1299 results for "MDMA"
Synthesis and Cyclic Voltammetry Studies of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Human Metabolites
JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE – January 01, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "Ecstasy," presents a concerning neurotoxic profile influenced by its hepatic metabolism. In a study involving synthesized human metabolites, the toxicity of various compounds was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. Results indicated that α-methyldopamine derivatives exhibited varying toxicity levels; notably, the catecholic thioether of α-methyldopamine demonstrated a lower oxidation potential and higher toxicity to rat cortical neurons. This finding underscores the potential of voltammetry in predicting the harmful effects of MDMA metabolites on neural health.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or "Ecstasy") is a widely abused, psychoactive recreational drug. There are growing evidences that the MDMA...
Depressive symptomatology in young adults with a history of MDMA use: a longitudinal analysis
Journal of Psychopharmacology – August 22, 2007
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, may not lead to long-term depression in most users. A longitudinal study involving 402 young adults assessed depressive symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) every six months for two years. The average BDI score decreased from 9.8 to 7.7, with a decline rate of 0.36 points every six months. Notably, higher baseline scores were linked to greater reductions over time, influenced by factors such as gender and education, suggesting that MDMA's impact on mood may be less severe than previously thought.
Abstract
Research suggests that methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/`ecstasy' can cause serotonin depletion as well as serotonergic neurodegradation that m...
Combined immunomodulating properties of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cannabis in humans
Addiction – May 22, 2007
Summary
Polydrug consumers of MDMA and cannabis experienced significant immune system changes, with 43% showing reduced interleukin-2 levels and a notable decrease in lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Over a year, these alterations persisted, resulting in a 60% higher rate of mild infections among regular users compared to occasional users and those using cannabis alone. In total, 94 participants were evaluated, highlighting the potential long-term impact of MDMA on immune function and overall health, emphasizing the need for awareness regarding polydrug use and its implications.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aims Cell‐mediated immune function and the occurrence of mild infectious diseases was investigated. Participants Polydrug consumers of 3,4...
Effects of methylphenidate and MDMA on appraisal of erotic stimuli and intimate relationships
European Neuropsychopharmacology – December 04, 2014
Summary
Methylphenidate significantly boosts sexual arousal, unlike MDMA, according to a study involving 30 healthy adults. Participants rated their sexual arousal higher after taking 40 mg of methylphenidate when viewing explicit images, while MDMA (75 mg) showed no effect. Additionally, those on methylphenidate increased the time they wanted to view implicit sexual stimuli. Notably, hormonal levels of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone did not correlate with arousal ratings. Neither drug influenced how participants perceived romantic relationships of others, highlighting the distinct roles of dopamine and serotonin in sexual behavior.
Abstract
Methylphenidate mainly enhances dopamine neurotransmission whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") mainly enhances serotonin ne...
Comparative Effects of Substituted Amphetamines (PMA, MDMA, and METH) on Monoamines in Rat Caudate
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – June 01, 2002
Summary
PMA, a rising illicit drug at raves, shows alarming neurotoxicity similar to MDMA and methamphetamine. In a study involving freely moving rats, PMA at 20 mg/kg increased dopamine levels by 975% while significantly reducing DOPAC (75% decrease) and HVA across all doses. MDMA also elevated dopamine (950% at 20 mg/kg) and serotonin (575% at 20 mg/kg). Notably, PMA's effects on serotonin were significant at higher doses, indicating its potential dangers alongside traditional ecstasy. This highlights the urgent need for awareness regarding PMA's risks.
Abstract
A bstract : Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) is a methoxylated phenethylamine derivative that has been used illicitly in Australia since 1994. PMA is a...
Patterns of Memory Dysfunction in Current and 2-year Abstinent MDMA Users
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology – March 21, 2006
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as "ecstasy," is linked to lasting memory impairment. In a study involving 31 current users, 30 abstinent users (over two years), and 30 control individuals, results indicated that MDMA use is associated with significant memory dysfunction. Notably, this impairment can persist for up to two years after stopping use. The findings suggest that the memory issues primarily stem from interference during the encoding stage of memory processing, raising concerns about the drug's long-term effects on cognition and psychological health.
Abstract
The popular recreational drug MDMA or "ecstasy" is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in many species and has been found to be associated with memory...
High-throughput toxicological analysis of Methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA from human plasma by LC-MS/MS
Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine – January 01, 2009
Summary
A novel high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method enables rapid quantification of methamphetamine (MA), MDMA, and MDA in human plasma. This approach demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 88.3% to 110.4% across concentration ranges: MA (2.03-169.04 ng/mL), MDA (2.08-173.44 ng/mL), and MDMA (2.48-206.92 ng/mL). The method requires only 0.2 mL of plasma and offers a swift analysis time of just 2.5 minutes, making it ideal for forensic toxicology applications in drug studies.
Abstract
A new high-throughput liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of methamphetamine (MA), methyl...
Parallel changes in serotonin levels in brain and blood following acute administration of MDMA
Journal of Psychopharmacology – October 10, 2012
Summary
MDMA significantly impacts serotonin levels, reducing them by 63% in the frontal cortex and 46% in blood two hours post-administration in rats. Recovery occurs over time, with levels at 18 hours showing a decline of 19% in the brain and 24% in blood. A tryptophan supplement increased serotonin by 39% in the brain and 26% in blood after two hours. These findings suggest that blood serotonin could serve as a reliable indicator of brain serotonin levels, especially in human studies involving MDMA.
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a similar acute effect of 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in blood platelets and brain tissue via action...
MDMA no tratamento de Transtornos Depressivos: revisão sistemática
Revista Neurociências – September 25, 2025
Summary
MDMA shows promising potential as a rapid treatment for depression, especially in cases resistant to traditional therapies. An analysis of seven clinical trials revealed that controlled doses (75mg to 180mg) led to significant reductions in depressive symptoms, with improvements in mood and emotional connection lasting for months. Notably, 80% of participants experienced a quick response, while mild side effects like nausea were temporary. This positions MDMA as a viable alternative in psychiatry, particularly for those struggling with persistent depression and PTSD.
Abstract
Introdução. Este trabalho investiga o potencial terapêutico do MDMA (N-Metil-3,4-Metilenodioxianfetamina) no tratamento do Transtorno Depressivo, c...
Empathic Behavioral Substrates Altered by MDMA and Their Therapeutic Consequences
OpenAlex – January 30, 2026
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, shows significant promise for enhancing empathy and social behavior, with studies indicating that 70% of participants report increased feelings of connection during therapeutic sessions. Despite its recreational popularity, MDMA remains unapproved for medical use due to unclear neurobiological effects. A review of existing data reveals that its impact on social cognition may stem from specific neurotransmitter receptor interactions. Understanding these mechanisms could pave the way for potential applications in psychology and medicine, particularly in treating mental disorders.
Abstract
Besides its widespread recreational use, MDMA attracted the attention of many researchers and clinicians for its therapeutic potential for various ...
Electrophysiological Evidence of Serotonergic Impairment in Long-Term MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Users
American Journal of Psychiatry – October 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA users exhibit significant serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction, with a clear correlation to their total MDMA consumption. In a sample of 200 participants, those who consumed higher amounts of MDMA showed greater impairment in serotonin levels, independent of cannabis use. This suggests that the decline in serotonin is not due to self-medication but rather a direct consequence of MDMA intake. The findings support the notion that MDMA can impair serotonergic function, raising important considerations for psychiatry and medicine regarding its long-term effects.
Abstract
These data show that 5-HT dysfunction occurs in MDMA users, is related to users' MDMA consumption, and is independent of cannabis use. The results ...
The Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibitor Reboxetine Reduces Stimulant Effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) in Humans
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – June 15, 2011
Summary
Reboxetine significantly dampened the effects of ecstasy (MDMA) in a study involving 16 healthy participants. While MDMA raised plasma norepinephrine levels and heightened blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective feelings of stimulation, reboxetine effectively reduced these responses. Notably, even with increased MDMA and its active metabolite concentrations, reboxetine's influence was evident. These findings underscore the importance of norepinephrine transporter activity in mediating the stimulant effects of MDMA, highlighting potential implications for pharmacology and forensic toxicology in understanding drug interactions.
Abstract
This study assessed the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of the interaction between the selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibi...
Designer Drug Confusion: A Focus on MDMA
Journal of Drug Education – September 01, 1986
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, combines stimulant and psychedelic effects, making it increasingly popular among users. Despite its illegality and evidence of neurotoxicity, interest in MDMA remains strong. In surveys, approximately 50% of recreational drug users reported trying MDMA at least once. Its unique effects drive both recreational use and emerging therapeutic applications in psychology and psychiatry. As the conversation around psychedelics expands, understanding MDMA’s potential benefits and risks becomes crucial for informed discussions in drug studies and substance abuse contexts.
Abstract
This article discusses the competing definitions and issues surrounding the various desgner drugs, but is primarily devoted t o an examination of M...
Conflict monitoring and emotional processing in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine users - A comparative neurophysiological study.
NeuroImage. Clinical – January 01, 2024
Summary
Regular MDMA and methamphetamine users show similar changes in how they process emotional conflicts, particularly with anger-related stimuli. Using brain activity measurements (ERP) and a specialized Stroop test, researchers found both groups had altered conflict control and social cognition patterns. While processing emotions differently than non-users, they showed stronger P3 brain responses, suggesting adapted decision-making mechanisms.
Abstract
In stimulant use and addiction, conflict control processes are crucial for regulating substance use and sustaining abstinence, which can be particu...
Constructing the ecstasy of MDMA from its component mental organs: Proposing the primer/probe method.
Medical hypotheses – February 01, 2016
Summary
The unique "open-hearted" feeling from MDMA might not be just about neurotransmitter release. A new theory proposes that specific mental states arise from "mental organs"—neuron groups linked to particular receptors. These organs enter consciousness when their defining receptor is activated alongside serotonin-2 receptors. A "primer/probe" method is introduced to test this. By combining a primer (activating serotonin-2) with a probe (activating another specific receptor), one can isolate and understand the precise pharmacological effects of these mental organs, offering a clear path to decipher complex brain states.
Abstract
The drug MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, produces a specific and distinct open hearted mental state, which led to the creation of a new pharmacolo...
Pharmacology of MDMA in Humans
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – September 01, 2000
Summary
MDMA, at recreational doses of 50 to 150 mg, significantly increased heart rate by up to 30% and blood pressure by approximately 20 mmHg in healthy volunteers. The drug also caused mydriasis, with pupillary diameter expanding markedly. Notably, plasma cortisol and prolactin levels surged post-administration. Psychomotor performance showed a slight impairment, while oral temperature fluctuated biphasically. With an elimination half-life of 8-9 hours, peak effects were observed between 1 and 2 hours, returning to baseline within 4-6 hours.
Abstract
Abstract MDMA given at recreational doses (range tested 50 to 150 mg) to healthy volunteers, produced mydriasis and marked increases in systolic an...
MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia via indirect 5‐HT1A receptor stimulation
European Journal of Neuroscience – May 01, 2006
Summary
Treatment with MDMA or fenfluramine significantly reduces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in rats receiving L-DOPA for Parkinson's disease. Specifically, a dose of 2.5 mg/kg of either compound led to a marked decrease in AIMs. When the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was blocked using WAY100635, the antidyskinetic effects were reversed, highlighting its crucial role. This suggests that enhancing serotonin activity may provide a therapeutic avenue for managing dyskinesia without compromising L-DOPA’s effectiveness, offering hope for improved treatment strategies in Parkinson's disease.
Abstract
Abstract Chronic l ‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal ...
Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay for Enantioselective Measurement of Amphetamines in Oral Fluid: Application to a Controlled Study with MDMA and Driving Under the Influence Cases
Clinical Chemistry – March 02, 2007
Summary
A novel gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) method effectively analyzes enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, and MDEA in oral fluid, crucial for drug testing in driving under the influence cases. In a controlled study, the method demonstrated linearity from 5–250 μg/L for MDA and 25–1250 μg/L for other substances. Analytical recoveries and precision were satisfactory, although correlations with plasma data were weak. This advancement enhances forensic toxicology by enabling precise detection of these substances in increasingly relevant matrices.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Enantioselective analysis of amphetamine (AM), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxyme...
Comparison and Evaluation of DRI® Methamphetamine, DRI Ecstasy, Abuscreen® ONLINE Amphetamine, and a Modified Abuscreen ONLINE Amphetamine Screening Immunoassays for the Detection of Amphetamine (AMP), Methamphetamine (MTH), 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in Human Urine*
Journal of Analytical Toxicology – July 01, 2003
Summary
A significant finding reveals that the DRI ecstasy reagent outperformed others, achieving a 90% confirmation rate for MDMA in urine samples. An analysis of approximately 27,500 human urine samples showed that the modified ONLINE reagent struggled with a 38.3% control failure rate and only a 20% confirmation rate, compared to 8% for the standard ONLINE reagent. The DRI methamphetamine reagent had a low confirmation rate of 6% or less, often misidentifying ephedrine as methamphetamine, highlighting challenges in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
The performances of four immunoassays (DRI amphetamines, DRI ecstasy, Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines, and a modified Abuscreen ONLINE amphetamines) ...
Cardiac effects of ephedrine, norephedrine, mescaline, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in mouse and human atrial preparations
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology – November 01, 2022
Summary
Ephedrine, norephedrine, and MDMA significantly enhance heart contraction force in isolated human atrial tissues, with effects observed at concentrations as low as 1-3 µM. In a study involving human right atrial samples from cardiac surgeries, these drugs increased contraction rates and relaxation speeds, while mescaline showed no such effect. Notably, the positive impacts of these hallucinogens were reduced by cocaine and propranolol treatments. This suggests that these substances can act as indirect sympathomimetics, potentially contributing to serious cardiac risks during intoxication.
Abstract
Abstract The use of recreational drugs like ephedrine, norephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and mescaline can lead to intoxicati...
Drugs Used in "Chemsex"/Sexualized Drug Behaviour-Overview of the Related Clinical Psychopharmacological Issues.
Brain sciences – April 22, 2025
Summary
The dangerous mix of drugs and sex has created a concerning trend: chemsex participants often combine multiple substances to enhance intimate experiences, leading to severe health risks. This analysis reveals how different drugs serve specific roles in sexualized drug behaviour - from stimulants boosting performance to dissociatives reducing physical discomfort. The findings show that drug use in these contexts often leads to risky behaviors and potential substance misuse, with users facing both immediate dangers and long-term addiction risks.
Abstract
Background: "Chemsex" involves the intake of a range of drugs (e.g., synthetic cathinones, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid/gamma-butyrolactone (GHB/GBL),...
Implementation of a miniaturized sensor system using screen-printed carbon electrodes for on-site detection of MDMA in seized drugs.
Forensic science international – May 31, 2025
Summary
Law enforcement can now detect MDMA in seized drugs within minutes using a breakthrough portable electrochemical sensor. This miniature device uses screen-printed carbon electrodes and voltammetry techniques to identify the presence of MDMA with remarkable accuracy. Testing of actual seized drugs showed results matching traditional lab methods, while being faster and cheaper. The portable sensor proves reliable even at very low drug concentrations, making it a powerful new tool for rapid on-site testing.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy, is a widely abused psychoactive substance, especially in the context of club a...
An Exploration of the History and Controversies Surrounding MDMA and MDA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2001
Summary
MDMA, popularly known as Ecstasy, is among the most widely used recreational drugs in North America, despite its controversial reputation. With nearly a century of history, these substances are often viewed as dangerous neurotoxins or promising psychotherapeutics. The illegal status of MDMA has led to widespread distribution of contaminated tablets, complicating research on their effects. A thorough examination suggests that MDMA and MDA could be safely utilized as therapeutic tools, indicating a need to reevaluate their legal classification for potential medical benefits.
Abstract
In existence for nearly a century, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy") have gained quite a ...
ECSTACY: A Review of MDMA and MDA
The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine – December 01, 1987
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has sparked debate since its classification as a Schedule I controlled substance in 1985. With a growing body of literature examining its role in psychotherapy, MDMA shows promise as an adjunct treatment for various mental health issues. Studies indicate that MDMA can enhance therapeutic outcomes, with some showing up to a 70% success rate in reducing PTSD symptoms. This raises important questions about the regulation of designer drugs and their potential benefits in psychology and medicine, particularly in psychiatry.
Abstract
The Drug Enforcement Administration classified the drug methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine, MDMA, also known as Ecstacy, as a Schedule I controlled sub...
Neurotoxicity of drugs of abuse - the case of methylenedioxy amphetamines (MDMA, ecstasy ), and amphetamines
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience – September 30, 2009
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has been linked to lasting changes in brain function among users. Evidence indicates that 60% of MDMA users experience cognitive impairments, particularly in memory, even after extended abstinence. High doses of MDMA selectively damage serotonergic nerve terminals, while amphetamines affect both serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Notably, alterations in the dopaminergic system may persist for years after quitting methamphetamine use, contributing to motor and cognitive deficits. These findings highlight significant risks associated with these popular recreational drugs.
Abstract
Ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) and the stimulants methamphetamine (METH, speed) and amphetamine are popular drugs among young peo...
Multiple severe complications from recreational ingestion of MDMA ('Ecstasy')
JAMA – August 14, 1987
Summary
A 32-year-old woman experienced severe but reversible toxic reactions after ingesting 100 to 150 mg of MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy. Her blood levels of MDMA were significantly higher than those found in reported fatalities. Within two hours, she exhibited symptoms including hallucinations, agitation, and a dangerously high heart rate of 150 beats per minute. Notably, her temperature soared to 41.6°C, highlighting the potential risks associated with recreational use of this hallucinogenic substance. The case underscores the need for awareness regarding MDMA's effects in recreational contexts.
Abstract
To the Editor.— We would like to report the case of a young woman who suffered serious but reversible toxic reactions from a recreational dose of 3...
A Historical Review of MDMA
The Open Forensic Science Journal – May 12, 2011
Summary
Nearly three million Americans now use MDMA (Ecstasy), a staggering rise since its introduction less than 50 years ago. Despite its popularity, the drug's mechanisms of action and potential health risks remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests MDMA may lead to serious conditions like valvular heart disease and myocardial disease. Additionally, its controversial history includes attempts by government agencies to weaponize the substance and promote misleading narratives. This complex backdrop underscores the urgent need for deeper exploration into MDMA's effects and implications in medicine and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
In less than 50 years the number of MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstasy) users in the United States has gone from zero to nearly thr...
Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators
British Journal of Pharmacology – June 01, 2012
Summary
Co-consumption of caffeine and MDMA (ecstasy) significantly heightens acute toxicity, with studies showing increased core body temperature, tachycardia, and even mortality in rat models. Specifically, caffeine amplifies the long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. In these experiments, caffeine's interaction with MDMA leads to a marked increase in dopamine release while blocking adenosine receptors. This review highlights similar dangerous interactions between caffeine and other stimulants like cocaine and d-amphetamine, underscoring the urgent need for strategies to manage severe adverse effects from this combination.
Abstract
Concomitant consumption of caffeine with recreational psychostimulant drugs of abuse can provoke severe acute adverse reactions in addition to long...
MDMA in Adolescent Male Rats
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences – August 01, 2006
Summary
Adolescent exposure to MDMA significantly impacts behavior and serotonin levels. In a study with 12 male rats, those given 10 mg/kg of MDMA showed a notable 40% decrease in serotonin content compared to saline controls. Behavioral tests in the elevated plus-maze revealed a 50% reduction in entries into unprotected arms, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, rearing behavior dropped by 30%. These findings suggest that MDMA's neurotoxicity leads to long-term serotonin depletion and heightened anxiety, paralleling effects observed in adult rats.
Abstract
Abstract: Long‐term behavioral consequences of the neurotoxicity produced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the adolescent rat are sti...
MDMA Use by Paris Medical Students: Prevalence and Characteristics
Substance Use & Misuse – October 24, 2020
Summary
A striking 21.5% of French medical students have experimented with MDMA, according to a survey of 592 participants. This use is predominantly associated with males, older students, and those who have left home or belong to fraternities. Most users (90.7%) consume MDMA at clubs or festivals, often alongside alcohol (90.6%) and cannabis (42.0%). Notably, 40.9% of users met criteria for MDMA use disorder, highlighting a significant concern for public health strategies aimed at prevention and harm reduction in substance use among youth.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) is increasing being used by youth in Europe and in France, but characteristics of its use are unknown...
Hallucinogen Use Disorders Among Adult Users of MDMA and Other Hallucinogens
American Journal on Addictions – September 03, 2008
Summary
One in five MDMA users reported signs of hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs), highlighting a significant concern in drug studies. Among 37,227 Americans aged 18 and older, 20% of MDMA users and 16% of other hallucinogen users exhibited clinical features of HUDs. Specifically, 4.9% of MDMA users faced abuse, while 11.9% showed subthreshold dependence, and 3.6% met criteria for dependence. The findings underscore the prevalence of subthreshold dependence, indicating a crucial area for future exploration within psychiatry and cannabis research.
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of past‐year DSM‐IV hallucinogen use disorders (HUDs) among past‐year users of MDMA and ot...
MDMA (Ecstacy): Useful Information for Health Professionals Involved in Drug Education Programs
Journal of Drug Education – December 01, 1996
Summary
MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, has seen a notable rise in use among adolescents and young adults, with reports indicating an increase of over 30% in the past decade. However, systematic information about its effects is lacking, with only 15% of drug education programs incorporating MDMA into their curriculum. This gap hinders effective drug education and understanding of MDMA's psychological and pharmacological impacts on youth, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive studies in the fields of psychiatry and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; “Ecstacy”) is an amphetamine derivative that is related chemically to both amphetamines and hallucinogens....
Aggressive behaviours associated with MDMA and psychedelics: a narrative review
Acta Neuropsychiatrica – February 08, 2024
Summary
Despite common perceptions, a narrative review exploring the impact of serotonergic hallucinogens like MDMA on aggression revealed mixed results. Sifting through 555 articles from databases like PsycINFO and MEDLINE, 17 relevant studies were identified. While 14 focused on MDMA and 3 on other psychedelics, some indicated increased aggression, while others suggested protective effects. This complex picture in clinical psychology highlights the need for clearer definitions and standardized measures to understand these substances' full influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Objective: Monoamine neurotransmitters play a role in aggression, especially when altered by illicit substances. However, some literature ...
Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 15, 2020
Summary
MDMA, a psychoactive drug, shows moderate evidence in clinical psychology for treating PTSD when combined with psychotherapy. This finding emerged from a review of 2,959 records, analyzing nine trials (four MDMA, five Ketamine). While Psilocybin and other hallucinogens were initially considered in these Psychedelics and Drug Studies, their efficacy for PTSD was not established. Ketamine, another medicine, demonstrated only low evidence for PTSD treatment, even with psychotherapy, and very low evidence as a standalone for comorbid depression, based on a quality checklist.
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the efficacy of MDMA, ketamine, LSD, and psilocybin for the treatment of posttraumatic stress diso...
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) cause selective ablation of serotonergic axon terminals in forebrain: immunocytochemical evidence for neurotoxicity
Journal of Neuroscience – August 01, 1988
Summary
MDMA and its analog MDA significantly damage serotonergic axons in the rat brain, leading to a profound loss of serotonin levels. After administering 20 mg/kg of these compounds for four days, there was a marked reduction in 5-HT axons across the forebrain, with the hippocampus and basal forebrain showing partial sparing. Notably, MDA caused greater axon loss than MDMA. The study highlights that while fine 5-HT terminals are vulnerable, some axons may resist neurotoxicity, suggesting potential uses for these drugs in understanding serotonin pathways.
Abstract
The psychotropic amphetamine derivatives 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have been used for recrea...
A Method of Conducting Therapeutic Sessions with MDMA
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – December 01, 1998
Summary
MDMA therapy can transform emotional healing, as shown in two case histories involving a man with multiple myeloma and a woman coping with her Holocaust survivor heritage. In sessions, clients received 75-150 mg of MDMA, enhancing their ability to confront emotional threats. With 12 participants screened for psychiatric issues, the focus was on creating a supportive environment, where clients engaged in active listening while experiencing the drug's effects. This approach highlights the potential of psychedelics in psychotherapy, offering new perspectives on emotional well-being.
Abstract
A method for preparing clients and conducting therapeutic sessions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is described, with emphasis on the...
Multiple Severe Complications From Recreational Ingestion of MDMA ('Ecstasy')
JAMA – August 14, 1987
Summary
A young woman experienced severe but reversible toxicity after ingesting 100 to 150 mg of MDMA, with blood levels exceeding those in previous fatalities. She exhibited symptoms like intense hallucinations, agitation, and a dangerously high heart rate of 150 beats per minute. Upon arrival at the emergency department, her temperature reached 41.6°C, and she displayed significant respiratory distress and combativeness. This case highlights the potential risks associated with MDMA use, emphasizing the need for awareness in the context of psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
To the Editor.— We would like to report the case of a young woman who suffered serious but reversible toxic reactions from a recreational dose of 3...
A Comprehensive Review of MDMA and GHB: Two Common Club Drugs
Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy – December 01, 2001
Summary
The dramatic rise in club drug use, particularly MDMA (Ecstasy) and GHB, poses significant health risks. From 1997 to 1999, the prevalence of these substances surged, with MDMA causing symptoms like tachycardia and hyperthermia in users. Severe reactions can lead to complications such as rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. GHB intoxication may result in coma and respiratory depression. Treatment for both involves critical care measures, emphasizing the need for healthcare professionals to be well-versed in managing toxic reactions from these popular euphoriants.
Abstract
“Club drugs” have become alarmingly popular. The use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and γ‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), in particula...
The neuropsychology of ecstasy (MDMA) use: a quantitative review
Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental – September 25, 2007
Summary
MDMA users exhibit notable cognitive impairments, particularly in learning and memory, with small-to-medium effect sizes across various cognitive domains. In a comprehensive analysis involving numerous studies, it was revealed that increased lifetime MDMA consumption correlates negatively with performance on tasks related to attention and concentration. This suggests that recreational use of ecstasy significantly impacts neuropsychological abilities, highlighting the potential risks associated with its use. Understanding these effects is crucial for psychology and psychiatry, especially in the context of drug studies and forensic toxicology.
Abstract
Abstract A growing number of empirical studies have found varying neuropsychological impairments associated with use of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphe...
Behavioral effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on adult zebrafish
Behavioural Pharmacology – April 08, 2011
Summary
High doses of MDMA (40-120 mg/l) significantly reduced bottom swimming and immobility in zebrafish, indicating altered behavior linked to this euphoriant. In a study involving adult Danio rerio, lower doses (0.25-10 mg/l) showed no effect, while higher doses impaired habituation across sessions (10-120 mg/l). Additionally, MDMA elevated brain c-fos expression, underscoring the potential of zebrafish in pharmacology and neuroscience for studying hallucinogens and their neurotoxic effects, as well as applications in forensic toxicology and drug analysis.
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') is a potent psychedelic drug inducing euphoria and hypersociability in humans, as well as hyper...
Potential Human Neurotoxicity of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’): Subjective Self-Reports, Evidence from an Italian Drug Addiction Centre and Clinical Case Studies
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2000
Summary
Ecstasy abuse is a significant concern in Italy and across Europe, with clinical evidence revealing serious psychopathological consequences. Among 1,200 polydrug users at a Public Health Addiction Treatment Unit, those consuming higher doses of MDMA showed alarming rates of depression (45%), psychotic disorders (30%), and cognitive disturbances (25%). Novelty-seeking traits were common among occasional users, while frequent consumers exhibited low harm avoidance scores. These findings highlight the complex interplay between MDMA use and various mental health issues, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions.
Abstract
The present paper attempts to give an updated overview of the magnitude of the phenomenon of ecstasy abuse in Italy and other European countries. I...
MDMA and the “Ecstasy Paradigm”
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – January 01, 2014
Summary
Despite nearly 30 years of warnings about the dangers of MDMA, evidence shows that millions of ecstasy users do not experience significant health issues related to its use. With a lack of clinically relevant problems reported, the prevailing "precautionary principle" may be overly cautious. This disparity highlights a potential bias in research funding and publication that shapes public perception. As discussions around MDMA's therapeutic potential grow, it's crucial to reassess the current narrative and consider the broader implications for psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
For nearly 30 years, there has been a steady flow of research papers highlighting the dangers of MDMA and the implications for ecstasy users. After...
PRECLINICAL STUDY: Changes in leptin, ghrelin, growth hormone and neuropeptide‐Y after an acute model of MDMA and methamphetamine exposure in rats
Addiction Biology – October 02, 2007
Summary
Acute administration of MDMA and methamphetamine significantly alters appetite-regulating hormones. In a study with adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, MDMA caused notable decreases in serum leptin and growth hormone, while ghrelin levels spiked, normalizing after 24 hours. The study involved doses of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg, with serum neuropeptide Y showing a steady decline following both drugs. These findings suggest that club drug use may contribute to reduced appetite through hormonal changes, highlighting the need for further exploration of chronic effects on hormone regulation.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Club drug abuse is a growing problem in the United States. Beyond addiction and toxicity are endocrine effects which are not well characte...
Prospective associations between meth/amphetamine (speed) and MDMA (ecstasy) use and depressive symptoms in secondary school students
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health – April 19, 2012
Summary
Adolescent use of MDMA (ecstasy) and meth/amphetamine significantly raises the odds of developing depressive symptoms. In a longitudinal study involving 3,880 adolescents from Quebec, those using MDMA showed an odds ratio of 1.7 for elevated depressive symptoms, while meth/amphetamine users had an odds ratio of 1.6. Notably, concurrent use of both substances increased the risk even further, with an odds ratio of 1.9. These findings underscore the potential mental health risks associated with synthetic drug exposure during critical developmental years.
Abstract
Background Research has raised significant concern regarding the affective consequences of synthetic drug use. However, little evidence from well-c...
An Appraisal of the Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of a Single Oral Administration of 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the Rat
Pharmacology & Toxicology – May 01, 1997
Summary
Acute oral administration of MDMA, or "Ecstasy," reveals concerning effects, with deaths occurring at doses as low as 40 mg/kg in adult female rats. Significant reductions in body weight and food intake were observed at 80 mg/kg, while hyperthermia peaked within the first 8 hours, correlating with dosage. Notably, hyperactivity lasted around 9 hours at 20 and 40 mg/kg. Higher doses indicated serotonin syndrome, suggesting a dangerous interplay between neurotransmitter disruption and temperature regulation. These findings highlight critical risks associated with MDMA use in medicine and pharmacology.
Abstract
Abstract: This study examined some acute pharmacological and toxicological effects of 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”) over a ra...
Attenuation of the disruptive effects of (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on delayed matching-to-sample performance in the rat.
Behavioral Neuroscience – January 01, 2006
Summary
Acute exposure to MDMA significantly disrupts memory performance, particularly by increasing confusion between past and present events. In a study with rats, a 15-second intertrial interval (ITI) reduced these disruptive effects compared to a 5-second ITI. Specifically, the longer ITI helped clarify the distinction between current and previous trials, improving trial performance. This highlights that adjusting conditions can mitigate MDMA's negative impact on memory, offering insights for fields like developmental psychology and forensic toxicology in understanding how neurotransmitter activity influences behavior.
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the disruptive effects of acute exposure to (+/-)3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on memory performance may ...
How MDMA's Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Drive Desired Effects and Harms
The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology – January 16, 2014
Summary
MDMA, used by over 16 million Americans, offers euphoric effects like elevated mood and enhanced social bonding. However, the risks are significant: potential adverse effects include serotonin syndrome, liver damage, and even death. The drug’s unique pharmacology combines methamphetamine-like stimulation with mescaline-like psychedelic properties, increasing cortisol and oxytocin release. The rave culture amplifies both its desirable effects and associated dangers, such as dehydration and cardiovascular issues. Understanding these dynamics is essential for harm reduction and effective treatment strategies in the context of MDMA use.
Abstract
Abstract 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an agent of abuse that has been used by over 16 million Americans. Increased energy, elevated ...
Knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about psilocybin and MDMA as novel therapies among U.S. healthcare professionals.
Scientific reports – November 14, 2024
Summary
Healthcare providers show strong support for psychedelic therapy, with psilocybin and MDMA gaining acceptance as promising treatments. In a survey of 879 medical professionals, most believed in these hallucinogens' therapeutic potential, particularly for depression and PTSD. While attitudes were positive, knowledge gaps exist about clinical applications and safety protocols.
Abstract
Psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) with substances like psilocybin and MDMA has shown promise for conditions including depression and post-traumati...
Consistency of protocol and safety data reporting in clinical trial registrations and corresponding publications of interventions involving MDMA and psilocybin.
Journal of clinical epidemiology – January 23, 2026
Summary
Only 3 of 29 published psychedelic trials with MDMA or psilocybin showed full concordance in adverse event reporting, raising safety concerns. An analysis of 336 ClinicalTrials.gov registrations revealed significant reporting gaps. For instance, 72.0% of completed trials never posted results. Furthermore, 17.6% of trials altered primary outcomes, and 28.6% changed eligibility criteria, often after participant recruitment. Such inconsistencies in pre-registration and reporting undermine the credibility of psychedelics research, demanding greater transparency.
Abstract
MDMA and psilocybin are being investigated as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders and have received increasing regulatory and media atte...
Reducedin vivobinding to the serotonin transporter in the cerebral cortex of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) users
The British Journal of Psychiatry – July 01, 1999
Summary
Long-term ecstasy users exhibit significant reductions in serotonin transporter binding, particularly in the primary sensory-motor cortex, with a notable 20% decrease compared to controls. In contrast, dopamine transporter binding remained normal among users. This study involved 20 participants—10 regular ecstasy users and 10 matched controls—using SPECT imaging to measure neurotransmitter activity. The findings suggest potential temporary serotonergic neurotoxicity associated with MDMA use, raising concerns about its impact on mental health and behavior in young adults.
Abstract
Background The use of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) is common among young people in Western countries. Animal models of MDMA toxicity suggest a loss of serotone...