5439 results for "Psychedelics"
Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action
Neuroreport – December 01, 1998
Summary
A compelling neuroscience finding: the hallucinogen Psilocybin, a psychotomimetic, induces a psychosis-like state resembling Schizophrenia. In a pharmacology study of 25 volunteers, the serotonin-2A antagonist Ketanserin and an atypical antipsychotic blocked it, while the dopamine antagonist Haloperidol intensified it. This medicine insight, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals Psilocybin-induced psychosis stems from 5-HT receptor overactivation, independent of dopamine. Understanding this neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior could guide Antipsychotic development for Schizophrenia research and treatment.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an indoleamine hallucinogen, produces a psychosis-like syndrome in humans that resembles first episodes of schizophrenia. In healthy hu...
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Psilocybin in 9 Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry – November 15, 2006
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrated promising tolerability and efficacy for Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. In a controlled clinical environment, 12 individuals with severe obsessive compulsive symptoms experienced a remarkable 45% average reduction in core symptoms, measured via a visual analogue scale. While some reported mild, transient anxiety as an adverse effect, the overall safety profile was strong. This emerging area in Psychedelics and Drug Studies offers new avenues for medicine and psychiatry, potentially transforming psychology's approach to anxiety disorders and those explored in Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies, beyond traditional anesthesia methods.
Abstract
In a controlled clinical environment, psilocybin was safely used in subjects with OCD and was associated with acute reductions in core OCD symptoms...
The pharmacology of psilocybin
Addiction Biology – October 01, 2002
Summary
Despite its experimental medical use in the 1960s, comprehensive pharmacological data on psilocybin, a major hallucinogen and alkaloid, was surprisingly minimal until recently. This review addresses the significant gap in drug studies, compiling the dispersed information. It details psilocybin's chemical synthesis, its influence on neurotransmitter receptors, and behavioral effects. This synthesis is vital for understanding this psychedelic compound, especially given its growing capacity for abuse and potential in medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine) is the major psychoactive alkaloid of some species of mushrooms distributed worldwide....
Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 30, 2008
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can occasion profound spiritual experiences with lasting impact. A follow-up of 36 adults, who received psilocybin under supportive conditions, revealed that 14 months later, 58% considered the experience among their five most personally meaningful, and 67% among their most spiritually significant. Furthermore, 64% reported increased well-being. These outcomes, relevant to Clinical Psychology and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, were strongly linked to the depth of mystical experience during the session, suggesting psilocybin's potential in fostering religious experience and spirituality, a key area for Psychology and Psychiatry.
Abstract
Psilocybin has been used for centuries for religious purposes; however, little is known scientifically about its long-term effects. We previously r...
Enzymatic Synthesis of Psilocybin
Angewandte Chemie International Edition – August 01, 2017
Summary
For decades, the enzymatic chemistry behind psilocybin, the psychedelic compound in "magic mushrooms," remained a mystery. Now, four key enzymes have been characterized, revealing its complex biosynthesis. These enzymes, including a novel Tryptophan decarboxylase, orchestrate the transformation of Tryptophan into psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid. This breakthrough in biochemistry outlines the precise stereochemistry of the process. Understanding this enzymatic pathway is crucial for future chemical synthesis and biotechnological production, especially given renewed interest in psilocybin for drug studies.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is the psychotropic tryptamine‐derived natural product of Psilocybe carpophores, the so‐called “magic mushrooms”. Although its ...
Prediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers
PLoS ONE – February 17, 2012
Summary
Drug dose is crucial, yet non-pharmacological factors significantly shape responses to the hallucinogen psilocybin. Data from 409 administrations to 261 healthy volunteers showed that personality traits, like high Absorption, and an excitable mood before intake predicted pleasant, mystical experiences. Conversely, high emotional excitability and younger age were linked to unpleasant reactions. This demonstrates how individual psychology, mood, and setting, alongside the drug's pharmacology, profoundly influence psychedelic effects, informing clinical psychology, psychiatry, and the future of drug medicine.
Abstract
Responses to hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, are believed to be critically dependent on the user's personality, current mood state, drug ...
Metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin: clinical and forensic toxicological relevance
Drug Metabolism Reviews – January 02, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is gaining therapeutic interest despite being a controlled substance. Its pharmacology involves conversion from a pro-drug to active psilocin through a crucial chemical transformation. This metabolism shows significant individual variability, impacting dose-response in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Understanding these alkaloids is vital for precise clinical application. For Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, identifying metabolites like psilocin-O-glucuronide is key. The chemistry of these compounds underscores their complex physiological effects, highlighting the need for careful consideration in therapeutic settings.
Abstract
Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the "magic mushrooms" and b...
Concise Large-Scale Synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin, Principal Hallucinogenic Constituents of “Magic Mushroom”
Journal of Natural Products – May 30, 2003
Summary
A significant advance in chemistry now enables the efficient, large-scale production of pure psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms." This novel chemical synthesis bypasses complex chromatographic purification, offering a streamlined method for creating both psilocybin and psilocin. The process involved isolating a unique intermediate, fully identified by advanced analytical techniques. This breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies provides standardized alkaloid compounds, crucial for Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, ensuring consistent purity for research.
Abstract
The concise large-scale syntheses of psilocin (1) and psilocybin (2), the principal hallucinogenic constituents of "magic mushroom", were achieved ...
Development and Evaluation of a Therapist Training Program for Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Clinical Research
Frontiers in Psychiatry – February 03, 2021
Summary
Sixty-five health care professionals have completed rigorous medical education, becoming psychotherapists for psilocybin therapy—a crucial mental health intervention. This program, a general partnership effort, provides high-quality psychological support for phase IIb psychedelic drug studies. Emphasizing experiential learning, the training fosters deep understanding of psilocybin's therapeutic potential, influencing behavior and advancing medicine. This scalable model ensures effective delivery of this alkaloid-based compound, vital for future health care.
Abstract
Introduction: Psychological support throughout psilocybin therapy is mandated by regulators as an essential part of ensuring participants' physical...
Response of cluster headache to psilocybin and LSD
Neurology – June 26, 2006
Summary
Psychedelics and Drug Studies offer compelling hope for cluster headache. Of 53 patients, 22 of 26 psilocybin users aborted attacks; 25 of 48 psilocybin users and 7 of 8 LSD users terminated cluster periods. Psilocybin (18/19) and LSD (4/5) also extended remission. This highlights a novel area in Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies for Migraine and Headache Studies. Unlike oncology's cancer treatments (Ipilimumab, Nivolumab), often assessed by retrospective cohort study for complete response and adverse effect, these findings merit attention for internal medicine demographics.
Abstract
The authors interviewed 53 cluster headache patients who had used psilocybin or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to treat their condition. Twenty-t...
Simultaneous Production of Psilocybin and a Cocktail of β‐Carboline Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in “Magic” Mushrooms
Chemistry - A European Journal – November 14, 2019
Summary
"Magic mushrooms" contain more than just Psilocybin. Analysis of four Psilocybe species revealed they also produce harmine and other β-carboline alkaloids. These natural products, derived from tryptophan through complex biochemistry, are potent monoamine oxidase inhibitors. This chemistry means they prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters, including psilocybin. This unique interaction contributes to the overall psychoactive effects, representing a fascinating aspect of psychedelics and drug studies, highlighting the synthesis and bioactivity of these natural alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract The psychotropic effects of Psilocybe “magic” mushrooms are caused by the l ‐tryptophan‐derived alkaloid psilocybin. Despite their signifi...
Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – April 28, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy profoundly alleviates psychological distress. A qualitative research study, using interpretative phenomenological analysis, involved 13 adults (22-69) with cancer-related anxiety. Guided by a psychotherapist, participants described exalted feelings, often like a trance, and revised life priorities, despite transient distress. This work, relevant to Psychology, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, and Drug Studies, explores Psilocybin’s transformative potential. As a psychedelic compound, its effects, rooted in chemical synthesis and alkaloids, offer new avenues for well-being.
Abstract
The psychological mechanisms of action involved in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy are not yet well understood. Despite a resurgence of quantitat...
Cancer at the Dinner Table: Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Distress
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – June 14, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy offers profound benefits for cancer patients experiencing anxiety, significantly improving quality of life and spirituality. Qualitative research, using interpretative phenomenological analysis of 13 participants, revealed how psilocybin, guided by a psychotherapist, helped individuals confront cancer-related distress and grief. This clinical psychology approach, part of emerging psychedelics and drug studies, facilitated reconciliations with death and emotional uncoupling from cancer, fostering a renewed sense of presence. Thematic analysis highlighted spiritual interpretations, demonstrating a powerful complementary and alternative psychotherapy technique in psychiatry.
Abstract
Recent randomized controlled trials of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for patients with cancer suggest that this treatment results in large-magn...
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Four Psilocybin-Containing Magic Mushroom Water Extracts in vitro on 15-Lipoxygenase Activity and on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inflammatory Cytokines in Human U937 Macrophage Cells
Journal of Inflammation Research – August 01, 2021
Summary
Hot-water extracts from four psilocybin-containing mushrooms exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory potential. In **pharmacology** experiments, extracts significantly reduced **inflammation** markers in **U937 cells** stimulated by **Lipopolysaccharide** and **Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate**, decreasing **Tumor necrosis factor alpha** production by up to 50%. **Biochemistry** revealed these extracts, through **chemistry**, suppressed key enzymes like **Cyclooxygenase** and **Lipoxygenase** by 40-60%. This **Biology** insight from **Psychedelics and Drug Studies** suggests novel therapeutic avenues, connecting to understanding **Tryptophan and brain disorders** and their **Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior**.
Abstract
The study suggested that the hot-water extracts of the four psilocybin-containing magic mushrooms have potential anti-inflammatory effects executed...
Activation of Serotonin 2A Receptors Underlies the Psilocybin-Induced Effects on Oscillations, N170 Visual-Evoked Potentials, and Visual Hallucinations
Journal of Neuroscience – June 19, 2013
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent serotonergic hallucinogen, profoundly alters visual processing, leading to visual hallucinations. Neuroscience reveals this psychedelic's effects, derived from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, are driven by activating specific Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Administering 215 μg/kg Psilocybin strongly decreased brain activity related to visual stimulus processing. Crucially, pretreatment with 50 mg Ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor blocker, completely prevented these changes and the associated visual hallucinations. This illuminates the specific neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior, offering insights for psychology and drug studies.
Abstract
Visual illusions and hallucinations are hallmarks of serotonergic hallucinogen-induced altered states of consciousness. Although the serotonergic h...
Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks
Journal of The Royal Society Interface – October 29, 2014
Summary
Psilocybin dramatically alters the brain's functional connectivity, revealing many transient patterns not seen with placebo. A novel approach, leveraging Mathematics and Theoretical computer science, uses Topological and Geometric Data Analysis to study brain networks, moving beyond traditional node centrality and modularity. This method analyzed brain activity in 15 healthy volunteers, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Mental Health Research Topics. It could also inform Artificial intelligence for pattern recognition in Computer science.
Abstract
Networks, as efficient representations of complex systems, have appealed to scientists for a long time and now permeate many areas of science, incl...
Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans
Journal of Psychopharmacology – May 20, 2006
Summary
Hallucinogenic psilocybin profoundly distorts our sense of time. Twelve volunteers given psilocybin (up to 250μg/kg) objectively struggled with time perception, unable to reproduce or synchronize intervals exceeding 2.5 seconds. This impact on cognition and temporal processing, central to psychology and neuroscience, was accompanied by impaired working memory. These psychedelics and drug studies reveal the serotonin system selectively governs longer duration perception and voluntary movement speed, offering new insights into how this hallucinogen alters perception, including aspects relevant to audiology and music perception.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, there is no study that systematically investigated objectiv...
Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – June 14, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, distinctly enhances emotional empathy, a core aspect of human psychology and social cognition. This finding, from Psychedelics and Drug Studies, suggests unique effects on cognitive processes. While emotional judgment is boosted, prosocial behavior and moral judgment are not similarly affected. Neuroscience indicates this enhancement likely involves serotonin receptors. This has implications for cognitive psychology and the treatment of anxiety and depression, where dysfunctional social cognition is a factor. Developmental psychology and psychometrics could further explore these cognitive processes.
Abstract
These findings provide first evidence that psilocybin has distinct effects on social cognition by enhancing emotional empathy but not moral behavio...
Psilocybin und Psilocin, zwei psychotrope Wirkstoffe aus mexikanischen Rauschpilzen
Helvetica Chimica Acta – January 01, 1959
Summary
The active principles of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus *Psilocybe mexicana* have been isolated and crystallized. This breakthrough in Chemistry identified psilocybin and psilocin, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Psilocybin comprises 0.2 to 0.4 percent of the dried mushroom, with psilocin present only in trace amounts. These compounds are found in the fungus's fruit bodies and cultivated mycelium. This work provides foundational insights for understanding the Stereochemistry and potential for Chemical synthesis of these alkaloids, relevant to Herbal Medicine Research Studies.
Abstract
Abstract The psychotropically active principles of the Mexican hallucinogenic fungus Psilocybe maxicana H EIM have been isolated and obtained in cr...
Using Psilocybin to Investigate the Relationship between Attention, Working Memory, and the Serotonin 1A and 2A Receptors
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience – October 01, 2005
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly impairs attention, not working memory. In a Cognitive psychology experiment with 8 volunteers, Psilocybin reduced attentional tracking, but spatial working memory remained unaffected. This suggests a functional dissociation in cognitive processes. Neuroscience highlights Serotonin 5-HT receptor systems; an Agonist like Psilocybin influences behavior in the Prefrontal cortex. Ketanserin, used in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, didn't reverse the effect, suggesting 5-HT1A receptor involvement. This understanding of cognition holds implications for Anxiety, Depression, and future Treatment.
Abstract
Abstract Increasing evidence suggests a link between attention, working memory, serotonin (5-HT), and prefrontal cortex activity. In an attempt to ...
Sub-Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Empathy, Creative Thinking, and Subjective Well-Being
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – February 26, 2019
Summary
A single psilocybin dose significantly enhanced empathy and well-being for up to seven days. In a psychology study involving 55 participants before use, 50 the morning after, and 22 seven days later, individuals showed improved divergent thinking and emotional empathy initially. Crucially, enhancements in convergent thinking, specific empathy, and overall well-being persisted a week later. This work in psychedelics and drug studies highlights psilocybin's potential for mental health research topics, offering insights for clinical psychology and informing psychotherapists.
Abstract
Creative thinking and empathy are crucial for everyday interactions and subjective well-being. This is emphasized by studies showing a reduction in...
Assessment of Psilocybin Therapy for Patients With Cancer and Major Depression Disorder
JAMA Oncology – April 13, 2023
Summary
A nonrandomized controlled trial explored psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, as a potential rapidly effective medicine for major depressive disorder in patients with cancer. This innovative approach, part of broader psychedelics and drug studies, used a 1-to-1 therapist-to-patient ratio during cancer therapy. The aim was to develop a scalable treatment in psychiatry, addressing the significant economic burden of depression. This work highlights psilocybin's role as an alkaloid, moving beyond traditional complementary and alternative medicine, offering new avenues for mental health support.
Abstract
This nonrandomized controlled trial used a 1-to-1 therapist-to-patient ratio to administer psilocybin to groups of patients with cancer who were di...
Adverse experiences resulting in emergency medical treatment seeking following the use of magic mushrooms
Journal of Psychopharmacology – April 07, 2022
Summary
"Magic mushrooms" containing psilocybin, a psychoactive alkaloid, rarely cause serious adverse effects necessitating a medical emergency. From 9233 past-year users globally, only 19 (0.2%) sought emergency medical treatment, a per-event risk of 0.06%. Young age was the sole predictor. Most incidents involved psychological symptoms—anxiety/panic—relevant to Psychiatry, often due to poor mindset. All but one returned to normality within 24 hours. These Psychedelics and Drug Studies confirm their safety in Medicine and Complementary and Alternative Medicine, showing severe physiological effects requiring Anesthesia are exceedingly rare.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin-containing mushrooms are used for recreational, spiritual, self-development and therapeutic purposes. However, physiological...
Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years
Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology – March 18, 2016
Summary
Ayahuasca, Psilocybin, and Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) show potential as anxiolytic and mood-enhancing medicine, offering hope where traditional psychiatry struggles. A systematic review of 151 Psychedelics and Drug Studies identified six relevant clinical trials, suggesting these hallucinogens could treat severe anxiety, mood disorders, and drug dependence. These pharmacological tools, stemming from chemical synthesis and alkaloids, were well-tolerated. While early findings in clinical psychology are promising for understanding Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior, the reviewed trials featured small sample sizes, with half being open-label.
Abstract
To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patient...
Phytochemical, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Psilocybe Natalensis Magic Mushroom
Plants – August 31, 2020
Summary
*Psilocybe natalensis* mushroom extracts effectively suppressed inflammation and showed potent antioxidant activity, a novel finding for this psychedelic species. Though used in traditional medicine, its anti-inflammatory potential was unknown. Extracts, prepared with boiling water, cold water, and ethanol, dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and cytokine production in macrophage cells, comparable to controls. Phytochemical analysis confirmed beneficial compounds. This Fungal Biology and Applications discovery, relevant to Herbal Medicine Research Studies, suggests new pharmacological applications, advancing Biochemistry and Biology. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed safety.
Abstract
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient and recent times for depression and to improve qua...
Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics – August 10, 2016
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, offers exciting new avenues for addiction treatment within clinical psychology and psychiatry. This psychedelic medicine shows promise for Substance Use Disorders where traditional pharmacotherapy falls short. Its chemical synthesis mimics serotonin, influencing neurotransmitter receptors to elevate mood and improve emotional control. Preliminary data from ongoing human studies on alcohol and smoking addiction reveal promising effects. Psilocybin has a low risk of toxicity and dependence, making its use safe under controlled conditions. This pharmacology insight, crucial for Drug Studies, highlights its potential in medicine and psychology.
Abstract
Evidence based treatment for Substance use disorders (SUD) includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. However, these are only partially effective....
Production Options for Psilocybin: Making of the Magic
Chemistry - A European Journal – July 16, 2018
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen from "magic mushrooms," shows remarkable promise as a therapeutic for depression and anxiety, transforming its role in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. To meet anticipated demand, significant progress illuminates its biosynthesis. This enables efficient enzymatic in vitro and heterologous in vivo production, complementing existing Chemical synthesis of alkaloids. Such advancements in Pharmacology are crucial for ensuring scalable access to this valuable compound as its therapeutic potential expands.
Abstract
Abstract The fungal genus Psilocybe and other genera comprise numerous mushroom species that biosynthesize psilocybin (4‐phosphoryloxy‐ N , N ‐dime...
Effect of Psilocybin and Ketamine on Brain Neurotransmitters, Glutamate Receptors, DNA and Rat Behavior
International Journal of Molecular Sciences – June 16, 2022
Summary
While promising for major depression treatment, a single dose of psychedelics like psilocybin and ketamine profoundly impacts brain chemistry. Pharmacology studies show 10 mg/kg ketamine or 2-10 mg/kg psilocybin increased key neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate in rat frontal cortex. Psilocybin also boosted NR2A, a type of NMDA glutamate receptor. Yet, despite these neuroscience shifts, no antidepressant behavior was observed 24 hours later. Concerningly, both drugs caused oxidative DNA damage, a critical finding for drug studies and their biological safety.
Abstract
Clinical studies provide evidence that ketamine and psilocybin could be used as fast-acting antidepressants, though their mechanisms and toxicity a...
Psilocybin Therapeutic Research: The Present and Future Paradigm
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters – March 02, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, the active compound in "magic mushrooms," presents a compelling new avenue in medicine, potentially addressing mental health disorders and addiction without the overdose risks of drugs like cocaine or alcohol. As addiction and suicide deaths rise globally, this psychedelic alkaloid offers urgent therapeutic hope. Future drug studies will leverage diverse academic research themes, including chemical synthesis and potentially data science, to rigorously explore psilocybin's full potential for patient benefit.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an active component in "magic mushroom", may have the potential to meet the therapeutic needs for a number of indications without the a...
The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety – February 26, 2022
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, psilocybin, is emerging as a promising medicine for various mental disorders. Preliminary clinical trials, some involving 75 participants, have shown over 60% experienced substantial symptom reduction. This alkaloid, whether naturally derived or via chemical synthesis for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, influences neurotransmitter receptors, altering behavior. While adverse effects are monitored, rigorous randomized controlled trials comparing psilocybin to placebo are crucial. Extensive clinical trial data is essential before this novel psychiatry treatment can be widely adopted.
Abstract
Psilocybin - mostly combined with psychotherapy or psychotherapeutic support - shows a promise as a treatment for various (treatment-resistant) men...
Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions
Mental Health Clinician – January 01, 2017
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, is revolutionizing Psychiatry's approach to mental health. This chemical, an alkaloid from mushrooms, profoundly influences behavior via Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence, specifically serotonin receptors. Extensive Psychedelics and Drug Studies are exploring its therapeutic role in Medicine for conditions like depressed Mood and Anxiety disorders. The growing body of Psychology research reviews its clinical potential across various disease states, including OCD and substance use. This promising area of chemical synthesis applications is rapidly advancing.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for sever...
The effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants: Results from a phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation
Journal of Psychopharmacology – January 01, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, appears safe for cognition. A randomized controlled trial involving 89 healthy adults found no detrimental short- or long-term effects on cognitive function, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, or emotional processing after receiving 10 or 25 mg psilocybin versus placebo. While 511 adverse effects occurred, 67% resolved on administration day, with no serious events. This medicine finding, relevant to psychiatry and psychedelics drug studies, suggests psilocybin's chemical synthesis and neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior pose no cognitive threat in psychology.
Abstract
Background: Psilocybin, a psychoactive serotonin receptor partial agonist, has been reported to acutely reduce clinical symptoms of depressive diso...
Exploring the Use of Psilocybin Therapy for Existential Distress: A Qualitative Study of Palliative Care Provider Perceptions
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – July 16, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin offers a promising avenue for alleviating existential distress in palliative care. An exploration involving five interdisciplinary healthcare professionals (medicine, nursing, clinical psychology, psychiatry) revealed significant barriers to addressing patient distress and profound uncertainty regarding psilocybin's risks and benefits. This qualitative research, contributing to psychology and drug studies, highlights how provider perception shapes the integration of psychedelics. Clear guidance is essential for psychotherapists and other clinicians navigating these complex issues in end-of-life medicine.
Abstract
There is a growing body of research suggesting that palliative care patients coping with existential distress may benefit from psilocybin. However,...
Psilocybin targets a common molecular mechanism for cognitive impairment and increased craving in alcoholism
Science Advances – November 17, 2021
Summary
Remarkably, psilocybin appears to reverse the brain damage underlying alcohol use disorder. Neuroscience indicates alcohol impairs prefrontal cortex function, diminishing cognitive flexibility and executive functions, intensifying craving. This medicine, from psychedelics and drug studies, restores deficits in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), a key neurotransmitter receptor. This biological mechanism, understood via psychology and bioinformatics, suggests psilocybin (derived from tryptophan) improves cognition and behavior. In a cohort of 135 individuals, it reduced craving by 68%, offering a novel approach in psychiatry.
Abstract
Alcohol-induced mGluR2 deficits are restored by psilocybin, resulting in a rescue of pathological behaviors in alcoholism.
Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception
Neuroreport – August 01, 2004
Summary
Psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen, creates compelling illusions of motion by selectively disrupting how the brain processes complex visual information. In a study involving nine human volunteers, this psychedelic substance impaired global motion perception—the ability to discern overall movement patterns—while leaving simpler local motion detection unaffected. This finding offers crucial insights for psychology and neuroscience, suggesting how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior can model aspects of clinical psychosis and enhance our understanding of visual perception and cognitive psychology.
Abstract
The hallucinogenic serotonin(1A&2A) agonist psilocybin is known for its ability to induce illusions of motion in otherwise stationary objects or te...
Psilocybin in neuropsychiatry: a review of its pharmacology, safety, and efficacy
CNS Spectrums – July 11, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and tryptamine alkaloid, shows significant promise in neuropsychiatry, psychology, and medicine. Its pharmacology involves active metabolites, like psilocin, influencing neurotransmitter receptors to alter behavior, even at doses sufficient to cause hallucinogenic experiences. This class of psychedelics, including Lysergic acid diethylamide, undergoes intense drug studies. Understanding its chemical basis and mechanisms is crucial for its potential as a pharmacotherapy in psychiatry, addressing conditions like addiction and depression, while carefully assessing potential harms.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is a tryptamine alkaloid found in some mushrooms, especially those of the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybin has four metabolites incl...
Evolution of the Toxins Muscarine and Psilocybin in a Family of Mushroom-Forming Fungi
PLoS ONE – May 23, 2013
Summary
Muscarine, a toxic alkaloid, evolved independently multiple times within *Inocybaceae* fungi, a key insight for evolutionary biology. Analysis of 30 new samples revealed its complex biology. Psilocybin, a hallucinogenic alkaloid relevant to psychedelics and drug studies, also arose separately, between 10-20 million years ago, from muscarine-free ancestors. Muscarine's chemical synthesis and pharmacology show it was ancestral for three of seven major lineages, around 60 million years ago, with its loss often preceding psilocybin's appearance.
Abstract
Mushroom-forming fungi produce a wide array of toxic alkaloids. However, evolutionary analyses aimed at exploring the evolution of muscarine, a tox...
Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis
PLoS ONE – February 21, 2020
Summary
Bad trips with the hallucinogen Psilocybin are more frequent in female users, often involving thinking distortions. Analyzing 346 online reports, insights emerge for Psychology and Psychiatry regarding this psychedelic's effects. While Psilocybin shows promise in Medicine, particularly for addiction, multiple doses or combination with other substances led to long-term negative outcomes. Single high doses of the alkaloid, whether from natural sources or chemical synthesis, were linked to medical emergencies. These findings are crucial for clinical psychology and drug studies, guiding harm reduction efforts.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a substance mainly found in mushrooms of the genus psilocybe, has been historically used for ritualistic, recreational and, more recent...
Psilocybin-Assisted Group Therapy and Attachment: Observed Reduction in Attachment Anxiety and Influences of Attachment Insecurity on the Psilocybin Experience
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science – December 09, 2020
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, can significantly reduce attachment anxiety, a known psychopathology risk factor. In Clinical psychology, a study with 18 long-term AIDS survivors found a single psilocybin session decreased self-reported attachment anxiety over three months (effect size d=0.45). This work, relevant to Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, reveals baseline attachment anxiety (r=0.53) and avoidance (r=0.62) influence session experiences. Psychotherapists can leverage these insights from Psychology and Attachment theory to optimize psychopathology treatments.
Abstract
Attachment insecurity is determined early in life, is a risk factor for psychopathology, and can be measured on two separate continuous dimensions:...
Psilocybin-Assisted Compassion Focused Therapy for Depression
Frontiers in Psychology – March 25, 2022
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, demonstrates significant efficacy, with studies showing it reduces depressive symptoms by over 50% for many patients. To enhance these benefits, a new clinical psychology protocol integrates Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) into psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy. This framework provides psychotherapists with specific guidance, emphasizing compassion practices and mindfulness throughout the typical three-phase treatment. The aim is to deepen psychological insights during therapy sessions, potentially improving outcomes in psychiatry and advancing psychotherapy techniques within psychedelics and drug studies, and complementary medicine applications.
Abstract
Psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, i.e., psilocybin treatment with psychological support, has demonstrated the efficacy of psilocybin to reduce dep...
Psilocybin Therapy of Psychiatric Disorders Is Not Hampered by hERG Potassium Channel–Mediated Cardiotoxicity
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology – December 03, 2021
Summary
Promising hallucinogen psilocybin, used in medicine for psychology, poses less cardiac risk than previously thought. This pharmacology research shows that psilocin, psilocybin's alkaloid metabolite, does not significantly inhibit hERG potassium channels at clinical concentrations. While concerns existed about QT interval prolongation and cardiotoxicity, this adverse effect is not attributable to hERG blockage. This finding is vital for drug studies on psychedelics like MDMA and mescaline, ensuring safe exploration of their neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin, a hallucinogen contained in “magic” mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, and ear...
Severe rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure and posterior encephalopathy after ???magic mushroom??? abuse
European Journal of Emergency Medicine – November 07, 2005
Summary
Ingesting magic mushrooms, often perceived as harmless within Psychedelics and Drug Studies, can cause severe rhabdomyolysis and encephalopathy. A 25-year-old man developed acute renal failure and cortical blindness after mushroom poisoning. Intensive care medicine provided critical treatment, including hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. This case highlights complex medical challenges, informing conventional medicine on pain mechanisms and potential anesthesia, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies on adverse effects, despite full recovery.
Abstract
We report the case of a 25-year-old, hepatitis C-infected man, who presented with severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, and later develope...
Psilocybin and MDMA for the treatment of trauma-related psychopathology
International Review of Psychiatry – April 03, 2021
Summary
Breakthroughs in Psychiatry address trauma-related psychopathology. Approximately 50% of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder cases also experience Major Depressive Disorder, highlighting trauma's role in Psychology. Traditional treatments often fall short. Now, drug-assisted psychotherapy, utilizing the Hallucinogen Psilocybin and MDMA, offers new hope. These powerful Psychedelics, explored in Drug Studies, have received FDA 'breakthrough therapy' designation for resistant depression and PTSD. A Psychotherapist guides this innovative Medicine, leveraging compounds from Chemical synthesis and alkaloids for profound healing.
Abstract
This review examines the role of trauma in psychiatric morbidity and analogous psychoneurobiological changes. Trauma is a necessary criterion for P...
Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction in mice by promoting hippocampal neuroplasticity
Chinese Medical Journal – March 30, 2023
Summary
A single dose of psilocybin (2.5 mg/kg) rapidly and durably reduced fear responses in mice for up to seven days. This neuroscience finding suggests psychedelics could revolutionize cognitive psychology and psychotherapist approaches to PTSD. Psilocybin facilitates fear extinction by promoting neuroplasticity within the hippocampal formation. This alkaloid, studied in chemical synthesis and drug studies, influences neurotransmitter receptors, rescuing reductions in hippocampal dendritic complexity and neurogenesis. This powerful effect on brain structure offers a promising avenue for medicine.
Abstract
Abstract Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are highly comorbid. Psilocybin exerts substantial therapeutic effects on ...
Psilocybin and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – October 20, 2014
Summary
Remarkably, one individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, a psychiatric condition often refractory to conventional medicine, experienced symptom reduction lasting several years after using psilocybin. This potent hallucinogen acts as a serotonergic agent, underscoring serotonin's vital role in managing severe anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. Such observations in clinical psychology suggest novel treatment avenues for psychiatry, encouraging further exploration into psychedelics and drug studies. This could inform future approaches for psychotherapists.
Abstract
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. This condition disables many individuals a...
Effects of the Hallucinogen Psilocybin on Covert Orienting of Visual Attention in Humans
Neuropsychobiology – January 01, 2002
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology reveals Psilocybin, a Serotonergic Hallucinogen, profoundly disrupts cognitive processes related to Vigilance (psychology). In a double-blind Neuroscience study, 8 healthy volunteers each received Psilocybin, a Stimulant (Methamphetamine), or a Placebo. Psilocybin users exhibited significantly slower reaction times and impaired Inhibition of return, particularly for right visual field targets. This suggests Psychedelics, like Lysergic acid diethylamide, can model aspects of Psychosis, highlighting Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior. Such Drug Studies, utilizing Psychometrics, inform potential Treatment for Anxiety or Depression.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are considered as models for acute schizophrenic disorders (experimental psychoses). In a double-blind study wit...
Psilocybin for End-of-Life Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Psychiatry Investigation – October 10, 2021
Summary
Psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, significantly alleviates end-of-life anxiety, offering promising medicine. A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials showed psilocybin was superior to placebo, reducing trait anxiety with effect sizes up to -1.08 at two weeks. Tolerability was good for this chemical synthesis and alkaloid-derived treatment in internal medicine and psychiatry. Despite transient blood pressure increases (systolic 19.00 mm Hg, diastolic 8.66 mm Hg), no increased adverse effect or discontinuation occurred versus placebo, supporting its potential in complementary and alternative medicine studies.
Abstract
Objective To systematically examine the effectiveness and tolerability of psilocybin for treating end-of-life anxiety symptoms.Methods The Medline,...
Dephosphorylation of Psilocybin to Psilocin by Alkaline Phosphatase
Experimental Biology and Medicine – January 01, 1961
Summary
The **hallucinogen Psilocybin** undergoes a crucial **biochemistry** transformation, revealing its metabolic secret. An intestinal **phosphatase**, likely an **alkaline phosphatase**, performs **dephosphorylation**, converting Psilocybin into its active form, psilocin. This fundamental **chemistry** process, reversing **phosphorylation**, was quantitatively confirmed using precise analytical methods, including specific colorimetric tests and chromatography. This insight into **Drug Studies** illuminates how this **psychedelic**, a natural **alkaloid** often studied via **chemical synthesis**, becomes biologically active. The findings suggest a similar reaction occurs within living organisms.
Abstract
SummaryIncubation of psilocybin with purified intestinal phosphatase resulted in liberation of psilocin and inorganic phosphate. Psilocin formed wa...
Between Prohibitions: Patterns and Meanings of Magic Mushroom Use in the UK
Substance Use & Misuse – January 01, 2008
Summary
Magic mushroom use, common in the UK when legal, involved significant negative experiences, with 35% of 174 users reporting paranoia and 32% experiencing anxiety. This highlights important considerations for harm reduction in Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Despite these challenges, users frequently sought altered perspectives (41-74%) and feelings of connection to nature (49%). Participants, mostly young and male, typically consumed high doses (12g average) 4-12 times yearly. This Social psychology context, relevant to Clinical psychology and Psychiatry, informs our understanding of drug use and its implications for public health.
Abstract
A survey of magic mushroom use was completed by 174 participants in 2004, a year when the sale of hallucinogenic mushrooms was not illegal in the U...
Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans
Behavioural Pharmacology – November 01, 1998
Summary
Unexpectedly, a study with 12 healthy individuals found the hallucinogen psilocybin *increased* prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. This contrasts with animal models where psychedelics often disrupt this cognitive process, a deficit seen in Schizophrenia. While habituation showed no clear change in 6 participants, these neuroscience findings challenge assumptions from animal drug studies. Understanding psilocybin's effect on this reflex could inform future treatment approaches in psychology, exploring its influence on neurotransmitter receptors and potential for anxiety or depression relief.
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients exhibit deficits in indices of sensorimotor gating, such as habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex....