Research
The supernatural salesman: unpacking shaman ‘witch doctor’ identity work
Journal of Marketing Management – November 22, 2018
Summary
Shamans in South America navigate complex identities amid the booming ayahuasca tourism industry, where they face stigma as either witch doctors or drug dealers. An ethnographic study of five shamans reveals that their otherworldly personas are crucial for mitigating this stigma and asserting dominance in the spiritual marketplace. By positioning themselves as arbiters of knowledge, shamans effectively utilize their magico-spiritual identity to counteract societal perceptions, demonstrating a strategic approach to sensegiving and identity work within their communities.
Abstract
This ethnographic study examines the magico-spiritual identity work and sensegiving, carried out by five indigenous South American shamans engaged ...
Investigating the ability of the microbial model Cunninghamella elegans for the metabolism of synthetic tryptamines
Drug Testing and Analysis – November 21, 2018
Summary
Cunninghamella elegans effectively transforms tryptamines, with 63% of known phase I metabolites detected in its metabolism. This study examined four tryptamines, including the well-known N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), over 72 hours. Utilizing advanced liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, researchers identified key metabolic pathways such as hydroxylation and demethylation. Notably, C. elegans produced unique metabolites not previously documented. These findings highlight the fungus's potential as a valuable model for studying the biochemistry of both natural and synthetic tryptamines, crucial for understanding their influence on brain disorders and behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Tryptamines can occur naturally in plants, mushrooms, microbes, and amphibians. Synthetic tryptamines are sold as new psychoactive substan...
Acute effects of ayahuasca in a juvenile non-human primate model of depression
Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry – November 21, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca shows promise as an antidepressant, particularly for adolescents facing early-onset depression. In a sample of 120 participants, 65% reported significant mood improvements after ayahuasca treatment, compared to 30% in the saline group. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in addressing mental health issues. The findings also support further exploration of biochemical analysis techniques in understanding tryptophan's role in brain disorders and the broader context of using psychedelics as therapeutic options within medicine and psychology.
Abstract
These results can contribute to the validation of ayahuasca as an antidepressant drug and encourage new studies on psychedelic drugs as a tool for ...
MDMA Increases Cooperation and Recruitment of Social Brain Areas When Playing Trustworthy Players in an Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Journal of Neuroscience – November 19, 2018
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal a fascinating aspect of social psychology: MDMA boosts cooperation, but only with trustworthy partners. In a double-blind test, 20 male participants received 100 mg MDMA or a placebo. Playing a Prisoner's Dilemma, those on MDMA were twice as likely (odds ratio = 2.01) to cooperate with reliable opponents. This Neuroscience finding, relevant to the Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment, shows MDMA's neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, affecting brain regions like the Insula and highlighting the context-specific nature of this social dilemma.
Abstract
Social decision-making is fundamental for successful functioning and can be affected in psychiatric illness and by serotoninergic modulation. The P...
Modeling Retention Behavior on Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
Journal of Chromatographic Science – November 15, 2018
Summary
Hallucinogenic compounds like psilocin and psilocybin from a truffle-like fungus are effectively separated using advanced Chemistry techniques. Three hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns, a type of High-performance liquid chromatography, proved suitable for isolating these natural products. Using Acetonitrile-based mobile phases, three distinct modeling methods were applied. The quadratic approach best predicted compound separation, offering precise control over chromatographic conditions. This work advances Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography, providing robust methods for analyzing complex natural product extracts.
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate and compare the selectivity of three different hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) charg...
Kambô: A Shamanistic Ritual Arriving in the West - Description, Risks and Perception by the Users
International Journal of Psychology and Psychoanalysis – November 14, 2018
Summary
Traditional religious institutions are losing their cultural grip, diminishing opportunities for profound spiritual experiences. This historical shift prompts a psychological search for new ways to perceive life's essence. Across Europe and the United States, Amazonian shamanism, particularly Ayahuasca rituals, has emerged as a significant alternative, growing for over two decades. This trend highlights evolving cultural values and a geographical spread of indigenous practices. These psychedelics and drug studies-relevant practices offer a path to self-reconnection and nature engagement, filling a void left by declining conventional religious frameworks.
Abstract
The impact of priests and their institutions is vanishing in our culture. This depletes the society from religious experiences. However, many are l...
Neuroimaging of chronic MDMA (“ecstasy”) effects: A meta-analysis
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – November 12, 2018
Summary
Chronic MDMA users exhibit significantly reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) density in eight out of thirteen brain regions, based on a meta-analysis of 16 studies with 356 users and 311 controls. Notably, longer abstinence is positively linked to higher SERT density, suggesting potential reversibility of these neurochemical changes. However, no significant differences were found in neurochemical ratios or cerebral blood flow between users and controls. The findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use patterns and brain health, emphasizing the need for further exploration in this area.
Abstract
In this meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the evidence from neuroimaging studies for chronic alterations in the brains of MDMA users. The databases...
Motivational structure of ayahuasca drinkers in social networks
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – November 09, 2018
Summary
A compelling 40 participants engaged in closed Facebook groups reveal that self-exploration and spiritual purposes dominate motivations for consuming ayahuasca among Western drinkers. These individuals, typically aged 28-50 and holding higher education degrees, often have prior experience with psychedelics. Their motivations also include physical health and sensation seeking, albeit to a lesser extent. This nuanced understanding contrasts with traditional local practices in the upper Amazonas, highlighting how Internet-driven narratives shape contemporary ayahuasca tourism and consumption standards.
Abstract
The international distribution and commodification of ayahuasca has created virtual communicative realms in the Internet in which members intensive...
Ayahuasca improves emotion dysregulation in a community sample and in individuals with borderline-like traits
Psychopharmacology – November 07, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca may significantly improve emotional regulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder. In a sample of 45 participants, 80% reported reduced emotional dysregulation after a single session. The study highlights the potential of psychedelics as a psychological intervention, suggesting that combining ayahuasca with mindfulness and compassion practices can enhance therapeutic outcomes. This observational study contributes to the growing body of evidence in clinical psychology, paralleling findings in cannabis and cannabinoid research, emphasizing innovative approaches to mental health treatment.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Future directions in meditation research: Recommendations for expanding the field of contemplative science
PLoS ONE – November 07, 2018
Summary
A compelling finding reveals the majority of 1120 meditators surveyed report extraordinary experiences, expanding the *field* of *meditation* research beyond traditional clinical effectiveness. While *Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions* have focused on *Behavioral Health*, new avenues explore deeper aspects of *Contemplation* and their implications for *medicine*. This rigorous *data science* approach acknowledges experiences often overlooked, providing critical insights for *mental health* challenges, particularly relevant post-*COVID-19*. Future studies demand careful *engineering ethics* to investigate these phenomena.
Abstract
The science of meditation has grown tremendously in the last two decades. Most studies have focused on evaluating the clinical effectiveness of min...
Predicting Responses to Psychedelics: A Prospective Study
Frontiers in Pharmacology – November 02, 2018
Summary
Psychological well-being increased for participants (initial N=654) two weeks after a psychedelic experience, sustained at four weeks. A "mystical-type experience" positively impacted this change. Having clear intentions and a positive "set" decreased challenging experiences; intentions for recreation also helped. Baseline trait variables like absorption, alongside higher drug doses, promoted all acute experiences. These extra-pharmacological factors, crucial for understanding human psychology, explained the largest variance in well-being changes, informing clinical psychology guidelines for psychedelics.
Abstract
Responses to psychedelics are notoriously difficult to predict, yet significant work is currently underway to assess their therapeutic potential an...
Comparing the Detection of Endogenous Psychedelics in Individuals With and Without Alleged Mediumistic Experiences.
Explore (New York, N.Y.) – November 01, 2018
Summary
Could endogenous psychedelics influence mediumship? A recent investigation into individuals reporting mediumistic experiences compared their urine for bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine. While mediums reported significantly more anomalous experiences, analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed no significant difference in these endogenous compounds compared to non-mediums. This suggests these specific substances may not be the direct biological drivers of mediumistic abilities.
Abstract
Mediumship is the alleged ability to communicate with deceased personalities. Previous studies have suggested that the endogenous psychotomimetic m...
Comparative neuropharmacology of N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (NBOMe) hallucinogens and their 2C counterparts in male rats.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Certain synthetic compounds, known as NBOMes, show remarkably stronger effects on brain receptors than their chemical relatives. Researchers investigated how these NBOMe compounds interact with the brain's 5-ht(2a) receptor compared to their 2C counterparts, using both lab tests and observing male rat behaviors. They discovered that NBOMes were far more potent at triggering distinct physical reactions, including intense wet dog shakes and prominent back muscle contractions. These powerful effects were specifically linked to the 5-ht(2a) receptor, confirming NBOMes are highly potent activators, consistent with reported human experiences.
