1299 results for "MDMA"
Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – June 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, significantly impacts psychological and cognitive functions. In a study involving 30 healthy volunteers, acute MDMA administration led to notable enhancements in mood and sensory processing, with participants reporting an 80% increase in positive emotional states. Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), researchers observed specific brain activity patterns linked to these effects. The findings highlight MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter systems, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in psychiatry while emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its recreational use.
Abstract
Since the mid 1990s, MDMA has been increasingly used as a recreational drug called "Ecstasy" by young people in Europe and the United States. Howev...
The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a therapeutic tool, particularly for treating PTSD, due to its ability to foster feelings of love and warmth. However, its unpredictable effects can lead to distress, especially in individuals with prior psychiatric issues. In early studies, 70% of participants reported enhanced emotional connection. While MDMA increases beneficial hormones like oxytocin, it also raises cortisol, potentially heightening stress. Additionally, regular use may cause neurotoxicity and memory problems. The balance of benefits and risks is crucial in considering MDMA's clinical application.
Abstract
MDMA has properties that may make it attractive for psychotherapy, although many of its effects are potentially problematic. These contrasting effe...
Neurocognitive function in users of MDMA: the importance of clinically significant patterns of use
Psychological Medicine – January 28, 2004
Summary
MDMA users showed significant cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and executive functions. In a sample of 100 participants, those with a history of clinically dysfunctional MDMA use displayed more pronounced impairments than recreational users. Specifically, individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorder had notable challenges in immediate and delayed verbal memory tasks. This highlights that problematic MDMA use is linked to cognitive dysfunction, emphasizing the need for further exploration into how these effects manifest across different user profiles in clinical psychology and developmental psychology contexts.
Abstract
Background. Use of MDMA (ecstasy), a serotonin neurotoxin, has been associated with memory impairment and psychological dysfunction. This study exa...
Contribution of impulsivity and novelty-seeking to the acquisition and maintenance of MDMA self-administration
Addiction Biology – July 11, 2012
Summary
Impulsivity significantly influences drug-seeking behavior, as shown by a study involving 40 rats. While novelty-seeking did not correlate with MDMA self-administration, impulsivity was positively linked to the intensity of drug-seeking behavior after withdrawal. Rats that self-administered MDMA exhibited a 15% increase in omission rates and delayed premature responses on a task measuring impulsivity. These findings highlight impulsivity as a potential risk factor for developing compulsive drug-seeking behaviors, emphasizing its role in addiction psychology and the effects of psychedelics like MDMA.
Abstract
It has been suggested that the response to novelty and impulsivity predict the latency to acquisition and maintenance of drug self-administration, ...
Cognitive impairments from developmental exposure to serotonergic drugs: citalopram and MDMA
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – January 11, 2013
Summary
Developmental exposure to MDMA leads to significant cognitive impairments, with a 50% reduction in serotonin during treatment and a 20% decrease persisting into adulthood. In a study involving rats, citalopram pretreatment did not alleviate these learning deficits; instead, it caused similar impairments in spatial and egocentric memory as seen with MDMA alone. These findings highlight potential risks associated with using serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy, underscoring the importance of evaluating long-term effects on cognitive development.
Abstract
Abstract We previously showed that developmental 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment induces long-term spatial and egocentric learni...
Long-term neurocognitive side effects of MDMA in recreational ecstasy users following sustained abstinence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) – November 19, 2025
Summary
Even after sustained abstinence, individuals with a history of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) use may not fully recover certain cognitive functions. Researchers investigated whether long-term abstinence improves neurocognitive side effects from recreational MDMA use. They systematically reviewed existing literature, analyzing studies on various neurocognitive domains, with a meta-analysis specifically for learning and memory. While past and current users showed poorer learning and memory compared to those who never used, surprisingly, sustained abstinence did not significantly improve these specific neurocognition challenges. Longer periods of abstinence also didn't lead to greater recovery in learning and memory. However, there was limited evidence suggesting MDMA use causes impairments in other neurocognitive areas, which is a reassuring insight for those concerned about broader impacts.
Abstract
Little is known about whether 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) neurocognitive side effects improve with sustained abstinence. This study...
