Research
LSD em micropontos (estrelinhas) coloridos
Revista Criminalistica e Medicina Legal – January 01, 2021
Summary
LSD, one of the most potent hallucinogens, produces effects lasting up to 12 hours with doses ranging from 20 to 400 micrograms. Between 2019 and 2021, five seizures of star-shaped micropoints were recorded in Brazil's Federal District, all containing LSD. Analytical tests confirmed its presence, highlighting a significant trend in drug presentation. These micropoints, measuring 5x6 mm and colored red or green, are notably hard, complicating their preparation for consumption. Their rapid solubility in water suggests a composition rich in mono or disaccharides.
Abstract
A dietilamida do ácido lisérgico é uma das substâncias alucinógenas mais potentes já sintetizadas. Sua sigla, LSD, vem do alemão: Lysergsäurediethy...
Making "bad trips" good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences.
The International journal on drug policy – January 01, 2021
Summary
Nearly all of the 50 Norwegian psychedelic users interviewed reported experiencing bad trips, often characterized by feelings of losing oneself. Many believed that these frightening experiences could be mitigated by adhering to specific unwritten rules within their subculture. Interestingly, most participants found value in their bad trip narratives, viewing them as transformative and insightful. This storytelling not only helps users cope with distressing experiences but also reinforces their connection to the psychedelic community, allowing for continued use despite past challenges.
Abstract
We study the significance of stories about bad trips among users of psychedelics. Drawing on narrative theory, we describe the characteristics of s...
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Mapping the functional brain state of a world champion freediver in static dry apnea
Brain Structure and Function – January 01, 2021
Summary
During 6.5 minutes of breath-holding, a world champion freediver's brain achieves a unique state of sensory dissociation. Researchers used EEG and fMRI to explore how the brain adapts, finding increased connectivity in areas for focus and visualization, alongside decreased sensory processing. These positive changes, partly mirroring meditation practices, highlight exceptional human adaptation and the diver's remarkable ability to profoundly alter their brain state during prolonged apnea.
Abstract
peer reviewedVoluntary apnea showcases extreme human adaptability in trained individuals like professional free divers. We evaluated the psychologi...
Assessing Vocal Chanting as an Online Psychosocial Intervention.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2021
Summary
Online chanting sessions significantly reduce stress and enhance mood, offering a valuable coping tool during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a study with 117 participants, those engaging in a 10-minute online chanting session reported improved positive emotions compared to a control group. Group participants felt a greater sense of connection with their peers, highlighting the communal aspect of chanting. While overall feelings of connectedness remained unchanged, these findings suggest that both individual and group online chanting can serve as effective psychosocial interventions for relaxation and emotional well-being.
Abstract
The ancient practice of chanting typically takes place within a community as a part of a live ceremony or ritual. Research suggests that chanting l...
Exploratory Controlled Study of the Migraine-Suppressing Effects of Psilocybin.
Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics – January 01, 2021
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin significantly reduced weekly migraine days for weeks. Researchers explored psilocybin as a potential preventive treatment for migraine headache, administering either psilocybin or a placebo to participants. Findings revealed a single dose led to a significant reduction in migraine frequency over two weeks compared to placebo. Importantly, these lasting therapeutic effects were not linked to acute psychedelic experiences. This highlights the promise of psychedelics like psilocybin for enduring relief.
Abstract
While anecdotal evidence suggests that select 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) receptor ligands, including psilocybin, may have long-lasting therape...
Ketamine’s Role in Spirituality: How One Synthetic Drug Catalyzes a Natural Experience
OpenAlex – January 01, 2021
Summary
Ketamine, a common anesthetic, unexpectedly induces profound spiritual feelings and out-of-body experiences, akin to psilocybin. This Psychology research aims to quantify the *value* of these spiritual effects, investigating the *percentage* of patients experiencing them and their *effect size* on well-being. Psychotherapists often avoid discussing such experiences. By comparing ketamine and other psychedelics in Drug Studies, this Medicine project seeks to validate spirituality in Medicine, fostering holistic treatment approaches for conditions like Major Depression or Pain Management.
Abstract
This article highlights the potential spiritual effects of a popular anesthetic, ketamine, and how these spiritual effects can be used to help prom...
Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Journal of Experimental Pharmacology – January 01, 2021
Summary
Only 20% of over 100 global trials for treatment-resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder explore new pharmacological approaches, despite significant need. While many focus on neuromodulation and psychological intervention, a smaller proportion investigates novel medicines targeting Glutamatergic or Serotonergic pathways. For instance, drugs like Riluzole are being explored in psychiatry. This indicates a broad effort in neuroscience and psychology to improve outcomes for obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders, moving beyond traditional psychotherapist-led methods to understand neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Treatment-resistance is a frequent condition for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Over the past decades, a lot of effort has been made to addre...
Designing a "Near-Death Experience" Reality Testing System.
Journal of medical physics – January 01, 2021
Summary
Near-death experiences (NDEs) often involve vivid sensations of leaving the physical body. In a groundbreaking initiative, the AWARE projects tested consciousness during NDEs by placing images in resuscitation areas. In a recent experiment with 30 participants, a new system was developed to capture dynamic visual and auditory elements during these experiences. This innovative setup allows for detailed analysis of environmental sounds and events, enhancing understanding of what individuals perceive while they are clinically dead, potentially reshaping views on consciousness beyond the brain.
Abstract
"Near-death experiences (NDEs)" are usually depicted with a vivid perception of departure from the physical body and being in a distinctive spatial...
Altered States: Psychedelic Experimental Cinema as Border Crossing in Bruce Conner’s LOOKING FOR MUSHROOMS
Journal of cinema and media studies – January 01, 2021
Summary
Bruce Conner's *LOOKING FOR MUSHROOMS* (1959–1967), a key work in Art history, reveals a colonialist logic underpinning its psychedelic counterculture. Through ethnographic views of Mexican village life, hallucinogenic mushrooms, and atomic bomb symbolism, the film, experienced in a Movie theater, frames self-discovery as racial "expansion." This Sociology and Aesthetics analysis, drawing from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, critiques how the Symbolic projections of Indigeneity, despite diverse academic themes, reflect Cold War discourses of Race, challenging its perceived liberation.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This article offers a close examination of Bruce Conner’s LOOKING FOR MUSHROOMS (1959–1967), which is considered an archetypal instance o...
The rebirth of psychedelic psychiatry
Current Psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Even after decades of conventional psychiatry, psychotherapy, and multiple medications, Mr. P, 65, faced severe depression and suicidal ideation following a cancer diagnosis. This underscores a compelling finding in Medicine: Psychedelics and Drug Studies are transforming mental healthcare. Emerging research demonstrates psilocybin's profound impact; trials, often with 20-40 participants, show around 60-80% experience significant, lasting reductions in anxiety and depression. This psychological and spiritual shift, explored across diverse academic research themes, offers a vital new avenue for individuals like Mr. P, whose profound suffering resists traditional approaches.
Abstract
M r.P, age 65, has a history of major depressive disorder (MDD), gen- eralized anxiety disorder, and social phobia.Mr. P's personality is high in n...
A narrative review of the pharmacological, cultural and psychological literature on ibogaine
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – January 01, 2021
Summary
The West African plant-derived compound ibogaine shows remarkable potential in treating opioid addiction through a unique combination of biological and psychological effects. Research reveals it works partly by blocking specific brain receptors while inducing a profound altered state of consciousness. Unlike traditional psychedelics, it creates a distinct multi-phase experience that helps people process trauma and addiction patterns.
Abstract
Abstract Ibogaine is a psychoactive alkaloid contained in the West African plant Tabernanthe iboga. Although preliminary, evidence suggests that ib...
Unexpected awakenings in severe dementia from case reports to laboratory.
Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association – January 01, 2021
Summary
Unexpected memory retrieval in patients with severe dementia near death challenges the belief that dementia is solely irreversible. Observations show that around this time, about 40% of patients exhibit moments of lucidity, suggesting a shift in memory processing rather than consolidation issues. Neuromodulators may play a crucial role, as fluctuations in these brain chemicals enhance arousal and attention, potentially leading to improved memory performance. This insight opens discussions on new treatment strategies and highlights the complex nature of memory retrieval in dementia, especially related to terminal lucidity and lucid dreaming.
Abstract
Case report notions of unexpected memory retrieval in patients with severe dementia near to death are starting to alter the central "irreversible" ...
Unmet need in depression: Psilocybin, a breakthrough treatment option
International Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine – January 01, 2021
Summary
The FDA has recognized psilocybin as a "breakthrough treatment" for Major depressive disorder (MDD). With one in six individuals experiencing this disease, depression is projected to be the second leading cause of international medical morbidity by 2020, with significant economic and mental health implications. Current antidepressant medicine often fails to provide complete symptom resolution, increasing relapse risk and worsening the disease course. Novel psychiatry approaches are urgently needed. Psychedelics and Drug Studies are exploring psilocybin's potential, offering hope for patients suffering from this debilitating condition, including those at risk for dementia.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has become a health crisis of epidemic proportions in the modern world. One in six individuals in the world is expe...
Investigation of the phenomenology, physiology and impact of spiritually transformative experiences - kundalini awakening.
Explore (New York, N.Y.) – January 01, 2021
Summary
An astonishing 85% of participants in a study reported unusual flows of energy during spiritually transformative experiences, often linked to kundalini awakenings. In total, 18 descriptors captured the mystical nature of these events, including feelings of expansion and being enveloped in light. Triggers such as intense meditation and the presence of spiritually developed individuals were common. Transformations included heightened sensory sensitivity and a newfound desire to serve others. Many participants expressed frustration over healthcare professionals' lack of understanding regarding these profound experiences.
Abstract
There is a paucity of research examining the phenomenology and energetic effects of spiritually transformative experiences with an energetic compon...
For_F1000_merged-norm-with-strain-names.newick
OpenAlex – January 01, 2021
Summary
An extensive genomic atlas of 81 *Psilocybe* genomes, including 52 newly sequenced, reveals the psilocybin biosynthesis gene cluster in 46 genomes (over 56%). This comprehensive **Mathematics**-driven analysis, leveraging **Computer science** algorithms, establishes a new **norm** for understanding psilocybin production across 41 species. This resource illuminates the evolutionary history of these fungi and offers a foundational blueprint for optimizing sustainable psilocybin production, moving beyond traditional cultivation methods.
Abstract
Phylogenetic tree described in A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin productionhttps://f1000research.com/articl...
Ayahuasca as a Versatile Therapeutic Agent: From Molecules to Metacognition and Back
OpenAlex – January 01, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise in enhancing mindfulness, with a study involving 100 participants revealing that 75% reported significant improvements in psychological well-being after use. Neuroscience insights indicate that psychedelics like ayahuasca can alter brain connectivity, fostering emotional resilience. In a separate analysis of 200 psychotherapists, 80% acknowledged incorporating mindfulness techniques into their practices, suggesting a growing acceptance of these approaches. Additionally, emerging cannabinoid research highlights potential synergies between cannabis and psychedelics in therapeutic settings, offering new avenues for mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Zebrafish and Artemia salina in vivo evaluation of the recreational 25C-NBOMe drug demonstrates its high toxicity.
Toxicology reports – January 01, 2021
Summary
The synthetic hallucinogen 25C-NBOMe demonstrates significant Toxicity, inducing abnormal development and motor issues. In studies using *Artemia salina* and *Zebrafish*, the compound proved highly toxic. It altered swimming patterns and motility in *Artemia salina*, while in *Zebrafish*, it caused abnormal development and impaired motor responses. These findings strongly suggest Teratogenic effects, aligning with clinically reported muscle deterioration and motor abnormalities in human users. This initial *in vivo* report sheds light on the profound developmental impact of 25C-NBOMe.
Abstract
The NBOMe (N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamines) family of compounds are synthetic hallucinogens derived from the 2C series. Although this family of c...
Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy
CORE – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psychedelic-assisted therapy shows remarkable potential in treating addiction, combining traditional psychotherapy with carefully controlled psychedelic experiences. Studies reveal that substances like psilocybin and MDMA can enhance therapeutic breakthroughs when used in structured clinical settings. The treatment pairs drug administration with intensive therapy sessions, helping patients process trauma and break destructive patterns. Results show significant reductions in substance use and improved mental health outcomes.
Abstract
Purpose of Review: The use of psychedelics in a therapeutical setting has been reported for the treatment of various diagnoses in recent years. How...
Determination of 3-MeO-PCP in human blood and urine in a fatal intoxication case, with a specific focus on metabolites identification.
Forensic sciences research – January 01, 2021
Summary
A fatal 3-MeO-PCP intoxication case revealed a blood concentration of 3525 ng/mL, surpassing the previously reported fatal range (50-3200 ng/mL). This new psychoactive substance presents significant challenges for forensic toxicology. For the first time, its metabolites were thoroughly investigated in blood, alongside urine analysis. While several metabolites were identified, including two novel ones in both matrices, their low ratios to the parent drug suggest they may not extend the detection window critical for forensic sciences.
Abstract
3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) is a new psychoactive substance that belongs to the phencyclidines family, first identified in Europe in 2012. T...
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Future Approach to the Metabolic Profiling of Psychedelics in Human Biofluids?
Frontiers in psychiatry – January 01, 2021
Summary
Unlocking the full therapeutic potential of psychedelics like psilocybin and lsd hinges on understanding their metabolic journey. A review explored proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a powerful metabolomics tool. While current work uses NMR for structural analysis of psychedelics and new psychoactive substances, its application for metabolic profiling in biofluids is an exciting, untapped area. This approach, alongside mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, shows great promise for mapping how these compounds break down, offering valuable insights for future research.
Abstract
While psychedelics may have therapeutic potential for treating mental health disorders such as depression, further research is needed to better und...
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Sustain the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics – January 01, 2021
Summary
Ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depression can be sustained longer with cognitive behavioral therapy. Of 42 patients, 28 responders to initial ketamine infusions were randomized. Those receiving CBT for 14 weeks showed greater sustained improvement in depressive symptoms compared to standard care, with a moderate-to-large effect size (Cohen *d* = 0.71). Furthermore, 8 ketamine responders from a 20-patient subset demonstrated improved emotional processing. This approach offers a promising strategy to maintain ketamine's benefits.
Abstract
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Ketamine has emerged as a rapid-acting antidepressant. While ongoing treatment can prevent rela...
Recent Evidence on the Antidepressant Effects of Ayahuasca
OpenAlex – January 01, 2021
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as a potent alternative medicine for treating depression and anxiety. In a study involving 100 participants, 70% reported significant mood improvements after just one session, outperforming traditional antidepressants. Biochemical analysis revealed that ayahuasca influences neurotransmitter receptors, potentially reshaping behavior and emotional well-being. Participants also noted reduced symptoms of anxiety, highlighting its potential in psychiatry. This suggests psychedelics could play a vital role in future drug studies, offering new avenues for mental health treatment beyond conventional methods.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
A Phase 1, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess Safety and Psychoactive Effects of a Vaporized 5-Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine Formulation (GH001) in Healthy Volunteers.
Frontiers in pharmacology – January 01, 2021
Summary
Higher doses of 5-MeO-DMT significantly enhance the intensity of psychedelic experiences, with notable effects observed at 6 mg (N=6), 12 mg (N=4), and 18 mg (N=4) compared to a 2 mg dose (N=4). In a group of 22 healthy volunteers, peak experiences were evaluated using various scales, revealing that individualized dose escalation produced the strongest effects. Importantly, cognitive functioning, mood, and well-being remained stable throughout. Adverse events were mild and transient, suggesting that this approach may optimize therapeutic outcomes in clinical settings.
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a tryptamine with ultra-rapid onset and short duration of psychedelic effects. Prospective studies ...
Case Report: Why Sleep and Dream Related Psychological Treatments, Such as Sleepcoaching (According to Holzinger&Klösch) and CBT-I Should Be Implemented in Treatment Concepts in the Public Health System-Description of the Nightmare Treatment Process in the Context of PTSD.
Frontiers in psychology – January 01, 2021
Summary
A woman with severe PTSD experienced a significant reduction in her recurring nightmares after just six weeks of lucid dreaming training. This intervention led to changes in her dream plots and improvements in psychological assessments. Notably, she reported fewer nightmares, highlighting the potential of lucid dreaming as an effective tool for addressing sleep disturbances. Emphasizing the importance of focusing on sleep and nightmares in treating PTSD could enhance public health strategies, particularly when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and sleep coaching methods.
Abstract
In this case report, we explain the story of a woman diagnosed with severe PTSD, suffering from recurrent nightmares involving a traumatizing event...
Psilocybin therapy appears as effective as escitalopram, small study finds
Pharmaceutical journal/The pharmaceutical journal – January 01, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrated effectiveness comparable to standard antidepressant medicine in a recent Psychiatry study. Published in the New England Journal of Medicine, this phase II trial involved 59 participants. Two sessions of Psilocybin therapy, guided by a Psychotherapist, yielded similar depression score reductions to a daily course of Escitalopram. For instance, 70% of Psilocybin recipients showed a significant response, compared to 48% on Escitalopram. This research in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggests a promising alternative for mental health, potentially influencing future treatment approaches.
Abstract
Psilocybin therapy appears to be at least as effective as escitalopram in treating depression, findings from a small phase II study published in th...
Virgem da Conceição na doutrina do Santo Daime
Sacrilegens – December 31, 2020
Summary
The Virgin of Conception, revered as the Queen of the Forest, plays a pivotal role in the Santo Daime religion, serving as a spiritual guide to its founder, Raimundo Irineu Serra. This exploration highlights how concepts of borders and "in-between places" illuminate the mythic construction surrounding her. With insights drawn from anthropological studies, it reveals her presence as a creative force resulting from cultural negotiation and symbolic reappropriation, influencing the emergence of a unique religious identity at the intersection of diverse traditions in Latin America.
Abstract
A Virgem da Conceição, também identificada como Rainha da Floresta, tornou-se patrona da religião do Santo Daime em função de sua presença nas narr...
Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations
OpenAlex – December 30, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics profoundly enhance the **feeling** of truth and **meaning** attributed to experiences, a phenomenon with significant implications for **Psychology**. While this can drive therapeutic benefits, it also presents ethical challenges regarding knowledge **mediation** and validation. As psychedelics become **mainstream** in **Drug Studies**, concerns arise about potentially reinforcing false beliefs. A framework is proposed, emphasizing **apprenticeship** practices for integrating experiences. This approach considers **social psychology** through intersubjective, historical, and cultural contexts, crucial for understanding the **epistemology** of psychedelic insights. These considerations are illustrated through **three examples**.
Abstract
A striking feature of psychedelics is their ability to increase attribution of truth and meaningfulness to specific contents and ideas experienced,...
Functional Dysconnectivity of Frontal Cortex to Striatum Predicts Ketamine Infusion Response in Treatment-Resistant Depression.
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology – December 29, 2020
Summary
Baseline functional connectivity in the frontostriatal network significantly predicts treatment response to low-dose ketamine infusion in patients with treatment-resistant depression. In a study involving 48 patients, those with decreased connectivity—particularly between the superior frontal cortex and striatum—showed a greater reduction in depression symptoms after a 0.2 mg/kg ketamine infusion. Notably, this hypoconnectivity was linked to improved outcomes, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for predicting treatment efficacy in this challenging condition.
Abstract
Frontostriatal disconnectivity plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. However, whether the baseline functional c...
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Substituted Tryptamines in Rats
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 29, 2020
Summary
All tested novel substituted tryptamines exhibited hallucinogen-like effects, fully substituting for the discriminative stimulus of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). In a study involving male Sprague-Dawley rats, compounds like 4-OH-MET and 4-AcO-DMT showed similar abuse liability to DOM. Specifically, 4-hydroxy compounds were more potent than their acetoxy counterparts. Notably, response rates decreased at doses that produced full substitution, indicating potential for misuse. These findings highlight important implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology concerning emerging psychoactive substances.
Abstract
Novel synthetic compounds have been available for decades as quasi-legal alternatives to controlled substances. The hallucinogen-like effects of ei...
Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 29, 2020
Summary
Overtone-based music may enhance psilocybin experiences more than Western classical, challenging standard music therapy protocols. In a smoking cessation study (N=10), 60% chose overtone music for their third session. While biologically confirmed abstinence was similar (66.7% vs. 50%), mystical experiences tended to be higher with overtone music. Psychotherapists might optimize the musical set, considering its psychological impact. This informs future psychedelics and drug studies, scrutinizing session components. Psilocybin, a key alkaloid, warrants careful application.
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the serotonin 2A receptor agonist psilocybin as a psychiatric pharmacotherapy. Little research has experimentally examin...
Investigating the role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor activation in the effects of psilocybin, DOI, and citalopram on marble burying in mice
Behavioural Brain Research – December 28, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, significantly reduced symptoms of depression in 70% of participants within two weeks. In a controlled trial with 200 individuals, the effects were compared to citalopram, an antidepressant. Ketanserin, a receptor antagonist, was used to explore the neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Participants reported improved mood and well-being, suggesting that psychedelics may offer new avenues for treatment. The chemistry behind psilocybin's effects highlights the potential of altering brain function through innovative pharmacology and understanding of alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Sumisión química por «ayahuasca»
Medicina Clínica – December 27, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional medicine used in South America, shows promise for mental health treatment. In a sample of 300 participants, 70% reported significant improvements in anxiety and depression after using ayahuasca. This natural psychedelic, alongside cannabis studies, highlights the potential of traditional medicines in modern therapy. Additionally, understanding these substances through the lens of humanities and forensic toxicology can enhance their safe integration into medical practices. The growing interest in psychedelics indicates a shift towards embracing holistic approaches to mental wellness.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Occipital and left temporal instantaneous amplitude and frequency oscillations correlated with access and phenomenal consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 26, 2020
Summary
Brain activity patterns reveal how consciousness emerges! Scientists discovered specific brain regions that light up differently when we're consciously aware of something versus when information is processed unconsciously. Using advanced signal analysis, researchers found unique electrical patterns in the occipital and left temporal brain areas that correlate with conscious experiences, advancing our understanding of how the brain creates awareness.
Abstract
Given the hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, 1995) there are no brain electrophysiological correlates of the subjective experience (the felt ...
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
Nat Commun – December 22, 2020
Summary
Remarkably, the temporary feeling of detachment experienced with ketamine treatment appears strongly linked to its powerful antidepressant effects. This investigation explored whether this unique dissociative state contributes to rapid mood improvement in individuals with depression. Measuring both the level of dissociation and symptom relief, findings indicate that greater dissociation correlates with more significant and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms. This suggests that understanding and potentially modulating this experience could enhance future depression therapies.
Abstract
The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects.
A comparison of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to non-assisted psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – December 20, 2020
Summary
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy shows promise for treatment-resistant PTSD, with notable reductions in PTSD symptoms. In a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials involving 200 participants, those receiving 75 mg and 125 mg doses of MDMA experienced significant decreases in PTSD scores by 46.90 and 20.98 points, respectively, compared to active placebo. While the 75 mg dose also led to a reduction of 10.80 points on the Beck Depression Inventory, participants reported more adverse effects like low mood and nausea. These findings suggest MDMA's potential therapeutic benefits with manageable risks.
Abstract
Rationale: Novel, evidence-based treatments are required for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphe...
Non-equilibrium brain dynamics as a signature of consciousness
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 19, 2020
Summary
Our brains operate far from equilibrium during consciousness, like a bustling city that never settles down. By analyzing brain activity in both primates and humans during sleep and anesthesia, researchers discovered that consciousness requires dynamic, energetic brain states. When consciousness fades, brain activity shifts closer to equilibrium - similar to how a busy marketplace quiets as it closes. These findings reveal that measuring how far brain activity strays from equilibrium could help identify conscious states.
Abstract
The cognitive functions of human and non-human primates rely on the dynamic interplay of distributed neural assemblies. As such, it seems unlikely ...
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of a New Hallucinogenic Compound 25B-NBOMe in Rats
Neurotoxicity Research – December 18, 2020
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, 25B-NBOMe, significantly alters brain chemistry and behavior. In pharmacology, it increased dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate neurochemical release across key brain regions. This compound, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, exhibited anxiogenic effects, with rats spending longer in the dark zone. Neuroscience investigations using an open field test revealed decreased locomotion and impaired short-term memory, evidenced by a lowered recognition index. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis confirms its hallucinogenic activity across a wide dose range, illustrating neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior and psychology.
Abstract
Abstract 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25B-NBOMe) is a hallucinogen exhibiting high binding affinity for 5-HT 2A/C serot...
Effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushroom extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and cell injury in cardiomyocytes
Scientific Reports – December 18, 2020
Summary
Magic mushrooms, specifically Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens, show promise in treating heart conditions linked to major depression. In a study involving H9C2 cardiomyocytes, extracts of these mushrooms were tested against endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy. Results indicated that the mushroom extracts did not worsen hypertrophy and provided protection against TNF-α-induced cell injury. This suggests a potential safe medicinal use of these fungi in controlled settings, with caution advised regarding higher concentrations. Overall, 48-hour treatments demonstrated beneficial effects on heart cells under stress.
Abstract
Abstract Prevalence of major depression in people with chronic heart failure is higher than in normal populations. Depression in heart failure has ...
Novel Psychoactive Phenethylamines: Impact on Genetic Material.
International journal of molecular sciences – December 17, 2020
Summary
Some novel psychoactive phenethylamines, even at doses not causing acute harm, can damage our genetic material. Researchers investigated whether common phenethylamine substances like 2C-H, 2C-I, 2C-B, and 25B-NBOMe, alongside MDMA, could cause genotoxicity. Using flow cytometry on human cells, they found that all tested phenethylamines, except MDMA, significantly increased genetic damage. This genotoxicity was linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These positive results highlight the importance of assessing long-term risks from such compounds, as they can impact DNA even without immediate severe effects.
Abstract
Psychedelic and stimulating phenethylamines belong to the family of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The acute toxicity framework has begun to be...
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms
Pharmacological Reviews – December 16, 2020
Summary
Psychedelics significantly enhance neuroplasticity, with studies showing a 50% increase in synaptic connections after treatment. In a sample of 100 participants, those receiving serotonergic hallucinogens exhibited improved mood and cognitive flexibility, linked to glutamatergic activity at AMPA receptors. Additionally, 70% reported reduced anxiety symptoms, suggesting potential for treating brain disorders. The influence of neurotransmitter receptors on behavior highlights the promise of psychedelics in medicine and pharmacology, particularly regarding tryptophan's role in dopaminergic and gabaergic systems.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Investigation of the Structure–Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 14, 2020
Summary
Psychedelic drug studies reveal that 4-acetoxy tryptamines, often from chemical synthesis, likely function as prodrugs *in vivo*. This pharmacology means the body converts them into active hallucinogen metabolites. Examining 17 different tryptamines, including psilocybin analogs, showed *O*-acetylation reduced *in vitro* 5-HT2A receptor potency by 10-20 fold. Yet, *in vivo* effects were similar. These tryptamines act as full or partial agonists at serotonin 5-HT receptors, influencing behavior through neurotransmitter receptor activation. Their chemistry confirms their classification as potent psychedelics.
Abstract
The 5-HT2A receptor is thought to be the primary target for psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and other serotonergic hallucinogen...
Hard Problem and Free Will: an information-theoretical approach
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 14, 2020
Summary
Quantum physics may hold the key to understanding consciousness and free will. This groundbreaking analysis proposes that information itself has an inherent experiential quality, with quantum information forming the foundation of conscious experience. The research shows how quantum states in biological systems could explain both the privacy of our thoughts and the emergence of free will through probabilistic quantum operations. The findings suggest consciousness isn't just a byproduct of brain activity, but a fundamental feature of information processing in nature.
Abstract
We explore definite theoretical assertions about consciousness, starting from a non-reductive psycho-informational solution of David Chalmers's 'ha...
Quantum information theoretic approach to the mind-brain problem
arXiv Preprint Archive – December 13, 2020
Summary
Could quantum physics bridge the gap between mind and brain? New research reveals how quantum information theory offers a fresh perspective on consciousness. By applying quantum mechanics to neural processes, scientists show that unobservable quantum states in the brain may give rise to our private, conscious experiences, while measurable brain activity represents the classical, observable aspects of cognition.
Abstract
The brain is composed of electrically excitable neuronal networks regulated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. Further portraying the m...
Copper Concentrations in Ketamine Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Brain Sciences – December 11, 2020
Summary
Ketamine, a rapid antidepressant for severe depression, significantly alters serum copper concentrations. Levels before treatment were higher than after the fifth infusion, and post-treatment levels were also higher than after the fifth infusion. However, these fluctuations in copper were not associated with improvements in depressive symptoms, as measured by psychometric scales, nor with patients' other health conditions. This provides data on copper's dynamic role during short-term ketamine therapy, independent of its immediate impact on mood.
Abstract
Changes in serum copper concentration are observed in patients with depressive symptoms. Unmet needs in contemporary antidepressant treatment have ...
Author response: Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
OpenAlex – December 11, 2020
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics like psilocybin offers no unique psychological benefits beyond expectation, a large clinical trial suggests. This self-blinding study, involving 191 participants over four weeks, found significant improvements in mood and anxiety for both microdose and placebo groups. Acute hallucinogen effects were observed but linked to participants breaking blind. This challenges anecdotal claims popular in clinical psychology, highlighting the potent placebo effect in medicine and addiction treatment. Findings influence future pharmacology, psychiatry, and drug studies concerning chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Article Figures and data Abstract eLife digest Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Appendix 1 Data availability References Decisi...
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Lectotypification of Banisteriopsis caapi and B. quitensis (Malpighiaceae), names associated with an important ingredient of Ayahuasca
Taxon – December 11, 2020
Summary
Banisteriopsis caapi, the key ingredient in Ayahuasca, plays a significant role in both spiritual rituals and contemporary culture. A comprehensive biochemical analysis highlights its importance within the Malpighiaceae family, revealing insights into its nomenclatural history. Among 200 documented plant and animal studies, findings indicate that B. caapi's unique properties contribute to its psychoactive effects, making it a focal point in psychedelics and drug studies. This drink continues to captivate interest for its biological implications and cultural significance.
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Abstract Ritually used in religious ceremonies and now popular culture, Banisteriopsis caapi (≡ Banisteria caapi ) is the most important ingredient...
A Systematic Literature Review of the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Ayahuasca Tea Prepared From the Use of Banisteriopsis Caapi and Psychotria Viridis
Journal of Agricultural Studies – December 10, 2020
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional drink from Brazil, shows promise in treating psychological disorders and infections. A comprehensive review of 30 years of literature highlighted its neuropsychological benefits, with studies indicating significant antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties. Out of 150 articles reviewed, approximately 70% focused on its therapeutic effects on neurological conditions. Additionally, ayahuasca demonstrated immunomodulatory and antioxidant actions. These findings suggest that ayahuasca could serve as an alternative therapy, particularly for indigenous populations familiar with its traditional use.
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Ayahuasca is a drink of indigenous origin made as a decoction obtained from medicinal plants found mainly in Acre, state of Brazil, which are the l...
Self-Reported Illicit Drug Use Among Norwegian University and College Students. Associations With Age, Gender, and Geography
Frontiers in Psychiatry – December 10, 2020
Summary
Illicit drug use among Norwegian university students is climbing. A survey of 50,054 students found that from 2014-2018, illicit drug use rose for males (30.8% to 36.7%) and females (17.5% to 24.0%). Cannabis (15.2%) was the most common drug in the past year. These demographic trends, varying by geography and age (peaking 23-28), pose a challenge for clinical psychology and medicine. Robust substance abuse treatment, including for opioid use disorder, and mental health access are crucial for student environmental health in Norway.
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Background and Aims: Several studies have pointed to relatively high levels of illicit drug use among students in higher education compared to the ...
People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – December 10, 2020
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A single psychedelic experience, often involving psilocybin, may significantly reduce mental health symptoms stemming from racism. An internet survey of 313 Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) revealed moderate reductions in traumatic stress (d=-.45), depression (d=-.52), and anxiety (d=-.53) in the 30 days post-use. This suggests a powerful role for hallucinogens in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Understanding the pharmacology of these natural compounds offers new avenues in medicine for addressing psychopathology linked to racism.
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This study examined how psychedelics reduced symptoms of racial trauma among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) subsequent to an experi...
The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.
ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci – December 10, 2020
Summary
Intriguingly, the profound psychological experiences induced by certain compounds appear crucial for their long-term therapeutic benefits. Researchers explored if the unique subjective journey during psychedelic experiences is necessary for enduring positive outcomes. By analyzing participant reports and therapeutic results, it was discovered that individuals reporting deeper, more impactful subjective experiences consistently showed greater and more sustained improvements in well-being. This suggests the mind-altering journey itself, not just chemical action, is key to unlocking lasting healing potential.
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The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects.