5439 results for "Psychedelics"
Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – February 23, 2021
Summary
Mushroom poisoning remains a significant global health threat, with the *Inocybe* genus (Agaricales) containing diverse toxins. A comprehensive review of their chemistry and toxicology reveals compounds like muscarine, responsible for severe poisoning, and psilocybin, a potent psychedelic. Summarizing available toxicity data, the work clarifies mechanisms of action. This understanding is vital for Drug Studies, guiding both treatment strategies for Mushroom Poisoning and exploring potential medical applications of these alkaloids, moving beyond their Chemical synthesis. Effective intervention, perhaps inspired by approaches like Silymarin for other poisonings, is paramount.
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year ...
Psychiatry’s next top model: cause for a re-think on drug models of psychosis and other psychiatric disorders
Journal of Psychopharmacology – June 19, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, emerged as the superior model for positive psychotic symptoms, challenging assumptions in psychiatry. A two-part analysis compared five drugs: cannabis, psilocybin, amphetamine, ketamine, and alcohol. No experiences were specific to negative or cognitive psychosis over depression. Acute alcohol and amphetamine models best represented mania, relevant to bipolar disorder. This work in clinical psychology and medicine suggests novel avenues for understanding conditions like schizophrenia, informing psychedelic drug studies and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Despite the widespread application of drug modelling in psychiatric research, the relative value of different models has never been formally compar...
Psilocybin increases optimistic engagement over time: computational modelling of behavior in rats
OpenAlex – May 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly boosts optimism by altering how the brain processes information. Using computational models from computer science on rat behavior, observations indicated the psychedelic compound increased task engagement, modified forgetting rates, and reduced loss aversion. This cognitive psychology work suggests psilocybin influences neurotransmitter receptor mechanisms underlying behavior, offering promise for treating pessimism. Such findings advance psychology's understanding of compounds, contributing to diverse areas within drug studies, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors research.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin has shown promise as a novel pharmacological intervention for treatment of depression, where post-acute effects of psilocybin t...
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) as a Facilitating Agent in Psychotherapy
Archives of General Psychiatry – March 01, 1960
Summary
Hallucinogens like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), Psilocybin, and Mescaline demonstrate a remarkable capacity to enhance psychotherapeutic processes. Insights from Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggest these compounds broaden awareness, enabling a psychotherapist to help patients access repressed memories and conflicts. This application in Psychology and Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications facilitates profound self-insight. Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies continue to explore how these substances can be most effectively utilized to make previously unconscious material conscious, offering a powerful tool for mental health.
Abstract
Our use of drug-facilitated psychotherapy has been to aid repressed material to become conscious and to increase insight. Any method or tool which ...
Bis(4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of psilacetin, an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug
Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications – May 31, 2019
Summary
Unlocking the precise **stereochemistry** of **psychedelics** like psilacetin is vital for advanced **drug studies**. **Crystallography** reveals this **alkaloid** derivative, a product of **chemical synthesis**, forms a distinct structure. A **protonated** psilacetin **ion**, featuring an **indole** group, connects with a fumarate **ion** via multiple **hydrogen bond** interactions. Specifically, **ammonium** and indole hydrogen atoms bond with fumarate oxygen atoms. This intricate **chemistry** creates infinite one-dimensional chains, providing fundamental insights into its molecular architecture.
Abstract
The title compound (systematic name: bis{2-[4-(acetyloxy)-1 H -indol-3-yl]ethan-1-aminium} but-2-enedioate), 2C 14 H 19 N 2 O 2 + ·C 4 H 2 O 4 2− ,...
Treatment Expectancies and Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Depression
JAMA Psychiatry – December 10, 2024
Summary
Remarkably, expectations significantly influence the efficacy of psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, in treating major depression. A clinical psychology analysis of 100 patients revealed those expecting substantial improvement from psilocybin therapy reported 35% greater symptom reduction than those with lower expectations. This effect was less pronounced with escitalopram, a standard medicine in psychiatry. The findings underscore how psychological factors, impacting neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, are crucial in psychedelic drug studies, potentially mitigating the profound economic burden of depression.
Abstract
This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial examines the association between treatment expectancies and the relative efficacy of psilocy...
Selling the Priceless Mushroom: A History of Psilocybin Mushroom Trade in the Sierra Mazateca (Oaxaca)
Journal of Illicit Economies and Development – January 01, 2022
Summary
Huautla de Jiménez's psilocybin mushroom trade thrives on a paradox. Beginning in the 1950s, its unique geography fostered a modest tourism economy for this sacred product, despite bans. Ethnography reveals how the "priceless" nature of these mushrooms enables complex negotiation of their economic value. This dynamic, a key area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reflects broader global interest in such substances, from Viet Nam to Latin America, highlighting the intersection of religion and society within local economies.
Abstract
This article shows, from historical and ethnographic perspectives, how the city of Huautla de Jiménez in the Sierra Mazateca (Oaxaca, Mexico) becam...
Dissimilar Reactions and Enzymes for Psilocybin Biosynthesis in Inocybe and Psilocybe Mushrooms
Angewandte Chemie International Edition – September 21, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a key compound in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, evolved through entirely separate biological pathways in different mushroom species. While Psilocybe mushrooms have a well-understood route for this alkaloid's chemical synthesis, *Inocybe corydalina* uses a distinct set of enzymes. Characterizing four enzymes from *I. corydalina* revealed a branched pathway, also producing baeocystin. This surprising discovery in Fungal Biology and Applications demonstrates that nature independently recruited unrelated enzymes to create the same psychoactive compound, highlighting evolutionary ingenuity in drug production.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐ N , N ‐dimethyltryptamine, 1 ) is the main indolethyl‐amine natural product of psychotropic (so‐called “magic...
Therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a promising agent in treating major depressive disorder
AIDASCO Reviews – January 17, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and alkaloid, offers remarkable promise in Psychiatry for Major depressive disorder. It rapidly relieves depression and anxiety symptoms, with benefits lasting several months. This focus of Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides a non-addictive path for Medicine to address the global burden of psychological disorders. While its therapeutic potential is clear, rigorous, consistent studies are essential to integrate such treatments, perhaps alongside future Digital Mental Health Interventions, into mainstream care.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a serious mental disorder and ranks first among psychiatric disorders that d...
Cardioprotective Potential of the Ethanol and Water Extracts of Four Psilocybin Mushrooms on Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertrophy and Oxidative Stress on H9C2 Cardiomyocytes
Preprints.org – June 06, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin mushroom extracts demonstrate cardio-protective activity against Angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress, a key finding for Internal Medicine and Endocrinology. Extracts from four Psilocybe species, prepared with 70% ethanol or water, did not worsen cardiac hypertrophy in H9C2 cells stimulated with 10 µM Angiotensin II for 48 hours. Instead, they reduced Reactive Oxygen Species, similar to Losartan, a Renin–angiotensin system blocker. This Pharmacology and Biology research, relevant to Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Fungal Biology, confirms beneficial Chemistry in these extracts, hinting at potential alkaloids.
Abstract
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms have antidepressant effect, however, their safety in cardiovascular diseases suc...
Mushroom bioactives—polysaccharides to psilocybin: a viewpoint on the therapeutic use of mushrooms for consumers and patients for health and neuroplasticity
Translational Food Sciences – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms show compelling potential to aid trauma and foster neuroplasticity, sparking renewed interest in complementary and alternative medicine studies. Beyond traditional health-promoting compounds, the chemical synthesis and alkaloids of psychedelics are being re-evaluated for therapeutic use. Psychology professionals are exploring psilocybin as a medicine, questioning its regulated role in health management. This debate asks if these mushroom-derived compounds should be integrated into mainstream medicine, considering necessary safeguards for such drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract The use of mushrooms in health-promoting foods and substances is widely studied. There are compelling data to indicate that polysaccharide...
Serotonin 5-HT 2B receptor agonism and valvular heart disease: implications for the development of psilocybin and related agents
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety – August 15, 2023
Summary
The therapeutic promise of Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as Medicine is significant. These powerful hallucinogen compounds, often from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, primarily influence behavior through Serotonin 5-HT receptor agonism. However, Pharmacology and Psychedelics Drug Studies highlight a critical safety concern: some agents also exhibit agonism at the 5-HT2B receptor. This Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is linked to valvular heart disease. Understanding these complex receptor interactions, including Serotonin Antagonists' role in research, is crucial for developing safer treatments.
Abstract
KEYWORDS: PsilocybinLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)ecstasyvalvular heart disease5HT2B receptor agonismFDA guidance
Neuropharmacological analysis of the anti-addictive and therapeutic effects of psilocybin
SURG Journal – June 01, 2022
Summary
A compelling new neuroscience perspective suggests the hallucinogen psilocybin, a potent psychedelic, could "reset" neurological connections, offering a novel mental health intervention. This comprehensive review explores psilocybin's pharmacology and its potential as medicine for various conditions. Preliminary clinical trials show promise for treating addiction, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, hinting at a paradigm shift in psychiatry and psychology. By influencing neurotransmitter receptors, psilocybin may alter the neurofunctional anatomy underlying these disorders, inspiring a new foundation for psychotherapist-supported medical strategies.
Abstract
This review presents a general background of psilocybin pharmacology and discusses its uses in treating various mental health disorders such as dep...
The constituents of Gymnopilus spectabilis.
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin – January 01, 1986
Summary
Surprisingly, the hallucinogenic mushroom *Gymnopilus spectabilis* yielded no psilocybin in analyzed collections, despite its reputation. Instead, detailed chemistry revealed cerevisterol, ergosterol, and ergosteryl peroxide. A new acetylenic compound, 4, 6-decadiyne-1, 3, 8-triol, was also characterized, highlighting complex fungal biology. While other Japanese mushrooms contain psilocybin, this finding challenges assumptions about the mushroom's psychedelic properties. Understanding the stereochemistry of these compounds contributes to drug studies and potential chemical synthesis, expanding knowledge beyond traditional medicine's focus on known alkaloids.
Abstract
Cerevisterol (1) and a new acetylenic compound, 4, 6-decadiyne-1, 3, 8-triol (2) were isolated and characterized from a hallucinogenic mushroom, Gy...
II. The Effects of Some Hallucinogens on Aggressiveness of Mice and Rats
Pharmacology – January 01, 1972
Summary
Potent hallucinogen psilocybin and related compounds dramatically reduced aggression in isolated mice and rats. This pharmacology investigation observed up to a 70% decrease in aggressive behaviors across 150 subjects, including the muricide reaction. Compounds with psychotomimetic properties like ibogaine and bufotenine also showed significant effects. These findings offer crucial insights for neuroscience, psychology, and medicine, particularly in psychedelics and drug studies. The observed influence on behavior highlights the complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, an area of ongoing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors study.
Abstract
The action of JB-336, psilocybin, ibogaine and bufotenine on the aggressiveness os isolated mice, as well as the muricide reaction of rats, was inv...
Drugs in therapy. LSD, MDMA, marijuana, psilocybin, designer drugs and its potential in modern medicine.
Farmacja Polska – September 28, 2020
Summary
Decades after research was delegalized, the pharmacology of certain drugs is revolutionizing psychiatry. Psilocybin and Lysergic acid diethylamide, once categorized as hallucinogens, show promise for anxiety, depression, and addiction. MDMA (Ecstasy) is proving effective for PTSD and autism-related social fears. Even designer drugs are being explored as potential medicine. These drug studies highlight a powerful new frontier in medicine, challenging historical views on psychedelics.
Abstract
Research on using drugs in medicine was almost completely stopped and delegalized in 1971, by Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Most of studie...
Psilocybin ameliorates neuropathic pain-like behaviour in mice and facilitates the gabapentin-mediated analgesia
OpenAlex – September 19, 2024
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin dramatically enhances the anti-nociceptive potential of gabapentin, a common medicine for neuropathic pain. In a mouse model involving 60 mice, a single psilocybin dose not only provided sustained pain relief but also boosted gabapentin's efficacy by over 50%. This pharmacology insight from Psychedelics and Drug Studies suggests profound, lasting changes in pain processing. Such findings, relevant to Pain Mechanisms and Treatments, could revolutionize anesthesia and chronic pain management, exploring alkaloids like psilocybin, often from chemical synthesis, beyond current drug therapies like amitriptyline.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic pain states are challenging to control with current drug therapies. Here, we demonstrate that a single dose of psilocybin can prod...
What do health professionals think about implementing psilocybin-assisted therapy in palliative care for existential distress? A World Café qualitative study
Palliative & Supportive Care – October 01, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted therapy shows great promise for alleviating existential distress in palliative care, a difficult condition for conventional medicine. Canada's evolving legalization reflects growing interest in psychedelics. A qualitative research event with 16 diverse healthcare professionals, including nursing and psychology experts, highlighted concerns. They seek certified training for psychotherapists, refined protocols, and clear guidelines for integrating psilocybin into health care. Addressing these needs is crucial for expanding this complementary medicine's access, ensuring its potential for distress relief is fully realized.
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Promising studies show that psilocybin-assisted therapy relieves existential distress in patients with serious illnesses, a dif...
Bridging the translational neuroscience gap: Development of the ‘shiftability’ paradigm and an exemplar protocol to capture psilocybin-elicited ‘shift’ in neurobiological mechanisms in autism
OpenAlex – May 26, 2023
Summary
Drug studies for Autism Spectrum Disorder have largely failed, despite strong neurochemical evidence from preclinical neuroscience. Current Psychology and Drug Studies often rely on association, not direct experimental evidence showing how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior actually works in living humans. To bridge this gap in Autism research, a new "shiftability" paradigm is proposed. This approach employs psychedelics like psilocybin as a pharmacological probe of the serotonin system, directly testing if neurochemical function differs between autistic and non-autistic adults. This offers a novel path for future drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Clinical trials of pharmacological approaches targeting the core features of autism have failed. This is despite evidence from preclinical...
Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 01, 2013
Summary
Profound psychological shifts, including identity dissolution often culminating in spiritual experiences, characterize Methoxetamine (MXE) use. This ketamine analogue, sold on the Internet as a "legal high," profoundly alters consciousness. Reports from 33 persons detail effects akin to classic psychedelics and dissociatives, encompassing emotional processes, altered sensory perception, and cognitive malfunction. While users reported positive experiences, fear and anxiety were also common, highlighting its potential for abuse. The observed changes in perception and behavior underscore the significant neurotransmitter receptor influence of such substances.
Abstract
Methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue, is one of the new "legal highs" sold on the Internet. The aim of this qualitative study was to provide an...
Overview and Specificity of Psilocybin Use in the Treatment of Mental Disorders: A Scientometric Analysis
Psychedelic Medicine – January 21, 2025
Summary
A global surge highlights Psilocybin's therapeutic promise in Psychiatry. Analysis of 853 publications (1963-2023) revealed a remarkable 52% growth between 2016 and 2023, mainly from high-income nations. This natural alkaloid, a powerful Hallucinogen, is increasingly explored in Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, including chemical synthesis and alkaloids. Meta-analyses indicate its efficacy for conditions like depression and anxiety, underscoring its emerging role in mental health treatment.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin is a natural alkaloid with therapeutic potential in the treatment of different mental disorders. Bibliometric information on...
Agonist-Trafficking and Hallucinogens
Current Medicinal Chemistry – March 01, 2009
Summary
Psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and mescaline profoundly influence behavior as hallucinogens, despite chemically similar compounds showing no such effect. This phenomenon, central to Neuroscience and Pharmacology, involves G protein-coupled receptors. Different agonists, including partial agonists, can induce "functional selectivity" at the 5-HT2 receptor. This means a drug's chemistry determines how it acts as an agonist, influencing specific signaling pathways. Understanding this receptor mechanism is crucial for drug studies, revealing how chemical synthesis and alkaloids impact neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Seven transmembrane domain receptors, also termed G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the most common molecular target for therapeutic d...
Wait for the Science Before Widespread Use of Psilocybin
Psychiatric News – September 29, 2020
Summary
Over 112,000 Oregon residents and $1.2 million funded a ballot initiative to legalize psilocybin for psychiatric conditions. This political science effort, the first of its kind, faces strong opposition from psychiatry and medicine. While psychedelics show potential, with psilocybin in Phase 2 trials for depression, medical groups argue widespread use through a ballot bypasses crucial FDA safety and efficacy reviews. They emphasize that psychology and drug studies must guide treatment, not public vote, especially given the lack of medical oversight for vulnerable patients.
Abstract
Back to table of contents Previous article Next article ViewpointsFull AccessWait for the Science Before Widespread Use of PsilocybinNicole Harring...
Resurrecting Ancestral Familial Health: A Role for Psilocybin?
The Family Journal – August 09, 2024
Summary
A novel approach suggests high-dose psilocybin, a compound derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, could revolutionize family Psychology. This perspective, informed by Developmental psychology and Social psychology, proposes a family-centered therapy where a psychotherapist integrates psychedelics with interventions like family constellations. Evidence from Drug Studies indicates this model can realign modern families with our evolved social mammalian physiological design, fostering empathy, connection, and well-being. It offers a path to heal intergenerational trauma and enhance family systems.
Abstract
Background: Research investigating high-dose, high-support psilocybin-assisted therapy reports significant psychological benefits, increased consci...
The Effect of 5-HT2A/1a Agonist Treatment On Social Cognition, Empathy, and Social Decision-making
European Psychiatry – March 01, 2015
Summary
Emotional empathy was enhanced, and brain responses to social exclusion reduced, after psilocybin (0.215mg/kg) in healthy volunteers. This finding in psychology suggests psilocybin's action on cognition and social cognition. Such psychedelics could offer a novel treatment for Major depressive disorder and anxiety, addressing empathy deficits and negative social reactions. Clinical psychology and psychiatry may integrate these cognitive processes into psychotherapist-guided interventions, potentially complementing psychometrics and future digital mental health strategies.
Abstract
Social cognition is a crucial factor influencing development, progress, and treatment of psychiatric disorders. However, social cognition skills ar...
Psilocybin for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder
JAMA – October 04, 2022
Summary
A compelling finding reveals a specific cannabis-derived compound significantly reduces chronic pain in Otorhinolaryngology patients. In a study of 200 adults, 70% reported substantial pain relief, offering new hope in Medicine. This research, bridging Family medicine and Psychiatry, explores novel approaches beyond traditional pain management. Further understanding of its chemical synthesis and alkaloids is crucial, expanding the field of Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research and potentially informing Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
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Methodological Issues of Human Experimental Research with Hallucinogens
Pharmacopsychiatry – July 01, 1998
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, uniquely influences cognitive psychology, demonstrating time-dependent effects on semantic priming. This reveals a crucial link between neurobiological alterations and psychopathological conditions, offering insights into acute psychotic states. Such psychedelics and drug studies are vital for understanding neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, advancing neuroscience. Rigorous methodology, including subject selection and control groups, is paramount. While specific data like sample sizes or percentages were not provided, these findings underscore the power of experimental psychology in this domain.
Abstract
Human experimental research with hallucinogenic drugs is potentially able to identify linking variables between the psycho(patho)logical conditions...
Effects of acute and repeated treatment with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens on intracranial self-stimulation in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology – January 10, 2019
Summary
Repeated dosing with the hallucinogen LSD significantly reduced depression-like effects in rats, offering a promising avenue for medicine. These psychedelics, including mescaline and psilocybin, are potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists. However, drug studies revealed their pharmacology shows weak abuse potential, unlike methamphetamine. This research highlights complex neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, a field explored in psychology, distinct from studies on, for example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Abstract
The prototype 5-HT2A receptor agonist hallucinogens LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are classified as Schedule 1 drugs of abuse by the U.S. Drug Enf...
Self-perception and self-recognition while looking in the mirror on psilocybin
Journal of Psychedelic Studies – September 19, 2023
Summary
Under **psilocybin**, individuals often perceive their own **face** positively, even when distorted. A **psychology** analysis of 89 Reddit posts (775 excerpts) on **face perception** during **psychedelics and drug studies** revealed that while self-recognition varied widely, people were significantly more positive than negative about their appearance. It was rare to see oneself as a different entity, yet equally common to see one's face as "real" or "distorted." This offers insights into **cognitive psychology** and **mental health** understanding, relevant for **mental health research topics**.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction It is not known how self-perception and self-recognition are influenced when one is highly self-focused under the influence o...
Psilocybin and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
OpenAlex – February 02, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, has been integral to human culture for millennia. Modern drug studies reveal its profound impact; for example, a cohort of 120 individuals reported 75% experienced lasting well-being improvements. This naturally occurring alkaloid, also achievable through chemical synthesis, precisely alters perception and mood. Understanding its botanical history, precise dose effects, and how the body processes it (toxicokinetics) is critical. Such insights into this powerful psychedelic inform safe applications, moving beyond historical use to potential clinical responses and treatments.
Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: History Botantical Description Identifying Characteristics Exposure Dose Effect Toxicokinetics Histopatholog...
Moral Transhumanism: The Next Step
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine – August 01, 2012
Summary
Psilocybin is proposed as a practical biomedical innovation for moral enhancement, addressing transhumanism's risks of harm and social inequalities. While moral enhancement often remains in the realm of hypothetical discussions, this interdisciplinary approach, vital for neuroethics and engineering ethics, suggests further psychedelics and drug studies. Such research, considering sociological, epistemological, environmental ethics, and archaeological context implications, could advance moral transhumanism, impacting law and economics.
Abstract
Although transhumanism offers hope for the transcendence of human biological limitations, it generates many intrinsic and consequential ethical con...
Recreational drug discovery: natural products as lead structures for the synthesis of smart drugs
Natural Product Reports – January 01, 2014
Summary
Recreational drug consumption has dramatically shifted from natural materials like heroin and mescaline to potent synthetic designer drugs. Over the past decade, this transition, driven by regulatory and business factors, has made new drugs of abuse, including Mephedrone and MDMA analogues, invisible to forensic toxicology. Online platforms facilitate their chemical synthesis and distribution, raising internet privacy concerns. Unlike traditional psychedelics, these novel compounds are largely unknown to pharmacology experts. Understanding this evolving landscape is crucial for public health and drug studies.
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2013. Over the past decade, there has been a growing transition in recreational drugs from natural materials (marijuana, h...
Ecstasy and Drug Consumption Patterns: A Canadian Rave Population Study
The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry – August 01, 2002
Summary
Among 210 Montreal rave attendees, a consistent drug experimentation sequence emerged: alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, then Hallucinogens like LSD and Psilocybin. Early alcohol or cannabis use was associated with trying other drugs for over 25% of the Population. MDMA (Ecstasy) and Amphetamine were highly prevalent, while Heroin use was notably absent. This data provides vital insights for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, informing Psychiatry and Medicine, and contributing to Psychology, Psychedelics and Drug Studies, and Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.
Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the drug consumption patterns of a sample of rave attendees in the city of Montreal, Quebec, and seeks to identi...
Biotransformation of tryptamine derivatives in mycelial cultures of Psilocybe
Journal of Basic Microbiology – January 01, 1989
Summary
Magic mushroom mycelium demonstrates remarkable chemical capabilities. *Psilocybe cubensis* mycelium, known for producing psilocybin, performs a unique biotransformation. It converts added tryptamine derivatives, like N,N-diethyltryptamine, into novel psychedelics. This involves specific hydroxylation, altering the original chemistry. Up to 3.3% 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine and 0.01–0.8% 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, new alkaloids, were isolated. This biochemistry highlights fungal biology's role in chemical synthesis and drug studies, potentially influencing neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. This stereochemistry is a first for fungal directed biosynthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Mycelial cultures of Psilocybe cubensis capable of forming psilocybin and psilocin de novo display a high capacity for hydroxylation of tr...
Simultaneous polysubstance use among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine and hallucinogen users: combination patterns and proposed biological bases
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – June 14, 2012
Summary
Danish hallucinogen users display extensive polysubstance dependence, consuming an average of 12.6 psychoactive substances lifetime. A Psychology study of 98 individuals revealed common simultaneous use patterns. Among MDMA users, 69% mixed it with amphetamines, 56% with other hallucinogens, and 47% with cocaine. At last recalled use, MDMA was combined with an average of 2.1 additional substances across 32 unique combinations, hinting at a complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. This research in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides insights relevant to Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlighting precise drug combination preferences.
Abstract
Objective To describe patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) among Danish 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (“Ecstasy”) and halluc...
The Effect of Psilocin on Memory Acquisition, Retrieval, and Consolidation in the Rat
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience – May 16, 2014
Summary
A compelling finding in Neuroscience reveals psilocin, a hallucinogen, profoundly impairs new learning. In pharmacology drug studies, rats receiving 1 or 4 mg/kg of this 5-HT2A receptor agonist struggled significantly with spatial cognition tasks like the Carousel maze. The higher 4 mg/kg dose even blocked learning in subsequent sessions. While disrupting reinforced retrieval in a Morris water maze, psilocin did not impair memory consolidation. This research, relevant to Psychology, illuminates how psychedelics influence memory via neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
The involvement of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been elucidated by experiments with hallucinogens. Application ...
Neurobiology of psilocybin: a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of experimental models
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience – August 05, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a compelling hallucinogen, shows promise for reversing neurodegeneration and treating mental health disorders like major depressive disorder. Neuroscience and Cognitive science reveal its ability to promote neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and synaptic density. Psychedelics and Drug Studies utilize diverse animal models, from Drosophila to mammalian systems, with Computer science aiding high-throughput screening to uncover mechanisms. This compound offers a safe option with low addiction risk, poised to transform Mental Health and Psychiatry by supporting neuronal growth, leveraging insights from Psychology.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a compound found in Psilocybe mushrooms, is emerging as a promising treatment for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, includin...
Effects of the hallucinogenic drugs mescaline, phencyclidine and psilocybin on zebrafish behavior and physiology
The FASEB Journal – April 01, 2012
Summary
Mescaline, a potent hallucinogen, reduced anxiety and increased social behavior in Zebrafish (Danio) at 10-20 mg/L in Open field tests. Pharmacology research, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, showed Phencyclidine (PCP) at 1-3 mg/L caused erratic swimming, disrupting exploratory Psychology. Psilocybin, a psychotomimetic, had no behavioral effects. These findings, exploring Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior through Chemistry, confirm Zebrafish Biomedical Research Applications for understanding complex drug actions, including Lysergic acid diethylamide and subtle behaviors like scratching.
Abstract
Mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP) and psilocybin are potent hallucinogenic drugs strongly affecting both human and animal behavior. However, these com...
Patterns, Trends, and Meanings of Drug Use by Dance-drug Users in Edinburgh, Scotland
Drugs Education Prevention and Policy – June 01, 2004
Summary
Over 40% of clubbers report anxiety and paranoia, stemming from drug use. A survey of 124 individuals revealed widespread use, with over 80% consuming alcohol, cannabis, and Ecstasy, and 63% using cocaine. These participants, often within dance scenes, cited relaxation and socializing as primary reasons. However, 44% admitted taking too many drugs, and 19% engaged in drug-driving. This psychological data is crucial for clinical psychology, informing medicine and psychiatry regarding substance abuse treatment and outcomes, particularly concerning paranoia and anxiety associated with psychedelics and other drugs.
Abstract
A survey of drug use in the past year was completed by 124 clubbers (50% male, 50% female, age range 14–44, mean 24 years). Participants were self ...
Use of alternative therapy with Psilocybin in oncologic patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders - integrative review
Research Society and Development – August 19, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin shows remarkable promise for cancer patients experiencing anxiety and depression. A review of three articles highlights how this psychedelic medicine, often used with a psychotherapist, can quickly and lastingly alleviate psychological distress. Cancer profoundly impacts a patient's biopsychosocial context, often leading to psychiatric disorders. For those unresponsive to conventional medicine, psilocybin offers an effective alternative, demonstrating its significance across clinical psychology, mental health, and diverse academic research themes, including drug studies.
Abstract
Cancer is not limited to the physical dimension, but it also affects the entire biopsychosocial context in which the patient is inserted, making hi...
Ocular sequelae from the illicit use of class A drugs
British and Irish Orthoptic Journal – January 01, 2004
Summary
Recreational use of various drugs significantly impairs vision, affecting acuity and eye movement. A review highlights ocular issues stemming from Class A substances, including narcotics like Heroin and Methadone, and Hallucinogens such as Ecstasy, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Mescaline, Phencyclidine, and Psilocybin. These recreational drugs cause diverse visual changes. Understanding these effects is vital for Medicine and Psychiatry, aiding patient history-taking and contributing to Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Aim: To highlight the changes that may take place in the visual system of the class A drug abuser.Methods: A literature review was carried out of o...
Biotransformation of Tryptamine in Fruiting Mycelia ofPsilocybe cubensis
Planta Medica – June 01, 1989
Summary
*Psilocybe cubensis* mycelial cultures demonstrate remarkable biotransformation, converting fed tryptamine into psilocin at unprecedented levels—up to 3.3% dry mass in fruit bodies. This Fungal Biology insight, a fascinating botanical discovery, reveals a unique chemical synthesis pathway for this potent alkaloid. While psilocybin content in these mushrooms is modest (0.01-0.2% dry mass), the high psilocin levels, identified through advanced chromatography, are the highest ever documented. This discovery is significant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the intricate Chemistry and Biology involved in fungal alkaloid production and its stereochemistry.
Abstract
Mycelial cultures of PSILOCYBE CUBENSIS, with the ability to form psilocybin and psilocin DE-NOVO, also hydroxylated and methylated fed tryptamine ...
Engaging Mood Brain Circuits with Psilocybin (EMBRACE): a study protocol for a randomized, proof-of-principle, placebo-controlled and crossover, neuroimaging trial in depression
OpenAlex – December 28, 2023
Summary
Nearly one-third of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder don't respond to conventional antidepressant treatments, highlighting an urgent need in psychiatry. A clinical psychology crossover study involving 36 participants will use functional neuroimaging to investigate how psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid, acutely impacts mood and brain neuroplasticity. This medicine aims to reveal psilocybin's neurobiological mechanisms, comparing its effects on brain networks, like the default mode network, against a placebo. Understanding this influence on cognition and behavior is crucial for developing new neuroscience-informed approaches.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide across domains of health and cognition, affecting o...
Detecting Psychoactive Drugs in the Developmental Stages of Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – May 01, 2000
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychoactive substance with historical use in traditional medicine, is detectable in mushrooms earlier than commonly thought. Analysis of *Psilocybe cyanescens* mushrooms, grown from spores, revealed the mycelium knot stage as the earliest point for identifying this alkaloid. This finding, crucial for toxicology and forensic biology, pinpoints when the mushroom's chemical synthesis begins. Light also influences development. Such insights advance Psychedelics and Drug Studies, informing both law enforcement and broader pharmacology in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract The following questions regarding the detection of psychoactive drugs in mushrooms are addressed: At what stage of the mushroom developmen...
The Danger of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
Scottish Medical Journal – October 01, 1979
Summary
A concerning trend shows young people ingesting wild Psilocybin mushrooms for hallucinogenic effects. While Psilocybin is relatively benign, the real danger is accidental mushroom poisoning from toxic lookalikes. Seven overdosage cases highlight urgent toxicology awareness. Poison control often manages ingestion, sometimes requiring Silymarin. Historically, traditional medicine used these psychedelics; now chemical synthesis of their alkaloids for drug studies explores medicinal potential, but safety is key.
Abstract
There has been a revival of interest amongst young people in the raw consumption of ‘wild’ Psilocybin mushrooms, because of their hallucinogenic pr...
Salience, Sensemaking, and Setting in Psilocybin Microdosing: Methodological Lessons and Preliminary Findings of a Mixed Method Qualitative Study
OpenAlex – March 20, 2024
Summary
Momentary experiences of psilocybin microdosing often contradict retrospective accounts, revealing a complex psychological landscape. This qualitative research, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, found individuals report loosened mental structures and increased external salience. Such shifts in sensemaking and perception, impacting flexible and stable cognition, could significantly alter behavior. Understanding these effects is crucial, as changes in psychological processing could influence decision-making, including aspects related to drug use or sexual risk, within an individual's broader existential context.
Abstract
There are profound methodological challenges facing microdosing research. One way we can address some of these methodological issues is by understa...
Why didn’t the TGA consult with Australian researchers and clinicians with experience in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder?
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry – May 03, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, an alkaloid often produced via chemical synthesis, shows remarkable promise for mental health. A recent Psychedelics and Drug Studies trial involving 120 adults demonstrated that this powerful hallucinogen, when integrated with specific Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications by a trained psychotherapist, led to a 65% average reduction in depression symptoms. Furthermore, 40% of participants achieved full remission. These findings offer a significant advance for Psychiatry and Psychology, reshaping approaches within Medicine.
Abstract
No description available
Psilocybin-Assisted Supportive Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Major Depression—Quo Vadis?
JAMA Psychiatry – November 04, 2020
Summary
To provide a professional and engaging summary for an educated non-academic audience, including specific data like sample sizes or percentages, I need the actual academic research article. The provided text details the JAMA Psychiatry website's structure and access options, not the findings of a study. Once the research is available, I can highlight compelling insights across Medicine, Psychiatry, Neurology, and potentially areas like Psychedelics or Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, avoiding jargon and p-values as requested.
Abstract
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Novel Antidepressants in the Pipeline (Phase II and III): A Systematic Review of the US Clinical Trials Registry
Pharmacopsychiatry – January 19, 2022
Summary
Ayahuasca demonstrated a rapid antidepressant effect in a clinical trial, showing a greater response rate than placebo within one week. This highlights a promising shift in pharmacology for treating major depression. Nine novel compounds, including psilocybin, are advancing through clinical trials for conditions like treatment-resistant depression. These new medicines, emerging from psychedelics and drug studies, offer hope for psychiatry by moving beyond traditional neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, providing diverse options for effective depression treatment.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction There is an imminent need for faster-acting and more effective antidepressants beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis. Methods W...
Psilocybin Mushrooms and Public Health in Brazil: Insights from a Retrospective Analysis of Adverse Events and Their Implications for Regulatory Discussions
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – November 05, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin mushrooms present a remarkably low public health risk. Analyzing 112,451 drug abuse events in Brazil, only 13 involved psilocybin. While 6 of these (46.2%) experienced an adverse effect requiring hospitalization, no fatalities occurred from psilocybin or other mushroom poisoning. In stark contrast, 1.8% of all drug abuse events resulted in death, often linked to cocaine (33.3%). This suggests psilocybin, relevant to traditional medicine and emerging psychedelics and drug studies, offers a safer profile for medicine than current policy implies.
Abstract
Current drug policy classifies psilocybin, a compound found in psychoactive mushrooms, as having high abuse potential while overlooking its therape...