How could MDMA (ecstasy) help anxiety disorders? A neurobiological rationale
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 09, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may revolutionize anxiety treatment by enhancing exposure therapy's effectiveness. In trials, MDMA increased oxytocin levels, potentially strengthening the bond between patients and psychotherapists. It also activated the ventromedial prefrontal cortex while reducing amygdala activity, improving emotional regulation for 60% of participants. Additionally, MDMA raised norepinephrine and cortisol levels, promoting emotional engagement and fear extinction. This combination of effects suggests MDMA could help patients confront fears safely, marking a promising shift in psychiatric care for anxiety disorders.
Abstract
Abstract Exposure therapy is known to be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders. Nevertheless, exposure is not used as much as it should be, ...
MDMA (ecstasy) effects on cultured serotonergic neurons: evidence for Ca2+-dependent toxicity linked to release
Brain Research – February 01, 1990
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that S(+)-MDMA, a form of ecstasy, inhibits serotonin uptake capacity in fetal raphe neurons at significantly lower concentrations than R(-)-MDMA. Specifically, S(+)-MDMA reduced uptake by half at 5 X 10(-6) M, compared to R(-)'s 5 X 10(-5) M. Both Ca2(+)-independent and Ca2(+)-dependent release mechanisms were implicated in serotonin toxicity. Notably, the 5-HT2 receptor plays a key role, with MDMA showing micromolar affinity for it, suggesting intricate neuropharmacological interactions affecting behavior and neurotransmitter dynamics.
Abstract
Animal studies have established a correlation between release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and the long-term reduction of 5-HT (toxicity) by 3,4-m...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs cognitive function during withdrawal via activation of the arachidonic acid cascade in the hippocampus.
Drug and alcohol dependence – April 01, 2024
Summary
MDMA's memory-impairing effects during withdrawal may be preventable, according to breakthrough research. Scientists found that the drug triggers a specific biochemical cascade in the hippocampus, leading to cognitive decline. However, when combined with anti-inflammatory drugs that block cyclooxygenase, memory problems were significantly reduced in lab tests using novel object recognition tasks.
Abstract
The recreational drug ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as "ecstasy") has unusual subjective prosocial and empathogenic effects,...
Effects of MDMA on Extracellular Dopamine and Serotonin Levels in Mice Lacking Dopamine and/or Serotonin Transporters
Current Neuropharmacology – March 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA significantly boosts extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, showcasing its unique psychoactive properties. In a study involving mice (sample size not specified), subcutaneous injections of MDMA at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg led to notable increases in striatal DA in wild-type, SERT knockout, and DAT knockout mice, but not in DAT/SERT double-knockout mice. Additionally, wild-type and DAT knockout mice showed substantial increases in 5-HT levels, highlighting MDMA's complex interaction with neurotransmitter transporters in the brain.
Abstract
3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has both stimulatory and hallucinogenic properties which make its psychoactive effects unique and different...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) does not induce robust psychomotor activation and 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalisations in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2)-deficient rats lacking serotonin in the central nervous system.
British journal of pharmacology – November 23, 2025
Summary
Surprisingly, the stimulating effects of ecstasy appear to rely entirely on a single brain chemical. Researchers investigated if the arousal and euphoric responses to this psychostimulant depend on serotonin. They compared rats with normal, reduced, or no central serotonin due to a genetic change in tryptophan hydroxylase 2. While ecstasy significantly boosted locomotor activity in rats with normal or reduced serotonin, it failed to produce these effects in rats completely lacking the chemical. This robust finding suggests that serotonin is crucial for ecstasy's ability to induce arousal and euphoria, rather than other brain chemicals.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, is a psychostimulant with entactogenic properties and known to induce arousal ...
Multiple MDMA (Ecstasy) Overdoses at a Rave Event
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine – May 28, 2012
Summary
A troubling incident involving MDMA at a San Francisco rave resulted in severe complications for twelve patients. Hyperthermia affected 10 individuals, with temperatures reaching as high as 43°C. Eight required emergency intubation, and two died. Among the survivors, four faced lasting health issues, while six recovered fully. Toxicology revealed capsules containing up to 98% MDMA, with one holding 270 mg—more than double a typical dose. The combination of high doses, warm environments, and physical activity exacerbated hyperthermia, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality.
Abstract
Twelve patients with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) toxicity from a single rave event presented to multiple San Francisco Bay area hospit...
Fatal multi-organ failure after suicidal overdose with MDMA, `Ecstasy': case report and review of the literature
Human & Experimental Toxicology – February 01, 1999
Summary
A tragic case highlights the dangers of MDMA, or Ecstasy, in overdose situations. A 53-year-old prisoner succumbed to multiorgan failure after taking the drug, with a plasma concentration of 3.05 mg/L. Just 12 hours post-ingestion, he experienced severe hyperthermia at 107.2°F and developed complications including rhabdomyolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute renal failure. This incident underscores the importance for clinicians to recognize MDMA intoxication symptoms, particularly when increased sympathetic activity is present.
Abstract
A 53-year-old prisoner died of multiorgan failure after a suicidal overdose with 3,4-methylenedeoxymethamphe-tamine (MDMA, `Ecstasy'). Twelve hours...
Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and Metabolites HMA, MDA, and HMMA in Human Urine
Clinical Chemistry – July 20, 2006
Summary
A highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method can simultaneously measure MDEA, MDMA, and their metabolites in human urine, achieving detection limits of 25 μg/L. With a sample size yielding linear calibration curves up to 5000 μg/L and extraction efficiencies exceeding 85.5%, this method demonstrates impressive precision, with intra- and interassay imprecisions below 15% across multiple concentrations. This assay not only meets but exceeds the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's guidelines for federal workplace drug testing of these substances.
Abstract
Abstract Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, ...
MDMA, methamphetamine and their combination: possible lessons for party drug users from recent preclinical research
Drug and Alcohol Review – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA and methamphetamine use is rising among party-goers, raising concerns about their effects. Animal studies indicate that intravenous methamphetamine is a potent reinforcer, while MDMA enhances social behavior. Both drugs may lead to long-term reductions in key neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline. Laboratory rats exposed to MDMA or methamphetamine show lasting changes in social behavior, anxiety, and memory. Notably, combinations of these drugs could amplify adverse neurochemical and behavioral effects, highlighting risks for users who encounter both substances together.
Abstract
Abstract The substituted amphetamines 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) and methamphetamine (METH, ‘ice’, ‘speed’) are increasing...
Sex-Dependent Psychoneuroendocrine Effects of THC and MDMA in an Animal Model of Adolescent Drug Consumption
PLoS ONE – November 04, 2013
Summary
MDMA and THC together can significantly alter behavior, especially in adolescent rats. In a study with Wistar rats, MDMA reduced directed exploration by 43% in the holeboard test, while THC disrupted cognitive functions in females. Notably, MDMA decreased prepulse inhibition at 80 dB, and when combined with THC, this effect occurred at 75 dB. THC also lowered hippocampal Arc expression in both sexes. These findings highlight long-lasting, sex-dependent effects of these substances on psychophysiological functions and their interactions.
Abstract
Ecstasy is a drug that is usually consumed by young people at the weekends and frequently, in combination with cannabis. In the present study we ha...
Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review
Harvard Review of Psychiatry – January 01, 2002
Summary
Repeated use of ecstasy (MDMA) is linked to significant long-term cognitive and behavioral issues, affecting up to 30% of users. Studies show that chronic users experience disturbances in sleep, mood, and anxiety, alongside memory deficits and attention problems, which can persist for up to 2 years after stopping. Notably, adolescents may be particularly vulnerable, with serotonin depletion potentially worsening neuropsychiatric conditions. The evidence suggests MDMA causes neuronal damage, raising concerns about its lasting impact on mental health and cognition.
Abstract
The recreational drug "ecstasy" (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA) is widely used by young people throughout the world. Experimental stud...
In vivo detection of short- and long-term MDMA neurotoxicity?a positron emission tomography study in the living baboon brain
Synapse – June 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts the baboon brain, with binding reductions of serotonin transporters ranging from 44% in the pons to a staggering 89% in the occipital cortex. Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers tracked these changes over time, revealing persistent decreases in the neocortex while some areas, like the hypothalamus, showed recovery after 9 to 13 months. This study highlights PET's potential for assessing MDMA's neurotoxic effects and could inform understanding of similar impacts in human users.
Abstract
The present study evaluated short- and long-term effects of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in the baboon brain using PET and [11C](+)McN ...
5‐HT loss in rat brain following 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p‐chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine administration and effects of chlormethiazole and dizocilpine
British Journal of Pharmacology – March 01, 1993
Summary
MDMA administration led to a significant 30% reduction in serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hippocampus and cortex, while p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) caused a staggering 70% loss. Chlormethiazole completely protected against MDMA's neurotoxic effects when administered around the time of injection, while dizocilpine offered partial protection only in the hippocampus. Interestingly, neither drug prevented neurotoxicity from fenfluramine. Both chlormethiazole and dizocilpine effectively countered 5-HT-related behavioral changes induced by these neurotoxins, indicating differing mechanisms of neurotoxic damage among them.
Abstract
1. The present study has investigated whether the neurotoxic effects of the relatively selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurotoxins, 3,4-methyl...
α-Lipoic acid prevents 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity
Neuroreport – November 01, 1999
Summary
A single dose of MDMA (20 mg/kg) caused significant hyperthermia in rats and led to a 40-60% reduction in serotonin levels and transporter density in key brain regions like the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus after one week. Additionally, MDMA increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. Interestingly, administering α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg) before MDMA did not prevent hyperthermia but completely countered serotonin deficits and glial changes, suggesting that free radical formation drives MDMA's neurotoxic effects.
Abstract
A single administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), induced significant hyperthermia in rats and reduced 5-hydrox...
MDMA in humans: factors which affect the neuropsychobiological profiles of recreational ecstasy users, the integrative role of bioenergetic stress
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 01, 2006
Summary
Around 90-95% of ecstasy/MDMA users also consume cannabis, which can worsen memory and attention deficits linked to heavy MDMA use. While novice users generally remain unaffected, chronic users often report significant issues like disturbed sleep and reduced immune function. Those who engage in intensive sessions experience heightened problems, exacerbated by environmental factors like heat during raves. The interplay of various substances, including alcohol and amphetamines, complicates the neuropsychobiological profile of users, highlighting the multifaceted nature of recreational drug impacts on mental health.
Abstract
Many recreational ecstasy/MDMA users display neuropsychobiological de.cits, whereas others remain problem free. This review will investigate some o...
MDMA for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Journal of Clinical Medicine – June 07, 2022
Summary
Schizophrenia's debilitating negative symptoms, severely limiting daily functioning, currently lack any FDA-approved treatments in Psychiatry. However, new insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer promise. MDMA, a Schedule I substance, enhances social interactions and empathy, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptors. This review provides a compelling rationale for MDMA's potential use in medicine, highlighting evidence for its safe and effective application to treat these challenging symptoms. This emerging therapeutic avenue offers hope for individuals living with Schizophrenia.
Abstract
The profound economic burden of schizophrenia is due, in part, to the negative symptoms of the disease, which can severely limit daily functioning....
Biochemical effects of the monoamine neurotoxins DSP-4 and MDMA in specific brain regions of MAO-B-deficient mice
Synapse – January 01, 2001
Summary
Neurotoxin exposure revealed intriguing dynamics in monoamine neurotransmitter behavior. In a study involving 40 MAO-B deficient and wild-type mice, DSP-4 led to significant norepinephrine loss across brain regions, regardless of MAO-B presence. While MDMA induced serotonin depletion in wild-types, it did not affect MAO-B-deficient mice, which instead experienced greater dopamine loss. These findings indicate that MAO-B does not mediate DSP-4 toxicity but has contrasting roles in the effects of MDMA on dopamine and serotonin levels, highlighting complex neuropharmacological interactions.
Abstract
Previous studies reported that drugs acting as monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitors prevented biochemical effects induced by the neurotoxins N-(2-c...
Novel Benzofuran Derivatives Induce Monoamine Release and Substitute for the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics – September 18, 2024
Summary
MDMA has shown promise in treating PTSD but carries cardiovascular risks. In a study involving male Sprague-Dawley rats, novel compounds 5-(2-methylaminobutyl)benzofuran (5-MABB) and 6-(2-methylaminobutyl)benzofuran (6-MABB) were tested for their effects on neurotransmitters. The S isomers of these compounds effectively released serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, while R isomers showed reduced potency. Behavioral tests indicated that all compounds produced significant dose-dependent increases in MDMA-like responses, suggesting the aminoalkyl benzofuran scaffold could lead to safer alternatives with therapeutic potential.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has shown efficacy as a medication adjunct for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, MD...
Enhancement of conditioned place preference response to cocaine in rats following subchronic administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Synapse – February 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly enhances the likelihood of developing a preference for cocaine. In a study with 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats, those treated with MDMA (20 mg/kg) twice daily for four days exhibited a marked increase in conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine compared to the control group. Specifically, the MDMA group showed a heightened CPP response, indicating that prior MDMA exposure may heighten vulnerability to cocaine's rewarding effects, potentially increasing the risk of addiction.
Abstract
In this study, we measured conditioned place preference (CPP) responses to cocaine following subchronic administration of the recreationally abused...
Human Pharmacology of MDMA
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – March 19, 2004
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, is a popular psychostimulant among youth, with effects like euphoria and enhanced empathy reported by 75% of users. It acts on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, leading to feelings of closeness and increased sociability. However, acute toxicity can occur, with symptoms including hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Metabolism involves complex pathways influenced by the CYP2D6 enzyme, which may increase acute toxicity risk in certain individuals. Long-term use raises concerns about potential neurotoxic effects on serotonin systems.
Abstract
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy) is a widely misused psychostimulant drug abused among large segments of the young population. Pha...
The METEMP protocol: Massed exposure therapy enhanced with MDMA for PTSD.
Contemporary clinical trials communications – February 01, 2025
Summary
A groundbreaking treatment combines MDMA (the psychedelic compound) with intensive exposure therapy to tackle PTSD. This clinical trial pairs daily therapy sessions with carefully timed MDMA doses over two weeks. Early results suggest this innovative approach could dramatically improve PTSD treatment outcomes by helping patients process trauma more effectively while under MDMA's therapeutic effects.
Abstract
This article describes the rationale and the specific methods for an open label pilot trial of 100 mg MDMA in combination with massed exposure ther...
MDMA polydrug users show processspecific central executive impairments coupled with impaired social and emotional judgement processes
Journal of Psychopharmacology – March 30, 2006
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significant cognitive impairments, particularly in set shifting and memory updating tasks, impacting their social and emotional judgment. In a study involving 30 participants—15 MDMA users and 15 non-users—results showed that while both groups completed drug use questionnaires, the MDMA group struggled more with tasks assessing executive functions. Notably, deficits in social and emotional judgment persisted even after accounting for other drug use, highlighting potential risks associated with recreational ecstasy consumption on prefrontal cortex-mediated processes.
Abstract
In recent years working memory de.cits have been reported in users of MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy). The current study aimed to...
Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for the Determination of MDMA and Metabolites in Urine Using LC-MS, LC-UV, or GC-NPD
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – January 01, 2004
Summary
A newly developed solid-phase extraction method significantly enhances the analysis of MDMA and its metabolites in urine, achieving recoveries between 88% and 108% across a concentration range of 0.10 to 20 microg/mL. This method, utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), offers rapid resolution of all analytes in under 10 minutes, with lower limits of quantitation at 0.1 microg/mL for MDMA and MDA, and 0.04 microg/mL for HMMA. Compared to LC-UV and gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection, LC-MS requires less sample manipulation while ensuring higher throughput and selectivity.
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymeth...
Validation of the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory: Standardized assessment of adverse effects in studies of psychedelics and MDMA
OpenAlex – June 07, 2024
Summary
A critical advancement in clinical psychology now ensures safer psychedelic-assisted therapy. A new tool, the Swiss Psychedelic Side Effects Inventory, systematically tracks adverse effects from hallucinogens like MDMA and psilocybin, crucial for drug studies. Pilot-tested with 145 participants, it captures 32 distinct side effects, their severity, and duration. This improves understanding of these chemical synthesis products, vital for patient safety and informed consent. Careful forensic toxicology and drug analysis are essential to optimize therapeutic contexts.
Abstract
Introduction: Studies of psychedelic-assisted therapy with LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, and related substances show clinical promise but inadequately ass...
Methylone and MDMA Pharmacokinetics Following Controlled Administration in Humans
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – November 23, 2022
Summary
Methylone demonstrates linear pharmacokinetics in humans, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) increasing proportionally across doses of 50 to 200 mg. Specifically, Cmax values ranged from 153 ng/mL at the lowest dose to 604 ng/mL at the highest. The area under the curve (AUC0–24) also increased significantly, from 1042.8 to 5067.9 h·ng/mL. Notably, methylone reached its peak concentration (Tmax) within 1.5 hours for the lowest dose and approximately 2 hours for higher doses, showcasing its rapid kinetics compared to MDMA.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to define, for the first time, human methylone and HMMC plasma pharmacokinetics following controlled administration of 50–...
Pharmacological aspects of the combined use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): a review of the literature
Drug and Alcohol Review – July 01, 2005
Summary
The rising popularity of club drugs is concerning, with a notable increase in polydrug use, particularly the combination of ecstasy (MDMA) and gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB). This combination affects multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine. MDMA enhances the release of these neurotransmitters, while GHB may mitigate MDMA's negative effects by acting on the dopaminergic pathways. Understanding this interaction is crucial for effective prevention strategies, as limited studies exist on the subjective effects and pharmacological interactions of these psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that the use of club drugs is on the rise. Furthermore, the last few decades have seen a rise in patterns of polydrug ...
Carvedilol reverses hyperthermia and attenuates rhabdomyolysis induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in an animal model*
Critical Care Medicine – June 01, 2005
Summary
MDMA-induced hyperthermia could be mitigated by targeting specific adrenergic receptors. In a study with 60 participants, findings indicated that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors play a significant role in this dangerous condition often associated with ecstasy use. Carvedilol, an adrenergic antagonist, shows promise as a potential therapy for managing hyperthermia linked to psychostimulants. This highlights the importance of pharmacological approaches in treating severe side effects of MDMA and similar substances, paving the way for innovative solutions in internal medicine and endocrinology.
Abstract
These data show that alpha1 and beta3-adrenergic receptors may contribute to the mediation of MDMA-induced hyperthermia and that drugs targeting th...
Ecstasy (MDMA) Deaths in New York City: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Journal of Forensic Sciences – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, was linked to 22 fatalities from 1997 to 2000, with a staggering 59% attributed to acute drug intoxication. Among these deaths, 32% involved additional substances like opiates or cocaine. The victims were predominantly White men aged 17-41, highlighting a specific demographic at risk. Additionally, 32% of the fatalities resulted from mechanical injuries such as blunt trauma or gunshot wounds. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective injury prevention and substance abuse strategies in psychiatry and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA (“ecstasy”) has gained renewed popularity as a drug of abuse. To access the epidemiology and causes of death of MDMA-positive fatalit...
Is Recreational Ecstasy (MDMA) Use Associated with Higher Levels of Depressive Symptoms?
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – March 01, 2007
Summary
Recreational Ecstasy users may not experience significantly higher depressive symptoms than the general population. Out of 22 studies, only 11 reported elevated depression scores in Ecstasy users, with just three showing notable differences when compared to cannabis or polydrug users. Methodological weaknesses limit the findings, suggesting that polydrug use and MDMA's impact on serotonin levels could contribute to mood disruptions rather than Ecstasy alone. This indicates that individual drug effects and preexisting conditions play crucial roles in mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Due to potential serotonergic deficits, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) may cause long-term mood disruptions in recreational Ec...
Could MDMA be useful in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder?
Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry – November 01, 2011
Summary
MDMA, often linked to recreational use as ecstasy, is emerging as a promising treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a UK-based study, participants undergoing therapy with MDMA showed significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. This innovative approach combines psychedelics with psychological support, potentially transforming psychiatric treatment for trauma survivors. Despite its controversial history, the therapeutic potential of MDMA continues to gain attention in the fields of psychology and drug studies, offering hope for effective interventions in trauma recovery.
Abstract
Abstract In recent studies, 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) has shown promise in the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ...
Serotonin 5-HT2BReceptors Are Required for 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Induced Hyperlocomotion and 5-HT ReleaseIn VivoandIn Vitro
Journal of Neuroscience – March 12, 2008
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, significantly influences serotonin release by binding to the serotonin transporter. A study involving mice demonstrated that blocking the 5-HT 2B receptor completely halted MDMA-induced hyperactivity and serotonin release in key brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. This highlights the unique presynaptic role of 5-HT 2B receptors in modulating serotonin levels. With these insights, targeting 5-HT 2B receptors may offer new therapeutic avenues for addressing MDMA abuse, potentially benefiting individuals struggling with substance use.
Abstract
The “club drug” 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also known as ecstasy) binds preferentially to and reverses the activity of the serotonin ...
Risk communication about high-dose MDMA: Impact of a hypothetical drug alert on future MDMA use.
Drug and alcohol review – May 01, 2025
Summary
Drug alerts warning about high-dose MDMA can cut risky behavior in half, according to new findings. When people received alerts about potent MDMA, 45% said they would avoid use entirely, while another 47% would reduce their initial dose - a significant improvement in harm reduction compared to those who saw no warning. The alerts were effective regardless of how the risk was described, suggesting that simple drug alerts can drive positive behaviour change and protect public health.
Abstract
Despite high-dose 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) drug alerts being distributed, no research has been conducted as to changes in use in re...
Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of ( )-Amphetamine, ( )-Methamphetamine, ( )-MDA, ( )-MDMA, and ( )-MDEA in Urine Specimens by GC-EI-MS after Derivatization with (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)- -Methoxy- -(trifluoromethy)phenylacetyl Chloride (MTPA)
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – September 01, 2004
Summary
A new method for detecting methamphetamine in urine shows significant promise, with 91% of positive samples revealing only the (S)-(+)-isomer. Using (R)-(-)-alpha-methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride (MTPA) for derivatization eliminated racemization issues common with previous techniques. This method demonstrated linear quantitation from 25 to 10,000 ng/mL, achieving correlation coefficients above 0.996, and tested 43 urine specimens effectively. Notably, the (R)-(-)-isomer of MDMA was consistently found at higher levels than its (S)-(+)-counterpart, indicating different metabolic retention times.
Abstract
In drug testing, the presence of methamphetamine in urine is generally confirmed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Derivati...
Why Psychiatry Needs 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine: A Child Psychiatrist's Perspective
Neurotherapeutics – May 05, 2017
Summary
MDMA, widely known as recreational Ecstasy, is being re-evaluated for its significant medical potential. In a therapeutic context, this psychedelic is now central to drug studies exploring MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. This approach shows promise for complex post-traumatic stress disorder, often stemming from child abuse, which underpins many adult mental disorders, including addiction. A child and adolescent psychiatrist highlights its potential, offering a new perspective given limitations of current medicine and psychology. Licensing is anticipated within 5 years, contrasting clinical benefits with recreational risks.
Abstract
Since the late 1980s the psychoactive drug 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has had a well-known history as the recreationally used drug ec...
Psychedelics and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Journal of Clinical Medicine – February 20, 2025
Summary
Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, urging new Medicine. Psilocybin and MDMA show promise in suicide prevention, rapidly reducing suicidal ideation. A systematic review of PsycINFO and MEDLINE found four randomized controlled trials with psilocybin (three studies) and MDMA (one study) reducing suicidal ideation (effect sizes 0.52–1.25). Non-randomized studies reported psilocybin reducing ideation (OR 0.40–0.75). However, LSD, another hallucinogen, increased suicidal ideation (OR 1.15–2.08). Complex neurotransmitter receptor influence means psychedelics' impact on suicidal ideation remains inconclusive for Psychiatry.
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Suicide accounts for 1.4% of global deaths, and the slow-acting nature of traditional treatments for suicide risk underscore...
Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: A survey of emergency department admissions
Human & Experimental Toxicology – May 20, 2010
Summary
Ecstasy, often perceived as a harmless party drug, poses significant health risks. In a nationwide study analyzing 52 ecstasy-related emergency department admissions, 68% occurred at night, with 52% on weekends. Notably, 29% of patients required hospitalization, and 11% were admitted to intensive care. Common symptoms included agitation and high blood pressure, while severe complications like hyperthermia and coma were reported. With 42% of users engaging in poly-drug use, the findings highlight the urgent need for awareness about MDMA's dangers in both emergency medicine and psychiatry.
Abstract
Methods: We conducted a prospective, representative-sample nationwide study on morbidity related to 3,4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecst...
Nonneurotoxic tetralin and indan analogs of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine (MDA)
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry – February 01, 1990
Summary
The cyclic analogues 3a and 3b exhibited promising behavioral effects, fully substituting in MDMA-trained rats, while their counterparts 4a and 4b did not show similar results. In a study involving 40 mg/kg doses, neither 3a nor 3b affected serotonin levels or binding sites, contrasting sharply with the significant neurotoxicity observed in the classic compound 1. This highlights their potential as safer alternatives in psychoactive research, suggesting a distinct separation of behavioral effects from neurotoxic risks (sample sizes not specified).
Abstract
Four cyclic analogues of the psychoactive phenethylamine derivative 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine were studied. These congeners, 5,6- and 4,5-(me...
Characterization of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) EnantiomersIn Vitroand in the MPTP-Lesioned Primate:R-MDMA Reduces Severity of Dyskinesia, WhereasS-MDMA Extends Duration of ON-Time
Journal of Neuroscience – May 11, 2011
Summary
MDMA shows promise in improving Parkinson's treatment by reducing dyskinesia and enhancing the benefits of l-DOPA. In a study with six female common marmosets, R-MDMA reduced peak-dose dyskinesia severity by 33% to 46% and decreased ON-time with disabling dyskinesia by 90 minutes compared to l-DOPA alone. Meanwhile, S-MDMA increased total ON-time by 88 minutes, although it worsened dyskinesia. These findings highlight MDMA's unique pharmacological properties, suggesting its potential role in managing Parkinson's symptoms effectively.
Abstract
l -3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) is the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but long-term l -DOPA administration is marred by...
Relational and Growth Outcomes Following Couples Therapy With MDMA for PTSD.
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Healing from PTSD profoundly impacts couples. A pilot treatment explored MDMA-assisted therapy where one partner had PTSD, focusing on relational outcomes. This innovative treatment significantly improved post-traumatic growth, relational support, and interpersonal functioning for both partners. Patients also reported better psychosocial functioning. These positive results suggest a promising path for holistic recovery, strengthening relationships through comprehensive treatment.
Abstract
Healing from trauma occurs in a relational context, and the impacts of traumatic experiences that result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) g...
Bioisosteric analogs of MDMA: Improving the pharmacological profile?
Journal of neurochemistry – September 01, 2024
Summary
Scientists have developed promising alternatives to MDMA that maintain its therapeutic benefits while potentially reducing unwanted side effects. These new compounds work similarly to MDMA in targeting brain chemical transporters but show decreased activity at certain serotonin receptors. They also break down differently in the liver, which could mean fewer adverse effects. This advancement may help expand treatment options for PTSD and other mental health conditions.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is re-emerging in clinical settings as a candidate for the treatment of specific neuropsychiatr...
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermic response that follows administration of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) to rats
British Journal of Pharmacology – January 01, 2002
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, can trigger significant hyperthermia in rats, with a dose of 12.5 mg/kg leading to increased body temperatures without affecting tail skin temperature, indicating impaired heat dissipation. Notably, the dopamine D1 antagonist SCH 23390 effectively reduced this hyperthermic response in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, various serotonin receptor antagonists and uptake inhibitors did not mitigate hyperthermia. These findings suggest that MDMA-induced hyperthermia may be primarily driven by dopamine release rather than serotonin activity, impacting clinical approaches for treatment.
Abstract
The pharmacology of the acute hyperthermia that follows 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) administration to rats has been investi...
Trends in MDMA‐related mortality across four countries
Addiction – March 19, 2021
Summary
MDMA-related deaths surged across Australia, Finland, Portugal, and Turkey from 2011 to 2017, highlighting a troubling trend. A total of 2,052 deaths were recorded: 1,400 in Turkey, 507 in Australia, 100 in Finland, and 45 in Portugal. Males comprised 81-94% of these cases, with median ages between 24 and 27.5 years. In Australia and Finland, drug toxicity was the leading cause of death (61% and 70%, respectively), while multiple drug toxicity was more common overall.
Abstract
Abstract Aims To determine trends in 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐related death rates across Australia, Finland, Portugal and Turkey an...
Evidence that MDMA (‘ecstasy’) increases cannabinoid CB2 receptor expression in microglial cells: role in the neuroinflammatory response in rat brain
Journal of Neurochemistry – January 12, 2010
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, triggers significant long-lasting serotonergic neurotoxicity in rats. In a study involving adult Dark Agouti rats, MDMA administration (12.5 mg/kg) led to increased expression of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) in microglia within hours. Treatment with JWH-015, a CB2 agonist, reduced microglial activation and interleukin-1β release by approximately 30%, offering partial protection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. This suggests that activating CB2 receptors may mitigate neuroinflammation linked to MDMA use, highlighting potential therapeutic avenues in neuropharmacology.
Abstract
J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2010.06578.x Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) produces selective long‐lasting ...
A repeated low-dose regimen of MDMA has transient next-day effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and brain serotonin levels, with no effect on anhedonia-like behavior, in both female and male rats
Psychopharmacology – March 04, 2026
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with low doses potentially being well-tolerated. In a study involving male and female Sprague Dawley rats, administering 2.5 mg/kg MDMA resulted in mild anxiety-like behavior one day post-treatment, but this was not observed 15 days later. Additionally, serotonin levels significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens after MDMA exposure. Importantly, anhedonia-related behavior remained unaffected, suggesting that low-dose MDMA may have transient effects without hindering its therapeutic potential.
Abstract
MDMA (3–4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine) assisted psychotherapy has gained considerable attention as a potential adjuvant therapy for post-traumati...