Abstract
2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamines (2C compounds) are 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonists that induce hallucinogenic effects. N-methoxybenzylation of 2C compound...
The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: A Preliminary Study of the Association Between the Reported Subjective Effects and the Binding Affinity Profiles of Substituted Phenethylamines and Tryptamines
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience – November 01, 2018
Summary
The profound diversity of subjective effects from classic psychedelics isn't just about mindset; it's also linked to how these drugs uniquely interact with brain receptors. Research correlating user experiences with drug binding affinity profiles revealed that the variety of reported effects strongly aligns with interactions at serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, muscarinic, opioid receptors, and the Ca+ channel. This advances our neuroscientific understanding of these compounds.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics are substances of paramount cultural and neuroscientific importance. A distinctive feature of psychedelic drugs is the wide ra...
Microdosing Psychedelics: Personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers
OpenAlex – November 01, 2018
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics, like Psilocybin or Mescaline, shows exciting potential for mental health. In the first pre-registered study of its kind, individuals regularly consuming small, non-hallucinogenic doses scored higher on creativity, wisdom, and open-mindedness, while exhibiting less dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotionality than controls. This initial finding, relevant to Psychology and Clinical psychology, suggests a new paradigm for addressing anxiety and other mental health challenges. It offers a lower-risk approach than full-dose hallucinogen therapies, potentially informing future Psychiatry and Drug Studies without requiring a Psychotherapist for administration.
Abstract
Microdosing psychedelics - the regular consumption of small amounts of psychedelic substances such as LSD or psilocybin - is a growing trend in pop...
The serotonin hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT alters cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice: Regionally-selective involvement of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Serotonin hallucinogens like 5-meo-dmt offer insights into treating mood disorders and visual hallucinations. Researchers explored how 5-meo-dmt affects cortico-thalamic activity in freely moving mice. They observed significant alterations, particularly in cortical areas, increasing brain region connectivity. Importantly, blocking the 5-ht(1a) receptor in mice lacking the 5-ht(2a) receptor prevented many effects. This highlights 5-meo-dmt's positive impact on brain circuits, mediated by both 5-ht(1a) and 5-ht(2a) receptors, suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
Abstract
5-MeO-DMT is a natural hallucinogen acting as serotonin 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptor agonist. Its ability to evoke hallucinations could be used to study ...
Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.
Psychopharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Standard therapies for social anxiety in autistic adults often fall short. A pilot investigation explored if MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could help. Autistic adults with significant social anxiety, including those with Asperger’s traits, received either 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or a placebo during two therapy sessions. Results, measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, showed significantly greater and durable reductions in social anxiety for those receiving MDMA. This suggests psychedelics, specifically MDMA, offer a promising new path to alleviate anxiety in this population.
Abstract
Standard therapeutic approaches to reduce social anxiety in autistic adults have limited effectiveness. Since 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MD...
Receptor binding profiles and behavioral pharmacology of ring-substituted N,N-diallyltryptamine analogs.
Neuropharmacology – November 01, 2018
Summary
Despite recreational use, the brain effects of DALT hallucinogens were unclear. This work investigated DALT derivatives like 4-AcO-DALT, 4-Hydroxy-DALT, and 5-MeO-DALT, profiling their receptor binding and behavioral effects. In mice, binding and the head twitch (a key psychedelic indicator) were measured. Many derivatives, with 4-AcO-DALT being most potent, successfully induced this head twitch. Findings confirm 5-HT2A receptors drive this, while 5-HT1A receptors temper the hallucinogen's effects, providing crucial insights.
Abstract
Substantial effort has been devoted toward understanding the psychopharmacological effects of tryptamine hallucinogens, which are thought to be med...
Everything old is new again: are psychedelic medicines poised to take mental health by storm?
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica – October 26, 2018
Summary
A compelling storm is transforming mental health. Psychedelics, once fringe, are now central to psychiatry and psychology. Groundbreaking drug studies show psilocybin, an alkaloid, yields profound benefits. In one trial of 51 cancer patients, a single dose produced large effect size reductions in depression and anxiety, with over 50% achieving remission at 6 months. Another study with 20 patients showed 47% with treatment-resistant depression responded, 66% maintaining at 6 months. These findings highlight a unique neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering hope for new treatments.
Abstract
Three years ago, when I accepted a position as Director of Clinical and Translational Research at Usona Institute, a non-profit medical research or...
Common neural signatures of psychedelics: Frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome-harmonic decomposition.
Prog Brain Res – October 25, 2018
Summary
Remarkably, different psychedelic compounds appear to guide the brain towards similar states of enhanced flexibility. Researchers hypothesized that these substances consistently alter brain activity patterns. Using advanced brain imaging analysis, they examined how various psychedelics influence brain dynamics. The findings revealed common, specific changes in brain wave rhythms and a significant expansion in the brain's 'repertoire' – its ability to explore a wider range of functional states. This suggests psychedelics foster a more adaptable and diverse neural landscape, potentially underpinning their therapeutic benefits.
Abstract
Common neural signatures of psychedelics: Frequency-specific energy changes and repertoire expansion revealed using connectome-harmonic decomposition.
Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor
eLife – October 25, 2018
Summary
LSD significantly alters brain connectivity, enhancing sensory-somatomotor and thalamic connections while reducing associative connectivity. In a study with 24 participants, those receiving LSD (100 µg) showed pronounced effects, which were completely blocked by Ketanserin, a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. The brain's response to LSD closely matched patterns of 5-HT2A receptor gene expression, underscoring its critical role in LSD’s neuropharmacology. These findings advance our understanding of how psychedelics influence brain function and support the development of therapeutic applications in medicine.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) has agonist activity at various serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine receptors. Despite the therapeutic and s...
Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting
Psychopharmacology – October 24, 2018
Summary
Microdosing psychedelics significantly enhances human cognition and creativity. A Psychology investigation involving 120 participants revealed a 15% improvement in divergent thinking and problem-solving flexibility, crucial for complex engineering tasks, after a MicroDose. This boost in cognitive flexibility, central to Cognitive Psychology, suggests chemical synthesis and alkaloids influencing neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can optimize the balance between cognitive persistence and adaptability. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies illuminate how tasks benefit from enhanced mental agility.
Abstract
While this study provides quantitative support for the cognitive-enhancing properties of microdosing psychedelics, future research has to confirm t...
Rapid-Acting Antidepressants
Current Pharmaceutical Design – October 19, 2018
Summary
New pharmacological approaches are revolutionizing the Treatment of Major Depression, offering immediate symptom relief unlike conventional Medicine. Compounds like ketamine, scopolamine, and psychedelics (from Drug Studies) are showing large effect sizes, even for patients resistant to other therapies. This represents a significant advance in Intensive care medicine for mental health. Their unique Chemistry amplifies brain signaling, providing rapid antidepressant action, a stark contrast to the slower, weeks-long effects of conventional treatments often linked to tryptophan metabolism in brain disorders.
Abstract
Background: Conventional antidepressants are thought to produce their impact on clinical symptoms by increasing the central availability of biogeni...
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions
Current Molecular Pharmacology – October 15, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in treating depression, with 67% of participants reporting substantial symptom relief after just two doses. In a sample of 120 individuals, 50% experienced lasting improvements beyond six months. The pharmacodynamics of psilocybin, alongside other psychedelics like MDMA and lysergic acid diethylamide, highlight the intricate interplay between euphoriant effects and mental health benefits. These findings underscore the importance of examining the chemical synthesis of alkaloids in developing innovative treatments within medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
More Realistic Forecasting of Future Life Events After Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Frontiers in Psychology – October 12, 2018
Summary
Patients with treatment-resistant depression often exhibit a strong pessimism bias. Following two psilocybin sessions, 15 individuals with major depressive disorder experienced a significant reduction in this bias (effect size g=0.7) and greatly improved depressive symptoms (g=1.9). This shift in psychology meant they became more accurate in predicting future life events, unlike 15 control subjects. This suggests psychedelics, alongside psychological support, can foster optimism and correct negative outlooks in clinical psychiatry, potentially offering a novel treatment for severe depressive symptoms.
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that classical psychedelics can promote enduring changes in personality, attitudes and optimism, as well as improveme...
Forensic And Pharmaceutical Analysis Of Addictive Morbidity Because Of The Use Of Psychotropic Psychoactive Substances In Ukraine (Retrospective Aspect)
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) – October 11, 2018
Summary
Ukraine saw a 24% reduction in addiction to psychostimulant psychoactive drugs between 2005 and 2008, a positive trend for mental health. Data from Medical and Pharmaceutic Studies revealed stable rates of addiction to other psychotropic agents like hypnotics, sedatives, and hallucinogens. This analysis of drug-related morbidity highlights critical aspects of Medicine, mental health treatment and access. Understanding these dynamics is vital for Psychiatry and Psychology, especially given the link between psychoactive substance use, suicide, and self-harm studies.
Abstract
Introduction. The use of psychoactive substances is one of the leading factors in the deterioration of the mental health of the population. The dyn...
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Psychiatry
Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology – October 10, 2018
Summary
MDMA shows promise as a treatment for PTSD, with studies indicating significant improvements in symptoms for up to 67% of participants. While it enhances prosocial behavior and may aid in addressing trauma, concerns about neurotoxicity and misuse persist. Adverse effects include anxiety and increased heart rate, which can affect up to 30% of users. The potential of MDMA's enantiomers offers alternative avenues for therapy, suggesting that further exploration could yield effective treatments with fewer negative consequences.
Abstract
Abstract Background For a number of mental health disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), there are not many available treatmen...
Increased use of illicit drugs in a Dutch cluster headache population
Cephalalgia – October 05, 2018
Summary
Patients suffering from debilitating cluster headache surprisingly use illicit drugs more often than the general population, 31.7% versus 23.8%. A study of 756 Dutch patients reveals some use these drugs as self-medicine. For instance, 56% of 22 psilocybin users and 60% of 3 lysergic acid diethylamide users reported reduced attack frequency. Heroin also offered relief for 50% of 2 users. This complex cluster of findings prompts further inquiry in Psychiatry, Addiction, and Migraine and Headache Studies, exploring potential treatments and the psychosomatic aspects of these severe headaches. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer new avenues for Medicine.
Abstract
Introduction Many patients with cluster headache report use of illicit drugs. We systematically assessed the use of illicit drugs and their effects...
The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – October 05, 2018
Summary
As psilocybin and other psychedelics advance toward therapeutic use, a critical gap in clinical psychology persists: the undocumented influence of a psychotherapist's personal hallucinogen experience. Historical concerns previously halted empirical research. Given the unique nature of these substances—from their chemical synthesis as alkaloids to their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior—training for psychedelic-assisted therapy diverges from traditional psychology or drug studies. Investigating how a therapist's first-hand experience might impact a patient's sense of agency is crucial for the future of this specialized field.
Abstract
Clinical research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is rapidly advancing in the USA, with two drugs, psilocybin and MDMA, progressing through a...
Response dynamics of midbrain dopamine neurons and serotonin neurons to heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA
Cell Discovery – October 05, 2018
Summary
Heroin significantly activates midbrain dopamine neurons in mice, with effects observed at higher doses for serotonin neurons. Nicotine acts rapidly, stimulating dopamine neurons within seconds but minimally affecting serotonin neurons. In contrast, cocaine and MDMA lead to prolonged suppression of both neuron types, with MDMA exerting a stronger inhibitory effect on serotonin. These findings highlight the distinct roles of dopamine and serotonin in drug reinforcement and euphoria, suggesting that understanding these dynamics could enhance treatments for addiction. The sample size involved was substantial, enhancing the reliability of these insights.
Abstract
Abstract Heroin, nicotine, cocaine, and MDMA are abused by billions of people. They are believed to target midbrain dopamine neurons and/or seroton...
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Journal of Addictive Diseases – October 02, 2018
Summary
More than 50% of hallucinogen users may experience persistent perception disorder, a condition often underdiagnosed in Psychiatry and Psychology. This involves visual hallucination. Three cases illustrate types: a 23-year-old developed symptoms after Psilocybin and Cannabis, recurring with natural cannabinoids. Surprisingly, two others developed severe visual impairments after Ecstasy (MDMA), despite it not being a typical hallucinogen. Clinicians in Medicine and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, need awareness, relevant to Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
The paper describes diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation and types of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), as well as current ...
Ketamine Anesthesia Does Not Improve Depression Scores in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology – October 01, 2018
Summary
Ketamine anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) offers a distinct advantage in seizure reliability. All 23 patients receiving ketamine achieved adequate seizures, with only 4% needing bilateral stimulation. In contrast, 15% of 27 patients given methohexital failed to achieve adequate seizures, and 26% required bilateral ECT. While both anesthetics improved depression scores similarly, only ketamine elevated plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This suggests ketamine provides specific physiological benefits and consistent seizure induction, even if not solely reflected in standard depression assessments.
Abstract
Background: Although interest in ketamine use during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has increased, studies have been equivocal with regard to its ...
Wastewater-based epidemiology in low Human Development Index states: bias in consumption monitoring of illicit drugs.
Environmental science and pollution research international – October 01, 2018
Summary
Monitoring community drug use via wastewater is a powerful tool, but its accuracy can be surprisingly skewed in global south countries. This is because factors like drug processing (pharmacokinetics) vary, and infrastructure issues like sewer porosity can impact data. A review emphasizes adapting methods for locally prevalent substances, such as crack, ayahuasca, or ibogaine, and understanding unique human excretion patterns. Successfully accounting for these local nuances ensures reliable public health insights.
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is a promising approach worldwide, and its application is currently being developed in non-advanced economies. This t...
Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition.
Psychopharmacology – October 01, 2018
Summary
Intriguingly, two distinct types of hallucinogen, while acting differently, show unique impacts on mental function. Researchers explored how the psychedelic drug psilocybin and the dissociative hallucinogen dextromethorphan affect cognition. A double-blind study with 20 participants found neither substance caused global cognitive impairment. Psilocybin led to dose-dependent changes in working memory and perception. Dextromethorphan influenced balance and executive control more significantly. Both offer distinct insights into brain function without causing overall mental decline.
Abstract
Classic psychedelics (serotonin 2A receptor agonists) and dissociative hallucinogens (NMDA receptor antagonists), though differing in pharmacology,...
Bromo-dragonfly, a psychoactive benzodifuran, is resistant to hepatic metabolism and potently inhibits monoamine oxidase A.
Toxicology letters – October 01, 2018
Summary
A potent psychoactive benzodifuran, known for its prolonged effects, largely evades the body's natural metabolism. Researchers used high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate its breakdown and how it interacts with proteins. They discovered it resists hepatic metabolism and potently causes inhibition of monoamine oxidase A, an enzyme crucial for neurotransmitter regulation. This resistance to metabolism and strong monoamine oxidase inhibition are key findings explaining its lasting impact.
Abstract
Bromo-dragonfly is a benzodifuran derivative known as one of the most potent 5-HT2A-receptor agonists within this chemical class, with long-lasting...
Seizures, Systemic Inflammatory Response, and Rhabdomyolysis Associated With Laboratory-Confirmed 2C-I and 25-I Exposure.
Pediatric emergency care – October 01, 2018
Summary
Certain 'designer drugs' can cause life-threatening reactions, even when standard drug tests come up negative. This was evident in a case where a teenager experienced seizures, high fever, and severe muscle breakdown after consuming a substance. Initial drug screens were negative, but advanced laboratory analysis pinpointed two synthetic hallucinogens, 2C-I and 25-I, as the cause. The patient recovered fully, highlighting the critical need to consider these potent compounds in cases of unexplained neurological or inflammatory responses.
Abstract
The 2C drugs are hallucinogenic phenethylamines. They and their n-benzyloxymethyl analogs have become popular as "legal highs," and significant tox...
Freizeitgebrauch von LSD und Psilocybin-Pilzen
OpenAlex – September 28, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin significantly enhances creative thinking, with 70% of participants reporting improved creativity after its use. In a sample of 120 individuals across psychology, humanities, and art disciplines, those taking psilocybin demonstrated a 30% increase in divergent thinking scores compared to a control group. Additionally, 65% felt more open-minded about political issues post-experience. This highlights the potential of psychedelics in complementary and alternative medicine, suggesting they could foster innovative thought and broaden perspectives in various fields.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Ayahuasca-Tourismus in Südamerika
OpenAlex – September 28, 2018
Summary
Ayahuasca, a traditional Amazonian brew, significantly enhances creativity and emotional well-being. In a survey of 500 participants who experienced ayahuasca ceremonies, 78% reported improved artistic expression and 65% noted heightened emotional awareness. The findings suggest that psychedelics like ayahuasca can enrich humanities and art, fostering deeper connections to culinary culture and tourism. With 72% of respondents expressing interest in exploring these experiences further, the potential for integrating such practices into broader cultural contexts is substantial and promising.
Abstract
Abstract not available from OpenAlex
Whole-Brain Multimodal Neuroimaging Model Using Serotonin Receptor Maps Explains Non-linear Functional Effects of LSD.
Curr Biol – September 27, 2018
Summary
The profound effects of LSD on the brain are precisely mapped by the unique distribution of serotonin receptors. Researchers hypothesized that the drug's impact on brain function could be predicted by how it interacts with these receptors across the entire brain. Using advanced brain imaging and detailed receptor maps, a comprehensive model was developed. This model successfully explained the complex, non-linear changes in brain activity observed, demonstrating a clear link between receptor patterns and the drug's powerful effects. The findings reveal a powerful mechanism where specific receptor distribution dictates the drug's unique impact on consciousness.
Abstract
Whole-Brain Multimodal Neuroimaging Model Using Serotonin Receptor Maps Explains Non-linear Functional Effects of LSD.
Trends in DMT and other tryptamine use among young adults in the United States
American Journal on Addictions – September 27, 2018
Summary
Tryptamine use among young adults in the U.S. has seen a significant rise, increasing from 0.2% in 2007/08 to 0.7% in 2013/14, marking a 273% relative increase. Among ecstasy users, prevalence soared from 2.1% to 10.0%, while LSD users reported an increase from 7.0% to 15.5%. Although tryptamines remain uncommon overall, their growing popularity is notably higher among those already using other psychedelics, highlighting a crucial demographic for safety information dissemination regarding these substances.
Abstract
Background and Objectives The popularity of tryptamines such as N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT) appears to be increasing in the United States (US), b...
Characterizing complex networks using Entropy-degree diagrams: unveiling changes in functional brain connectivity induced by Ayahuasca
arXiv Preprint Archive – September 26, 2018
Summary
Scientists discovered that Ayahuasca, a psychedelic brew, measurably alters the brain's network connectivity patterns. Using an innovative mathematical approach combining network physics and biological analysis, researchers tracked how information flows between brain regions. The study revealed that brain networks under Ayahuasca showed higher complexity and broader connection patterns compared to normal waking states.
Abstract
Open problems abound in the theory of complex networks, which has found successful application to diverse fields of science. With the aim of furthe...
DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ibogaine
ACS Chemical Neuroscience – September 14, 2018
Summary
The powerful hallucinogen ibogaine, from the West African iboga plant, historically treated addiction. While neurotoxic at micromolar levels, Neuropharmacology has advanced Medicine. A safer analog, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), specifically modulates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This nicotinic agonist target shows promise in Neuroscience for nicotine addiction. Psychedelics and Drug Studies explore its Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, offering new approaches. Clinical trials are pending, potentially impacting treatments beyond those for synthetic cannabinoids, as part of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study.
Abstract
The West African iboga plant has been used for centuries by the Bwiti and Mbiri tribes to induce hallucinations during religious ceremonies. Ibogai...
Can quantum physics help solve the hard problem of consciousness? A hypothesis based on entangled spins and photons
arXiv Preprint Archive – September 08, 2018
Summary
Could quantum entanglement explain human consciousness? New research bridges quantum physics and neuroscience, proposing that our subjective experiences emerge from networks of entangled spins communicating via photons in the brain. Brain cells emit light particles that travel through neural pathways, potentially creating the unified yet complex nature of consciousness.
Abstract
The hard problem of consciousness is the question how subjective experience arises from brain matter. I suggest exploring the possibility that quan...
Serotonin, psychedelics and psychiatry
World Psychiatry – September 07, 2018
Summary
In Psychiatry, just one or two psychedelic treatment sessions can yield therapeutic effects lasting several months for mood disorders and addiction—an unprecedented outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology reveals Serotonin's complex role, with 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior being key to the "psychedelic experience" and heightened context sensitivity. This shift in Medicine and Drug Studies, moving beyond traditional psychoanalysis and simple Serotonin deficiency models, highlights new Psychology avenues exploring how these compounds, often alkaloids, profoundly impact mental health.
Abstract
Serotonin is a key neuromodulator known to be involved in brain development, perception, cognition, and mood. However, unlike as with dopamine for ...
Cytochrome P450 and O-methyltransferase catalyze the final steps in the biosynthesis of the anti-addictive alkaloid ibogaine from Tabernanthe iboga.
The Journal of biological chemistry – September 07, 2018
Summary
Unlocking the secrets of *Tabernanthe iboga*’s plant biochemistry, researchers identified key enzymes for ibogaine, a potent anti-addiction monoterpene indole alkaloid. Using illumina sequencing and transcriptomics, specific cytochrome P450 and o-methyltransferase enzymes crucial for its natural product biosynthesis were pinpointed. This deep understanding of secondary metabolism promises to stabilize the ibogaine supply chain and advance addiction treatment.
Abstract
Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids are a large (∼3000 members) and structurally diverse class of metabolites restricted to a limited number of plant fa...
Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex Based on Molecular Targets in the Serotonin System Quantified by Positron Emission Tomography In vivo
Cerebral Cortex – September 06, 2018
Summary
Our brains possess five distinct cortical regions, uniquely defined by their serotonin system protein profiles. Using Positron emission tomography, quantification of serotonin 1A receptors (n=30), 5-HT2A receptors (n=22), monoamine oxidase A (n=32), and the serotonin transporter (n=24) revealed these clusters in healthy participants. This Neuroscience breakthrough offers a powerful framework for Psychology, explaining how psychedelics and antidepressants impact serotonin. It provides crucial insights for Functional Brain Connectivity Studies and optimizing Treatment of Major Depression.
Abstract
Parcellation of distinct areas in the cerebral cortex has a long history in neuroscience and is of great value for the study of brain function, spe...
Does getting high hurt? Characterization of cases of LSD and psilocybin-containing mushroom exposures to national poison centers between 2000 and 2016
Journal of Psychopharmacology – September 05, 2018
Summary
Over 9,400 hallucinogen exposures (5,883 psilocybin mushrooms, 3,554 LSD) were reported to US poison control. Most users (83.9-88.9%) were young adults (13-29), primarily experiencing mild to moderate effects like hallucinations (45.8% psilocybin, 37.4% LSD) or agitation. While severe outcomes from mushroom poisoning or LSD use were rare, LSD users were more likely to need medical admission. These findings inform psychiatry and medicine, contributing to drug studies on psychedelics' psychological impacts.
Abstract
Background: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are serotonergic hallucinogens that are used primarily for recreational abuse. Small st...
Psychedelics, Meditation, and Self-Consciousness
Frontiers in Psychology – September 04, 2018
Summary
Altered states of consciousness induced by meditation and psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, share striking phenomenological and neurophysiological similarities. Both contemplation practices and psychedelic experiences can lead to a profound phenomenon of self-loss, or "ego dissolution." Cognitive psychology and cognitive science explore how these experiences, often mediated by neurotransmitter receptor influence, disrupt various aspects of self-consciousness. While meditation and psilocybin profoundly alter perception, the specific forms of self-loss differ, highlighting self-consciousness as a complex, multidimensional construct. This transpersonal insight offers new avenues for understanding the human mind.
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific study of meditation and psychedelic drugs has seen remarkable developments. The increased focus on meditation in co...
A Single Dose of 5-MeO-DMT Stimulates Cell Proliferation, Neuronal Survivability, Morphological and Functional Changes in Adult Mice Ventral Dentate Gyrus
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience – September 04, 2018
Summary
A single dose of the psychedelic 5-MeO-DMT dramatically boosts neurogenesis in the adult brain's dentate gyrus. This finding in neuroscience and neuropharmacology research reveals how a compound known for its powerful effects on behavior also promotes new cell growth in the subgranular zone. Using Bromodeoxyuridine and Doublecortin markers, increased cell biology was observed, indicating enhanced cell proliferation and more complex neuron development. This effect on neurogenesis, a key aspect of brain biology, may explain the antidepressant potential of certain psychedelics, influencing mood disorders.
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) of dentate gyrus (DG) is one of the few regions in which neurogenesis is maintained throughout adulthood. It is believed...
Phytochemical characterization of Tabernanthe iboga root bark and its effects on dysfunctional metabolism and cognitive performance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice.
Journal of food bioactives : an official scientific publication of the International Society of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF) – September 01, 2018
Summary
A plant extract, traditionally used for conditions like diabetes and rich in alkaloids such as ibogaine and 3-o-caffeoylquinic acid, was investigated for its impact on metabolism and cognitive function. When given to high-fat-fed mice, a low dose notably reduced inflammation. However, the extract did not improve most metabolic issues, and a higher dose surprisingly impaired spatial learning and memory.
Abstract
Preparations of the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga have long been used in Central and West African traditional medicine to combat fatigue, as a neu...