.
Abstract
The main goal of the pediatric dentist is to address and reduce children's fear and anxiety during the dental treatment, especially when convention...
The Use of Ketamine for the Treatment of Anhedonia in Depression.
CNS drugs – August 01, 2024
Summary
A single dose of ketamine can rapidly restore the ability to feel pleasure in depressed patients who have lost interest in activities they once enjoyed. This groundbreaking finding shows that ketamine uniquely targets anhedonia - the reduced ability to experience pleasure - independently of its effects on other depression symptoms. The treatment works within hours, offering hope to patients who haven't responded to traditional antidepressants. Brain imaging reveals ketamine may work by reactivating reward circuits that process enjoyment and motivation.
Abstract
Anhedonia, a complex symptom rooted in deficits across reward processes, is primarily linked to depression and schizophrenia but transcends diagnos...
Use of Ketamine Infusions for Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review
medRxiv Preprint Server – April 20, 2021
Summary
Many battling Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) find little relief, but an unexpected treatment is emerging. A review of clinical studies investigated if ketamine infusions could alleviate this severe chronic pain. Results indicate that ketamine significantly reduces pain and improves function for many patients, providing a promising new option. This offers substantial hope for those with previously unmanageable pain.
Abstract
Background This systematic review aims to review clinical studies on the use of ketamine infusion for patients with treatment-resistant Complex Reg...
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Nat Commun – December 22, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, the temporary feeling of detachment experienced with ketamine treatment appears strongly linked to its powerful antidepressant effects. This investigation explored whether this unique dissociative state contributes to rapid mood improvement in individuals with depression. Measuring both the level of dissociation and symptom relief, findings indicate that greater dissociation correlates with more significant and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms. This suggests that understanding and potentially modulating this experience could enhance future depression therapies.
Abstract
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight.
Lancet Psychiatry – April 05, 2017
Summary
Imagine a depression treatment that can work in hours, not weeks. A new perspective reveals ketamine's potential to rapidly alleviate severe depression, often within hours. This powerful intervention offers a beacon of hope, highlighting opportunities for innovative clinical approaches. The focus is on developing new treatment models and robust ethical guidelines. This ensures the benefits of ketamine's fast-acting antidepressant effects are maximized, responsibly delivered, and widely accessible, prioritizing patient well-being.
Abstract
Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight.
Hemodynamic effects in dogs anesthetized with the combination tiletamine-zolazepam-ketamine-xylazine.
Veterinary research communications – April 26, 2025
Summary
A new anesthetic combination shows promise for healthy canines, though it significantly impacts heart function. When veterinarians combined dissociative anesthesia with α2 adrenoceptor agonists, dogs experienced reduced cardiac output but maintained stable blood oxygen levels. While heart rate dropped by up to 43%, blood pressure remained well-controlled, suggesting this protocol is safe for healthy dogs needing short-term sedation.
Abstract
This was a prospective, experimental study, that evaluated the hemodynamic effects in dogs administered the combination tiletamine-zolazepam-ketami...