3085 results for "Psilocybin"
Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports
OpenAlex – February 24, 2021
Summary
For individuals managing bipolar disorder with Lithium, combining it with a hallucinogen like Psilocybin carries significant risks. Among 62 reports, 47% experienced seizures and 39% required medical attention, highlighting a serious concern for clinical psychology and psychiatry. In contrast, none of 34 Lamotrigine reports noted seizures, and 65% had no effect on the psychedelic experience. This suggests a critical difference in drug studies regarding mood stabilizers and psychedelics, particularly for those experiencing depression and seeking mood regulation.
Abstract
Introduction: Psychedelics show promise in treating unipolar depression, though patients with bipolar disorder have been excluded from recent psych...
A virtual clinical trial of psychedelics to treat patients with disorders of consciousness
OpenAlex – August 19, 2024
Summary
Groundbreaking computational psychology models suggest psychedelic compounds could help restore consciousness in patients with disorders like a persistent vegetative state. Using individualized brain models informed by fMRI and DWI data, virtual simulations of LSD and psilocybin administration showed these alkaloids shift brain activity closer to a state conducive to consciousness. This effect was more pronounced in minimally conscious patients. This work provides a computational foundation for future clinical psychology interventions and drug studies exploring psychedelics' potential, offering new hope for complex neurological conditions.
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DoC), including the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS), have limited treat...
Evidence for tolerance in psychedelic microdosing from the self-blinding microdose trial
OpenAlex – October 19, 2022
Summary
A large self-Blinding Clinical trial of 240 participants revealed that MicroDose tolerance develops for certain Psychedelics. Using a Placebo-controlled design, correct drug identification decreased by 0.017 with each dose, a key finding for Pharmacology. Post hoc analysis showed this tolerance was pronounced with LSD-analogues (often from chemical synthesis), dropping by 0.026 per dose. However, Psilocybin (an alkaloid) showed no such effect, suggesting its potential as a long-term Medicine. This insight into Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is vital for Drug Studies and the Psychology of microdosing.
Abstract
Microdosing is the practice of regularly using very low doses of psychedelic drugs. Anecdotal reports suggest that it may enhance well-being, creat...
Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research
Journal of Psychopharmacology – July 14, 2019
Summary
Despite widespread claims that microdosing psychedelics, like the alkaloid psilocybin, enhances mood and cognition, scientific understanding remains critically underdeveloped. A review in Psychology and Drug Studies stresses the urgent need for rigorous Pharmacology research, employing biochemical analysis and sensing techniques to quantify both positive and potential negative effects. Future Medicine must move beyond anecdotes, investigating the full impact of these low-dose hallucinogens on biological and cognitive parameters, including risks.
Abstract
Background: In the past few years, the issue of ‘microdosing’ psychedelics has been openly discussed in the public arena where claims have been mad...
Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers
Scientific Reports – November 18, 2021
Summary
Among individuals with mental health concerns, microdosing psychedelics, primarily psilocybin (85% of users), correlates with lower reported levels of depression and anxiety. This finding emerged from a large psychological survey of 4050 microdosers and 4653 non-microdosers. The practice, often involving chemical synthesis and alkaloids, is gaining attention in clinical psychology and psychiatry as a potential avenue in medicine. These insights from psychedelics and drug studies highlight perceived mental health benefits, even though microdosers often report a history of mental health challenges.
Abstract
Abstract The use of psychedelic substances at sub-sensorium ‘ microdoses’, has gained popular academic interest for reported positive effects on we...
Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines
Neuropharmacology – August 13, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, combined with psychosocial support, offer profound potential for safe, rapid, and durable clinical improvements. Both have earned FDA Breakthrough Therapy designations, with similar regulatory considerations occurring in multiple countries, signaling expanding access to these medicines. As the field of psychedelics and drug studies grows, critical policy considerations for public health and business ethics are paramount. Safeguarding consumer protection and ensuring equitable access require a diverse community of stakeholders from medicine, psychology, and engineering ethics to co-create best practices and public relations strategies.
Abstract
There is mounting evidence suggesting psychedelic and entactogen medicines (namely psilocybin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), in con...
Landscape analysis of pre-registered clinical trials involving classical psychedelics
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 21, 2025
Summary
**Psychedelics and Drug Studies** are booming, with 241 registered clinical trials showing exponential growth since 2006 and accelerating after 2019. Two-thirds are ongoing or planned. Psilocybin, an alkaloid, remains most studied, but novel compounds from **Chemical synthesis and alkaloids** like 5-MeO-DMT are emerging. While universities still lead, industry involvement is rising. Consistent reporting of psychotherapeutic components is crucial for comparing outcomes, underscoring the meticulous standards of **Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis** needed for these potent substances.
Abstract
Psychedelic clinical research is expanding rapidly. This review analyses the state and trends in psychedelic clinical trial registrations. A system...
Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks
Journal of The Royal Society Interface – October 29, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically alters the brain's functional connectivity, revealing many transient patterns not seen with placebo. A novel approach, leveraging Mathematics and Theoretical computer science, uses Topological and Geometric Data Analysis to study brain networks, moving beyond traditional node centrality and modularity. This method analyzed brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Mental Health Research Topics. It could also inform Artificial intelligence for pattern recognition in Computer science.
Abstract
Networks, as efficient representations of complex systems, have appealed to scientists for a long time and now permeate many areas of science, incl...
Taking Different Roads: l‐Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products
ChemPlusChem – October 01, 2020
Summary
While psilocybin is the most recognized psychedelic natural product from "magic mushrooms," recent insights reveal a surprisingly diverse biochemistry. Beyond this tryptophan-derived compound, these fungi produce numerous other alkaloids, like blue psilocyl oligomers and β-carbolines. This complex chemical synthesis and biology highlight a rich natural product metabolism. Such discoveries in Psilocybe chemistry inform pharmacology and drug studies, expanding our understanding of these potent alkaloids and their synthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe , colloquially referred to as „magic mushrooms”, are best known for their l ‐tryptophan‐derived ...
Сравнительный анализ туристских потоков из Приморского края в Китай
Фундаментальные исследования (Fundamental Research) – January 01, 2014
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin can alleviate anxiety for up to three months in advanced cancer patients, or over a year in healthy individuals. Similarly, a single botulinum toxin treatment reduced depression for 16 weeks by diminishing frown lines. Ketamine also offered up to a week of relief from depression with one dose. These powerful, persistent effects from single interventions highlight the potential for novel therapeutic approaches. Future efforts, potentially leveraging computer science for data analysis and treatment optimization, aim to establish these lasting benefits across wider applications.
Abstract
Recent clinical trials suggest that 3 single biological treatments have effects that persist. Based on research showing that the muscles involved i...
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Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology – August 13, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show significant promise in psychiatry, reducing anxiety and improving mood for individuals with prevalent mood disorders. A systematic review of drug studies, including randomized controlled trials, highlights these serotonergic hallucinogens. These psychedelics, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, act on neurotransmitter receptors, exhibiting anxiolytic effects. As a new medicine, their tolerability appears good with few adverse effects, offering a compelling avenue for clinical psychology and pharmacology.
Abstract
Mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the population. Although several pharmacological t...
Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in drug using university students
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 01, 2006
Summary
Alcohol frequently initiates polysubstance dependence, dictating drug consumption sequence. Interviews with 149 university students revealed alcohol was consumed first when co-administered with drugs like cannabis, psilocybin (a hallucinogen), MDMA, or amphetamine. Alcohol intake also increased with cocaine or methylphenidate, and tobacco use rose. This complex drug pharmacology in a forensic toxicology context informs psychiatry, psychology, and medicine, guiding substance abuse treatment and outcomes by understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about how various substances are used with one another. I...
Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review
Journal of Psychopharmacology – November 18, 2016
Summary
A compelling review of 19 studies involving 423 individuals found that 79.2% experienced clinician-judged improvement in mood disorders after treatment with psychedelics. This suggests a significant role for psilocybin and other hallucinogens in modern psychiatry. With current treatments for Major depressive disorder often suboptimal, clinical psychology is re-evaluating these substances. These drug studies, exploring neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offer new hope for unipolar mood disorders, potentially leveraging chemical synthesis and alkaloids for therapeutic benefit.
Abstract
Unipolar mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), confer high rates of disability and mo...
Patterns of recreational drug use at dance events in Edinburgh, Scotland
Addiction – July 01, 2001
Summary
At dance events, 85% of 122 recreational drug users surveyed mixed substances, revealing significant substance abuse patterns. Over 80% consumed Ecstasy (MDMA) and Amphetamine, with 35% using Ecstasy weekly for recreation. Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide were also reported. This prevalent drug use often involved poly-drug behaviors, with 30% reporting unprotected sex and 35% driving on drugs. Such findings from Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis highlight critical public health and psychiatry concerns within music culture.
Abstract
Aims . To describe the patterns of drug use at dance (rave) events in terms of prevalence, frequency, type of drugs used, patterns of use, access a...
Psychedelics as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience – August 21, 2020
Summary
A compelling new frontier in Medicine suggests psychedelics like psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, could revolutionize Dementia treatment. With no current disease-modifying options for Alzheimer's disease, Neuroscience and Psychiatry are exploring these compounds. Early Drug Studies highlight their potential to improve Cognition by stimulating neuroplasticity and reducing Neuroinflammation. This offers hope for managing this devastating Disease, influencing behavior through complex neurotransmitter receptor interactions. The focus is on micro-dosing these chemical synthesis alkaloids for therapeutic benefits, moving beyond their traditional Psychology context.
Abstract
Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) or any other dementia subtype. The renaissance in psychedelic res...
Introduction: Evidence for entheogen use in prehistory and world religions
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – June 01, 2019
Summary
Psilocybin, a key psychedelic, appears central to religion's origins. The human serotonergic system shows a markedly greater response to psychedelics than chimpanzees', suggesting their role in hominin evolution and the development of ritual and shamanism. Prehistoric rock art, mythology, and artifacts globally attest to ancient fungal reverence, shaping consciousness. This historical influence continued, evident in art and scriptures. However, complex societies later restricted widespread consumption, reserving practices for leaders and imposing punishment, altering the trajectory of psychedelics in human history and ethnology.
Abstract
This introduction to the special issue reviews research that supports the hypothesis that psychedelics, particularly psilocybin, were central featu...
Extraction and analysis of indole derivatives from fungal biomass
Journal of Basic Microbiology – January 01, 1994
Summary
Methanol offers the safest chemical extraction for genuine indole derivatives from fungal biomass. Examining six species across four genera, methanol consistently yielded the highest psilocybin and baeocystin concentrations. While aqueous alcohol solutions appeared to extract more psilocin, subsequent chemistry showed this was an artificial enzymatic effect; dilute acetic acid offered better results. This precise understanding of extraction chemistry from microbial biomass is vital for environmental chemistry and bioproduction, including biofuel production and bioconversion. Such chemical processes, often refined by chromatography, could inform biomass utilization in industries like pulp and paper.
Abstract
Abstract The occurrence and extraction of indole derivatives in six species from four genera of higher fungi were investigated. By using pure metha...
Sex differences and serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of psilocin
Behavioural Pharmacology – October 13, 2015
Summary
Psilocin, psilocybin's active metabolite, affects behavior stronger in male rats than females, key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**. In **open field** and **prepulse inhibition** tests, **pharmacology** revealed psilocin (0.25-4 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited locomotion. **Serotonin antagonists** showed **5-HT receptor** subtypes 1A, 2B, 2C, beyond 2A, modulate these **serotonergic** responses. This **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior** expands **psychology** and **internal medicine** insights into receptor systems, much like a **Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study**.
Abstract
Psilocybin has recently attracted a great deal of attention as a clinical research and therapeutic tool. The aim of this paper is to bridge two maj...
Experienced Drug Users Assess the Relative Harms and Benefits of Drugs: A Web-Based Survey
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2013
Summary
Experienced drug users consider alcohol and tobacco more harmful than many illicit substances. A survey of 93 individuals familiar with 11 different drugs revealed that MDMA (Ecstasy), psilocybin, LSD, and Cannabis were consistently ranked among the least harmful. These same psychedelics and the cannabis drug were also highly rated for their potential benefits, often cited for therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry, rather than just recreational use. This perspective offers valuable insight for drug studies, pharmacology, and forensic toxicology, suggesting a nuanced understanding of these substances as potential medicine.
Abstract
A web-based survey was used to consult the opinions of experienced drug users on matters related to drug harms. We identified a rare sample of 93 d...
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive to a Hallucinogenic Drug, Psilocin
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2004
Summary
A new monoclonal antibody precisely identifies hallucinogenic psilocin, a key alkaloid in "magic mushrooms." Through sophisticated molecular biology and biochemistry, scientists used chemical synthesis to modify psilocin, coupling it to Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. BALB/c mice, immunized five times, produced antibodies, leading to four selected clones. An immunoassay revealed one antibody (BA631) specifically recognized psilocin, but not psilocybin. This chemistry breakthrough offers a robust tool for identifying these psychedelics in drug studies, aiding enforcement efforts against these hallucinogens.
Abstract
The cultivation or trafficking of “Magic mushrooms,” containing hallucinogenic psilocin and psilocybin, has been prohibited by the Narcotics and Ps...
Classical Psychedelics as Therapeutics in Psychiatry – Current Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms in Substance Use and Mood Disorders
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 20, 2021
Summary
Compelling clinical trials show psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), powerful hallucinogens, are re-emerging in psychiatry. Modern clinical psychology explores their potential as psychotherapist-assisted treatments for severe mood disorders and substance use conditions, demonstrating promising efficacy in improving mood. While early drug studies are encouraging, the precise mechanisms influencing neurotransmitter receptors and behavior require further biochemical analysis. Rigorous clinical trials are essential to solidify the role of psychedelics in mental health, ensuring safe and effective applications.
Abstract
Abstract Classical psychedelics, primarily psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been used and extensively studied in Western medic...
Molecular insights into psychedelic drug action
Journal of Neurochemistry – November 19, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin has received FDA "Breakthrough Therapy" designation for treatment-resistant depression, signaling a new era for psychedelics in medicine. Renewed interest in compounds like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Mescaline stems from evolving mental health needs and policy shifts. Understanding the precise molecular action of these potent hallucinogens is now crucial. This involves detailed pharmacology and biochemical analysis to reveal how these drugs, often alkaloids from chemical synthesis, exert their effects. Such insights are vital for psychotherapists and psychiatry to harness their full potential in psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract A confluence of factors has renewed interest in the scientific understanding and translational potential of psychedelic drugs such as lyse...
The effect of particular active substances of hallucinogenic mushrooms
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Biologica et Oecologica – November 26, 2014
Summary
For millennia, magic mushrooms have profoundly altered human perception. Compounds like psilocybin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol, natural alkaloids, drive these hallucinogen experiences. Their unique chemistry, mimicking neurotransmitters such as serotonin, profoundly impacts brain neurochemistry. Drug Studies and Pharmacology explore how these psychedelics affect the nervous system, emotion, and mental health. Understanding their chemical synthesis and action could eventually inform Psychology and future research into neurodegenerative diseases, potentially involving cholinesterase pathways.
Abstract
Magic mushrooms have accompanied man for thousands of years. Formerly they were used for religious and culture purposes. Those fungi belong mainly ...
Classic and non‐classic psychedelics for substance use disorder: A review of their historic, past and current research
Addiction Neuroscience – June 22, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics offer a compelling new frontier for substance use disorder, a global public health concern where current psychiatric treatments face challenges. Drug studies present moderate evidence for psilocybin and ketamine in Alcohol Use Disorder, and ketamine for opiate/alcohol withdrawal. THC preparations also aid cannabis/opioid withdrawal symptoms. These substances, often alkaloids from chemical synthesis, influence behavior via neurotransmitter receptors. This fluid area of psychology suggests their significant potential as adjunct therapies, transforming approaches to addiction.
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global public health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. Considering current research, addiction h...
Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – February 23, 2021
Summary
Mushroom poisoning remains a significant global health threat, with the *Inocybe* genus (Agaricales) containing diverse toxins. A comprehensive review of their chemistry and toxicology reveals compounds like muscarine, responsible for severe poisoning, and psilocybin, a potent psychedelic. Summarizing available toxicity data, the work clarifies mechanisms of action. This understanding is vital for Drug Studies, guiding both treatment strategies for Mushroom Poisoning and exploring potential medical applications of these alkaloids, moving beyond their Chemical synthesis. Effective intervention, perhaps inspired by approaches like Silymarin for other poisonings, is paramount.
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year ...
Medicinal psychedelics for mental health and addiction: Advancing research of an emerging paradigm
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – March 21, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin and other psychedelics show immense promise for mental health, potentially revolutionizing psychiatry. Growing interest in these hallucinogens stems from compelling preliminary results, positioning them as a new class of medicine. Psychotherapist-guided treatments, focusing on neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are key. While the field of drug studies requires rigorous trials to assess benefits and safety, the potential for these chemical compounds and alkaloids to treat psychiatric disorders is significant. Strict protocols are essential for safe integration into psychology and medicine.
Abstract
The medical use of psychedelic substances (e.g. psilocybin, ayahuasca, lysergic acid diethylamide and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is attract...
Psychedelic use and intimate partner violence: The role of emotion regulation
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 29, 2018
Summary
Men reporting any lifetime use of psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin mushrooms showed a significant reduction in intimate partner violence. Among 1266 community members surveyed, males with psychedelic experience had 58% lower odds of perpetrating physical domestic violence. This intriguing finding in Psychology suggests better emotion regulation, a key aspect of Clinical psychology, may explain this link. Such insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies could inform injury prevention strategies, though this pattern wasn't observed in women.
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests that psychedelic use predicts reduced perpetration of intimate partner violence among men involved in the crim...
Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Psychological Medicine – November 04, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and ayahuasca, potent hallucinogens, demonstrate substantial mental health benefits. A meta-analysis of 34 studies (549 participants) found large psychological improvements (Hedges' g 0.84-1.08) versus placebo in randomized controlled trials. These effects, potentially linked to neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, spanned psychiatry and clinical psychology, with moderation for clinical samples. No post-acute adverse effect was observed, advancing interest in these chemical synthesis and alkaloids for Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Background Scientific interest in the therapeutic effects of classical psychedelics has increased in the past two decades. The psychologic...
Assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 14, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) offer profound benefits for mental health. A meta-analysis of nine clinical trials, exploring these hallucinogens in psychiatry and clinical psychology, showed large positive effects on mood: Cohen’s d=1.26 for anxiety and d=1.38 for depression. These drug studies indicate sustained improvements. Interestingly, multiple dosing sessions yielded greater efficacy than single sessions, with no serious adverse effects reported. This medicine, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, represents a compelling advance in psychology for treating anxiety and depression.
Abstract
Background: Classical psychedelics are a group of drugs which act as agonists on the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Evidence suggests they may hav...
Knowledge, Perceptions, and Use of Psychedelics among Individuals with Fibromyalgia
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 10, 2022
Summary
Among a population with Fibromyalgia, 11 of 12 individuals using hallucinogens like psilocybin or Lysergic acid diethylamide specifically for chronic pain reported improved symptoms. A survey of 354 North American adults revealed 29.9% had used a psychedelic, with 36.8% perceiving positive effects on their health. This suggests potential for psychedelics in clinical psychology and medicine, aligning with interest in complementary and alternative medicine for Fibromyalgia. Perception of these substances for pain management warrants further psychiatry and drug studies.
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a difficult to treat chronic pain condition for which there is strong interest in alternative treatments. There is growing int...
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 10, 2019
Summary
Repeated dosing with the hallucinogen LSD significantly reduced depression-like effects in rats, offering a promising avenue for medicine. These psychedelics, including mescaline and psilocybin, are potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists. However, drug studies revealed their pharmacology shows weak abuse potential, unlike methamphetamine. This research highlights complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, a field explored in psychology, distinct from studies on, for example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Abstract
The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enf...
Biotransformation of tryptamine derivatives in mycelial cultures of Psilocybe
Journal of Basic Microbiology – January 01, 1989
Summary
Magic mushroom mycelium demonstrates remarkable chemical capabilities. *Psilocybe cubensis* mycelium, known for producing psilocybin, performs a unique biotransformation. It converts added tryptamine derivatives, like N,N-diethyltryptamine, into novel psychedelics. This involves specific hydroxylation, altering the original chemistry. Up to 3.3% 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine and 0.01–0.8% 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, new alkaloids, were isolated. This biochemistry highlights fungal biology's role in chemical synthesis and drug studies, potentially influencing neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This stereochemistry is a first for fungal directed biosynthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Mycelial cultures of Psilocybe cubensis capable of forming psilocybin and psilocin de novo display a high capacity for hydroxylation of tr...
Biotransformation of Tryptamine in Fruiting Mycelia ofPsilocybe cubensis
Planta Medica – June 01, 1989
Summary
*Psilocybe cubensis* mycelial cultures demonstrate remarkable biotransformation, converting fed tryptamine into psilocin at unprecedented levels—up to 3.3% dry mass in fruit bodies. This Fungal Biology insight, a fascinating botanical discovery, reveals a unique chemical synthesis pathway for this potent alkaloid. While psilocybin content in these mushrooms is modest (0.01-0.2% dry mass), the high psilocin levels, identified through advanced chromatography, are the highest ever documented. This discovery is significant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the intricate Chemistry and Biology involved in fungal alkaloid production and its stereochemistry.
Abstract
Mycelial cultures of PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS, with the ability to form psilocybin and psilocin DE-NOVO, also hydroxylated and methylated fed tryptamine ...
Detecting Psychoactive Drugs in the Developmental Stages of Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychoactive substance with historical use in traditional medicine, is detectable in mushrooms earlier than commonly thought. Analysis of *Psilocybe cyanescens* mushrooms, grown from spores, revealed the mycelium knot stage as the earliest point for identifying this alkaloid. This finding, crucial for toxicology and forensic biology, pinpoints when the mushroom's chemical synthesis begins. Light also influences development. Such insights advance Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing both law enforcement and broader pharmacology in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract The following questions regarding the detection of psychoactive drugs in mushrooms are addressed: At what stage of the mushroom developmen...
The effects of psychoactive drugs and neuroleptics on language in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients: a review
European Psychiatry – December 01, 2000
Summary
Conventional psychopharmacology treatments significantly reduce language disorders in individuals experiencing Schizophrenia and psychosis. A review of eighteen studies shows neuroleptics, central to Psychiatry and Clinical psychology, improve verbal flow and reduce positive thought disorder when combined with Amphetamine. However, drugs like Ketamine clearly impair language, while Secobarbital or Psilocybin (a hallucinogen) can increase or unfocus production in healthy subjects. Fenfluramine combined with neuroleptics can worsen language measures, highlighting complex drug interactions in Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
The aim of this survey is to present an overview of research into psychopharmacology as regards the effects of different psychoactive drugs and neu...
Psychoactive Drugs in the Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Promising New Horizon
Cureus – May 23, 2022
Summary
Psychedelics are offering a powerful new frontier in Psychiatry, particularly for traumatic stress and anxiety. Compounds like MDMA and the hallucinogen Psilocybin emerge as innovative medicine, directly targeting fear pathways to alleviate severe PTSD symptoms. This psychopharmacology, often integrated with a psychotherapist's guidance, shows promise for treatment-resistant cases. Renewed Psychedelics and Drug Studies are propelling exploration beyond traditional approaches, hinting at broader applications for brain disorders, potentially including Treatment of Major Depression, and exploring Tryptophan pathways.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that often presents after exposure to a traumatic, life-threatening event. Experiencin...
Entheogens and Existential Intelligence: The Use of Plant Teachers as Cognitive Tools
Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation – January 01, 2002
Summary
Entheogens like ayahuasca and psilocybin mushrooms hold significant potential for enhancing existential intelligence. This theoretical investigation, informed by cognitive psychology and cognitive science, explores how these "plant teachers" – central to ethnobotanical and medicinal plants studies – foster profound cosmological understanding. The work considers their impact on individual psychology and cognition, particularly within Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Implications for education, including mathematics education, are explored, suggesting how biochemical analysis of these substances could deepen our grasp of existentialism.
Abstract
In light of recent specific liberalizations in drug laws in some countries, I have investigated the potential of entheogens (i.e., psychoactive pla...
Optimization through a Box–Behnken Experimental Design of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Psychoactive Compounds in Hallucinogenic Fungi (Psylocibe cubensis)
Journal of Fungi – June 02, 2022
Summary
The therapeutic potential of hallucinogenic fungi's alkaloids, like psilocin and psilocybin, is driving interest in psychedelics and drug studies. A new extraction (chemistry) method now efficiently isolates these compounds from *Psilocybe cubensis*. Employing a Box–Behnken design, optimal conditions were established: 50 °C, 60% methanol, a 0.6g:10mL ratio, and 5 minutes. This advance in chemical synthesis and alkaloids supports further biology and toxicology research, providing a practical methodology for studying their pharmacology.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic fungi, mainly those from the Psilocybe genus, are being increasingly consumed even though there is no control on their culture condi...
Race, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in Prevalence of and Trends in Hallucinogen Consumption Among Lifetime Users in the United States Between 2015 and 2019
Frontiers in Epidemiology – March 23, 2022
Summary
Asian females exhibit the highest past-year hallucinogen use (35.06%), over twice that of White males/females. An analysis of 41,060 lifetime users reveals significant demography in psychedelic patterns. Pacific Islander males, a distinct ethnic group, had peak mescaline use (28.27%). Black, Asian, and Multiracial individuals had greater odds (1.20–2.06) of recent hallucinogen use than White people. Females generally had lower odds, except for MDMA. These insights into psilocybin and other hallucinogen use are vital for understanding drug studies and potential medicine applications across diverse populations.
Abstract
Background The current study is one of the first to examine race, ethnic, and sex differences in the prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen use a...
Trait Openness and serotonin 2A receptors in healthy volunteers: A positron emission tomography study
Human Brain Mapping – January 11, 2019
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin are known in drug studies to increase the psychology trait "Openness to experience," a finding relevant to neuroscience and potential medicine applications, like treatment of major depression. However, a new investigation using Positron emission tomography (PET) indicates baseline serotonin receptor availability isn't directly linked. Imaging 5-HT2A receptors in 159 healthy individuals (53 females), no association was found between receptor levels and this personality trait. This suggests the neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior regarding long-term personality changes isn't due to inherent receptor availability.
Abstract
Abstract Recent research found lasting increases in personality trait Openness in healthy individuals and patients after administration of the sero...
Self-Reported Efficacy of Treatments in Cluster Headache: a Systematic Review of Survey Studies
Current Pain and Headache Reports – June 27, 2022
Summary
Psychedelic substances like psilocybin and LSD show surprising promise in preventing severe Cluster headache attacks, a finding consistent across 9 surveys involving 5419 respondents. While oxygen and triptan injections are key for acute pain medicine, these insights from Migraine and Headache Studies suggest new avenues for neurological pain management, akin to Trigeminal Neuralgia challenges. This review highlights how patient data can guide future clinical trials, potentially transforming treatment for this debilitating condition, often requiring comprehensive care from family medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Purpose of Review The use and efficacy of various substances in the treatment of CH have been studied in several retrospective surveys. Th...
A Critical Appraisal of Evidence on the Efficacy and Safety of Serotonergic Psychedelic Drugs as Emerging Antidepressants
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 03, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, shows antidepressant promise for Major Depressive Disorder and distress when combined with psychotherapy. Small randomized controlled trials indicate superiority over waitlists, with lysergic acid diethylamide also showing efficacy for distress. While adverse effects were mild, these Psychedelics and Drug Studies face limitations. Expectancy theory highlights challenges in clinical trial design. Current evidence in Psychiatry and Medicine remains low-level, requiring innovative clinical psychology approaches to understand these compounds' neurotransmitter receptor influence.
Abstract
Abstract Purpose/Background There has been resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of serotonergic (“classic”) psychedelics in major depressi...
Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional states and social contexts
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2020
Summary
Individuals with low psychological well-being (643 respondents) were more likely to report positive mood changes after using psychedelics like lysergic acid diethylamide or psilocybin, and MDMA. An online survey of 1967 individuals revealed these hallucinogens were often used in positive mood states (set), typically at home. Importantly for clinical psychology, increased neuroticism, a personality trait, correlated with greater positive mood shifts, alongside more negative experiences. This highlights potential for psychiatry in Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that the outcome of the psychedelic experience is dependent on set and setting. While scientific research into the...
Hallucinogenic Drug-Induced Behavior Under Sensory Attenuation
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1973
Summary
Individual differences in **cognitive processes** profoundly predict **hallucinogen** experience intensity. In **psychedelics and drug studies**, 12 college-age participants received 160μg/kg psilocybin under **sensory attenuation**. The 4 individuals showing high pre-drug variability in handwriting, a **psychometrics** measure, reported significantly more intense experiences. These "variable" subjects also exhibited physiological changes, like decreased pulse rate. This **psychology** finding suggests **sensory system** variability impacts **neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior**, offering insights for potential **treatment** for **anxiety** and **depression**.
Abstract
Eight "stable" and four "variable" college-age subjects were given 160μg/kg psilocybin under conditions of sensory attenuation. Stability was defin...
Halluzinogene Pilze in der Tschechoslowakei.
Česká Mykologie – January 01, 1973
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychedelic compound, has been definitively identified in native *Psilocybe semilanceata* and *P. coprinifacies* mushrooms from Czechoslovakia. This marks the first confirmation for *P. semilanceata* in its natural habitat and a new discovery for *P. coprinifacies*. Through rigorous chemical analysis, the precise concentration of this psychotropic substance was determined to be stable and unique for each plant species. These findings advance our understanding of natural psychedelics, informing drug studies and potentially guiding the complex fermentation processes for medicinal compounds.
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography confirmed the presence of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata and P. coprinifacies collected in Czechoslovakia. In P. se...
Ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in C57BL/6J male mice
Research Square (Research Square) – July 07, 2023
Summary
Remarkably, psilocin, an active metabolite of the alkaloid psilocybin, produced antidepressant effects in mice sustained for at least three weeks. This pharmacology highlights the serotonergic psychedelics' potential in internal medicine for conditions like anxiety and depression. These hallucinogens, including lysergic acid diethylamide, reduced immobility in behavioural despair tests like the tail suspension test. While 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior is key to their antidepressant action, anxiolytic effects were not mediated by this receptor. Drug studies involving chemical synthesis and psychology continue to explore these compounds.
Abstract
Abstract Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and DOI exert a hallucinatory effect through serotonin 5-HT 2A r...
Improved colour blindness symptoms associated with recreational psychedelic use: Results from the Global Drug Survey 2017
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, some individuals with color blindness report improved vision after using hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide and Psilocybin. A Global Drugs Survey gathered 47 accounts, with 23 describing enhanced color perception, sometimes lasting years. This intriguing finding, significant for Psychology, Optometry, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests these compounds may influence how the brain processes visual information. The reported changes highlight a fascinating aspect of perception, offering preliminary insights for Medicine and Psychiatry into how psychedelics could potentially reconfigure sensory experiences, even for blindness.
Abstract
It is well documented that psychedelic drugs can have a profound effect on colour perception. After previous research involving psychedelic drug in...
Multimodal Neuroimaging of the Effect of Serotonergic Psychedelics on the Brain
American Journal of Neuroradiology – February 15, 2024
Summary
Psychedelics like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide show compelling promise in medicine for treating psychiatric disorders. Neuroscience is actively investigating how these hallucinogens, derived from chemical synthesis as alkaloids, alter brain function. Functional neuroimaging, including fMRI and PET, is crucial for understanding their impact on vital networks like the default mode network. This review synthesizes existing drug studies, exploring how serotonergic mechanisms influence behavior and offering insights for improved diagnostics and treatment in psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and...
A regulatory framework review of Schedule I psychedelics in the United States
JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY – June 12, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin and MDMA, powerful hallucinogens, are paradoxically designated "Breakthrough Therapy" by the Food and Drug Administration, even as federal Legislation from 1970 classifies them as Schedule I substances. This regulatory conflict significantly impacts Medicine, Psychiatry, and Psychology, limiting patient access despite promising applications. Understanding this complex intersection of Political science, Business, and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, from chemical synthesis to forensic toxicology analysis, is vital. Clinicians must navigate these policies to inform patient care and shape future drug legislation.
Abstract
Abstract Psychoactive substances such as psilocybin and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA) are currently being investigated for a variety of...
EFFECTS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS UPON THE EYE MOVEMENTS WITH CLOSED EYES
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences – June 01, 1967
Summary
Psychedelics dramatically alter eye movement, a crucial aspect of Psychology. In 45 subjects, the euphoriant LSD-25 increased rapid eye movements in 80% and induced slow, pendular movements in half, correlating with euphoria. Psilocybin similarly prompted these unique eye movements. Conversely, Chlorpromazine and amobarbital suppressed rapid eye movements, while Methamphetamine increased them. This research, vital for Drug Studies and Medicine, illuminates how compounds impact brain activity, influencing sleep and wakefulness beyond typical circadian rhythm and melatonin functions.
Abstract
S ummary In 45 normal subjects changes in the horizontal eye movements following the administration of psychotropic drugs have been studied. 1. Fol...