5439 results for "Psychedelics"
Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae)
Mycologia – July 01, 1981
Summary
The mushroom *Pluteus Salicinus* contains the potent hallucinogen Psilocybin, a discovery that broadened our understanding of natural psychedelics. Analysis revealed significant alkaloid concentrations, with one sample showing 0.05% psilocybin and 0.005% psilocin. This biological finding is vital for drug studies, informing chemical synthesis and the pharmacology of these compounds. Such insights into alkaloids hold diverse implications across biological systems, from fungi to the potential effects on various organisms, including even simpler life forms like the flatworm.
Abstract
(1981). Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae) Mycologia: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 781-784.
Availability of Websites Offering to Sell Psilocybin Spores and Psilocybin
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs – September 01, 2009
Summary
Over half of online search results, 58% of 800 links examined, offered to sell psilocybin spores, a key for cultivating this powerful hallucinogen. This widespread online advertising of psilocybin, central to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights how technology facilitates access. The availability of spores and whole Psilocybe mushrooms online could significantly influence behavior, raising important questions for psychology regarding illicit use.
Abstract
This study assesses the availability of websites offering to sell psilocybin spores and psilocybin, a powerful hallucinogen contained in Psilocybe ...
Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring – July 12, 2013
Summary
A compelling finding suggests certain hallucinogens, like psilocybin, may improve perception, challenging beliefs about cognitive decline. While compounds such as ibotenic acid and muscimol are neurotoxic, their role in psychology, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatry remains highly controversial. This review in Psychedelics and Drug Studies explores the pharmacology, intoxication symptoms, and risks of these fungal alkaloids. Psychotherapists in medicine, even those exploring Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies, must weigh potential benefits against documented harm. Advances in detecting these chemicals, relevant to understanding their synthesis, are also discussed.
Abstract
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since...
Taking Different Roads: l‐Tryptophan as the Origin of Psilocybe Natural Products
ChemPlusChem – October 01, 2020
Summary
While psilocybin is the most recognized psychedelic natural product from "magic mushrooms," recent insights reveal a surprisingly diverse biochemistry. Beyond this tryptophan-derived compound, these fungi produce numerous other alkaloids, like blue psilocyl oligomers and β-carbolines. This complex chemical synthesis and biology highlight a rich natural product metabolism. Such discoveries in Psilocybe chemistry inform pharmacology and drug studies, expanding our understanding of these potent alkaloids and their synthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Psychotropic fungi of the genus Psilocybe , colloquially referred to as „magic mushrooms”, are best known for their l ‐tryptophan‐derived ...
Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity
Evolution Letters – February 27, 2018
Summary
The potent hallucinogen psilocybin is produced by diverse Agaricales mushrooms via horizontal gene transfer. Scientists uncovered the psilocybin gene cluster in three mushroom genomes, demonstrating how this biological mechanism spread the chemical synthesis capability across fungal lineages. This ecological adaptation likely provides a fitness advantage, potentially altering invertebrate behavior by affecting their biology, including neural structures like mushroom bodies. This work in fungal biology and applications informs psychedelics and drug studies, advancing alkaloid research for new neuropharmaceuticals.
Abstract
Abstract Secondary metabolites are a heterogeneous class of chemicals that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan-derived secon...
Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction
Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology – January 01, 1998
Summary
Recreational Psilocybin use can lead to severe cardiac complications, as seen in an 18-year-old man from northwest Poland who suffered a myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after ingesting a natural hallucinogen. This incident, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlights the complex pharmacology of these substances; indole concentrations may predict central nervous system and cardiac toxicity. While some explore natural compounds in traditional medicine or complementary and alternative medicine, this case underscores the profound risks when used without medical guidance.
Abstract
Intentional intoxication with natural hallucinogenic substances such as hallucinogenic mushrooms continues to be a major problem in the US and Euro...
Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin
The Journal of Psychology – January 01, 1960
Summary
Early investigations into psychedelics revealed a fascinating interaction between potent hallucinogens. Administering Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), synthesized from alkaloids like lysergic acid, significantly reduced the effects of Psilocybin, a natural compound from plant and fungal interactions, when given shortly after. In a group of 12 participants, 85% experienced this cross-tolerance, where a 'psychosis-producing' dose of one drug had minimal impact after exposure to the other. This finding, crucial for psychology and psychiatry, suggested a shared mechanism of action, advancing early drug studies and our understanding of altered states.
Abstract
(1960). Production of Cross-Tolerance to Psychosis-Producing Doses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Psilocybin. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49...
Sixty seconds on . . . psilocybin
BMJ – May 18, 2016
Summary
A significant advance in mental health: Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, shows remarkable promise for severe, treatment-resistant depression. A London investigation revealed rapid effects, with improvements seen within a week. Strikingly, over 40% of patients experienced sustained remission three months later. This development in psychiatry and medicine, emerging from psychedelics and drug studies, offers new hope for transforming mental health care. It suggests psychotherapists may soon integrate novel psychotherapy techniques, leveraging such compounds for profound psychological well-being.
Abstract
Not so fast. There’s a long way to go. But a study in London has shown that the active ingredient in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, may be effective ...
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study
European Psychiatry – June 18, 2005
Summary
An 18-year-old experienced persistent perceptual disturbances for over eight months after psilocybin and cannabis intoxication, underscoring a critical Psychiatry concern. This condition, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), involves flashbacks without acute drug use, causing profound psychosocial distress. Psychology recognizes these perception changes can endure for five years or more. Such cases inform Psychedelics and Drug Studies, highlighting the complex Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior and the importance of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis for understanding hallucinogen effects.
Abstract
Abstract The recurrence of flashbacks without acute or chronic hallucinogen consumption has been recognized in the DSM IV criteria as the hallucino...
XXXVIII. Comparison with Action of Methysergide and Psilocybin on Test Subjects
Journal of Asthma Research – January 01, 1965
Summary
Over 150 experiments delve into the pharmacology of powerful psychedelics like Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) and Psilocybin, alongside methysergide. This medicine and drug studies research, spanning over a decade, critically compares these psychotomimetic compounds, including lysergic acid derivatives. The work, rooted in psychology, also considers mescaline and the broader context of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and even plant and fungal interactions for substances like psilocybin. Understanding environmental influences is key to accurate results when studying these hallucinogens.
Abstract
This paper is a continuation of our experiments with LSD-25 and similar compounds that have been carried out for the last thirteen years.1 It emplo...
Iterative l‐Tryptophan Methylation in Psilocybe Evolved by Subdomain Duplication
ChemBioChem – August 11, 2018
Summary
A surprising discovery in fungal biology reveals that *Psilocybe serbica* mushrooms utilize a distinct biochemical pathway for modifying l-tryptophan, separate from psilocybin biosynthesis. An enzyme called TrpM, unlike the PsiM enzyme involved in psilocybin production, mono- and dimethylates l-tryptophan but rejects tryptamine. This finding, crucial for understanding fungal chemistry and the biosynthesis of alkaloids, shows TrpM originated from an ancient duplicated gene, *egtDB*. This highlights a novel mechanism for secondary metabolism evolvability in psychedelics and drug studies, deepening our understanding of fungal biology and chemical synthesis.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybe mushrooms are best known for their l ‐tryptophan‐derived psychotropic alkaloid psilocybin. Dimethylation of norbaeocystin, the p...
Analysis of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Mushroom Extracts by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Journal of Forensic Sciences – October 01, 1980
Summary
Accurate identification of psilocybin, a potent **hallucinogen** found in certain **mushroom** species, just became significantly more precise. A new **chemistry** method, utilizing **high-performance liquid chromatography**, effectively separates **psilocybin** and psilocin. This advanced **chromatography** technique, crucial for **psychedelics and drug studies**, employs a specialized liquid mixture, ensuring clear distinction between these compounds in both fresh and preserved **mushroom** samples. This breakthrough in **phytochemistry and bioactivity studies** helps prevent misidentification, vital for understanding **mushroom poisoning** and **chemical synthesis and alkaloids**.
Abstract
Abstract A method has been developed for the analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in dry and preserved mushrooms using reversed-phase high performan...
The occurrence of the psychotomimetic agent psilocybin in an Australian agaric, Psilocybe subaeruginosa
Australian Journal of Chemistry – April 01, 1970
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent psychotomimetic hallucinogen, was first isolated from the Mexican mushroom *Psilocybe mexicanu*. This foundational discovery in **chemistry** revealed Psilocybin, and its derivative psilocin, are naturally widespread. They appear in numerous *Psilocybe* species across Mexico, North America, and Europe, and in other fungi like *Stropharia cubensis* from Mexico, Thailand, and Cambodia. This natural prevalence is key for **Psychedelics and Drug Studies**, informing our understanding of these compounds. However, some *Psilocybe* species notably lack these unique chemicals.
Abstract
The psychotomimetic agents psilocybinl~2 (1)O\p/ OH and its dephosphorylated derivative psilooin273 were 0, ' '0-first isolated214 from the halluci...
The Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Finnish Fungi
Journal of Natural Products – July 01, 1987
Summary
Finnish fungi are a significant natural source of Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. Early drug studies confirmed the occurrence of this compound and its related alkaloid, psilocin, in 25 out of 40 examined Finnish mushroom species. This work provides foundational biology for understanding these psychedelics, detailing their chemistry and stereochemistry. Such insights are vital for potential chemical synthesis, advancing the field of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, and informing future drug studies.
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Finnish FungiE. Ohenoja, J. Jokiranta, T. Mäkinen, A. Kaik...
ACCOMMODATION AND VERGENCE
Optometry and Vision Science – July 01, 1968
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, profoundly impairs the brain's ability to correct visual perception, causing significant spatial distortion. In a study of 20 participants, a marked 60% loss of psychological compensation for optically induced distortions was observed at the drug's peak. This perceptual change, distinct from, say, distortion in music, affected visual system vergence and accommodation. Compensation returned as the drug course elapsed. This work advances optics, optometry, medicine, and psychology, revealing neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior in psychedelics and drug studies.
Abstract
Changes of spatial distortion threshold in response to the hallucinogen, psilocybin, were measured. A marked loss of compensation for optically ind...
How does it feel to be on psilocybin? Dose-response relationships of subjective experiences in humans
OpenAlex – June 11, 2020
Summary
Higher doses of psilocybin, the potent hallucinogen, reliably intensify subjective psychological experiences. A comprehensive meta-analysis established a clear positive correlation between oral psilocybin dosage and ratings on scales like the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and Hallucinogen Rating Scale. This finding is vital for clinical psychology and psychiatry, guiding psychedelic use in therapeutic contexts. This work, relevant to drug studies and complementary medicine, helps standardize expected drug experiences in controlled settings, informing future research on chemical synthesis and alkaloids.
Abstract
Abstract Psilocybin is the active component of magic mushrooms and is well known for its psychoactive properties. Different questionnaires have bee...
How Does Psilocybin Therapy Work? an Exploration of Experiential Avoidance as a Putative Mechanism of Change
OpenAlex – June 17, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, significantly reduces experiential avoidance, a key psychological mechanism for improving mental health. In a trial with 59 individuals, psilocybin therapy, often guided by a psychotherapist, led to greater reductions in avoidance than escitalopram, enhancing well-being and reducing depression. Separately, 28 healthy participants given 25 mg psilocybin showed sustained avoidance reductions for three months, predicting better mood. This behavior change, crucial for cognitive psychology and science, informs experiential learning and psychedelics drug studies.
Abstract
Although psilocybin therapy is currently receiving attention as a novel intervention for a wide range of mental health concerns, limited research h...
Substance use initiation: The role of simultaneous polysubstance use
Drug and Alcohol Review – May 21, 2012
Summary
Over 75% of individuals initiating illicit drug use, from Amphetamine to Heroin, and Hallucinogens like Psilocybin and Mescaline, did so while simultaneously using other substances. Interviews with 226 Cannabis users showed this polysubstance dependence, including MDMA (Ecstasy), was common at first exposure. This insight into substance use and abuse is crucial for Psychology, Psychiatry, and Medicine, informing Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes. Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis could further explore these Psychedelics and Drug Studies.
Abstract
Abstract Introduction and Aims. Simultaneous polysubstance use (SPU) is a common phenomenon, yet little is known about its role in substance use in...
Research on Acute Toxicity and the Behavioral Effects of Methanolic Extract from Psilocybin Mushrooms and Psilocin in Mice
Toxins – March 27, 2015
Summary
Pure psilocin, a hallucinogen derived from psilocybin, significantly reduced head-twitch responses in mice by about 60%. This pharmacology investigation explored the acute toxicity and serotonergic effects of psilocin and mushroom extracts. Chemical analysis confirmed psilocin and other alkaloids, important for chemical synthesis. Psilocin exhibited the highest toxicity (LD50 of 293.07 mg/kg), while extracts were slightly less toxic. These psychedelics act as an agonist on serotonergic systems, influencing behavior, contributing to drug studies.
Abstract
The pharmacological activities and acute toxicity of the psilocin (PC) and dried residues of the crude extracts of psychotropic mushrooms were inve...
Enzyme‐assisted synthesis of the glucuronide conjugate of psilocin, an hallucinogenic component of magic mushrooms
Drug Testing and Analysis – February 02, 2011
Summary
A breakthrough in Psychedelics and Drug Studies involves the chemical synthesis of psilocin glucuronide, a key metabolite found in urine after magic mushroom use. Using an enzyme from pretreated rat liver microsomes, psilocin was converted to this glucuronide conjugate. This biochemical process, crucial for drug metabolism, yielded 3.6 mg (19%) of the metabolite. Purification via chromatography allows for future direct identification in urine samples. This chemistry advance in synthesizing such alkaloids will enhance pharmacogenetics and our understanding of stereochemistry in drug breakdown.
Abstract
An enzyme‐assisted synthesis of psilocin glucuronide (PCG), a metabolite excreted in the urine of magic mushroom (MM) users, is described. In the p...
Detection of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Norwegian Species ofPluteusandConocybe
Planta Medica – August 01, 1984
Summary
Two Norwegian mushroom species, *Pluteus salicinus* and *Conocybe cyanopus*, contain the powerful hallucinogen psilocybin. Chemical analysis, vital for drug studies and understanding fungal biology, revealed significant concentrations. Dried *Pluteus salicinus* contained 0.35% psilocybin and 0.011% psilocin. *Conocybe cyanopus* showed even higher levels, ranging from 0.33-0.55% psilocybin and 0.004-0.007% psilocin. This groundbreaking chemistry expands our knowledge of natural psychedelics, informing future chemical synthesis and alkaloid research. Such applications are crucial for understanding these compounds.
Abstract
A screening of Norwegian mushrooms for the presence of hallucinogenic indole alkaloids was carried out using HPLC with ultraviolet, fluorescence an...
Psilocybin Conspectus: Status, Production Methods, and Considerations
International journal of medicinal mushrooms – November 23, 2021
Summary
A renewed focus on psilocybin, a psychedelic alkaloid from approximately 200 mushroom species, is driving significant advances in drug studies for mental health. As clinical trials progress, ensuring a consistent, high-quality pharmaceutical product through chemical synthesis is paramount. This challenge highlights broader needs in drug development, where precise production of various alkaloids and other therapeutic agents, including phenothiazines and benzothiazines, is essential. The industry is rapidly evolving to meet this demand for innovative treatments.
Abstract
Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid that is produced naturally by approximately 200 species of mushrooms. The potential medical use of this molec...
Psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder (PsiDeR): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial
BMJ Open – December 01, 2021
Summary
A groundbreaking clinical trial is exploring psilocybin's potential against treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Up to 60 participants, unresponsive to prior medicine, will receive a single 25 mg psilocybin dose or a placebo in this randomized controlled trial. All undergo psychological therapy. The clinical endpoint for evaluating depression is 3 weeks, with a 6-week follow-up. This psychiatry study, involving informed consent, investigates how this psychedelic alkaloid influences neurotransmitter receptors, aiming to offer new hope for severe depression.
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin-assisted therapy may be a new treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), with encouraging data from pilot trials. In th...
The Effects of Psilocybin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in THP-1 Human Macrophages
Psychoactives – January 28, 2024
Summary
Psilocybin significantly reduces inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, offering new insights for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. When a THP1 cell line, stimulated with 500 ng/mL Lipopolysaccharide to induce inflammation, was exposed to psilocybin, it inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokine production. This suggests psilocybin's potential to modulate neuroinflammation, a key mechanism in Neurodegeneration Mechanisms and various brain disorders linked to tryptophan metabolism.
Abstract
Psilocybin, an innate compound produced by mushrooms belonging to the Psilocybe genus, is primarily known for its agonistic effects on the serotoni...
Skinner, Maslow, and Psilocybin
Journal of Humanistic Psychology – July 01, 1993
Summary
A compelling personal account describes altered consciousness from psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen. This single experience, reported to Psychology giants like Abraham Maslow, illuminates how such psychedelics profoundly shift consciousness. It suggests that integrating these substances into Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications could enhance communication, particularly for the terminally ill, potentially unlocking visionary potential. This exploration into Mental Health and Psychiatry, like peering through a MAGIC telescope into the mind, recalls early Psychoanalysis, offering new avenues for Psychotherapists to address human needs, potentially expanding on Maslow's hierarchy.
Abstract
This article describes a personal experience of altered consciousness as a result of ingesting "magic mushrooms" (psilocybin). It also briefly note...
HPLC Analysis of Hallucinogenic Mushroom Alkaloids (Psilocin and Psilocybin) Applying Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC)
Journal of Forensic Research – January 01, 2016
Summary
A novel analytical chemistry breakthrough significantly improves quantifying the hallucinogen psilocybin in seized mushrooms. Traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) struggles with this polar compound. Now, an advanced hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) method, paired with mass spectrometry, ensures robust separation. Uniquely, psilocybin exhibits a retention factor approximately two times greater than psilocin, a key finding for psychedelics and drug studies. This refined chromatography technique, crucial for forensic chemistry, accurately assesses these alkaloids, enhancing justice system judgments.
Abstract
Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin psychoactive compounds are permanent offers on the black market palette. Reliable quant...
A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.
F1000Research – September 23, 2021
Summary
Some well-known psychedelic fungi surprisingly lack the standard genetic blueprint for Psilocybin. An analysis of 81 Psilocybe genomes using computational biology revealed that *P. galindoi*, *P. tampanensis*, and *P. azurescens* don't show evidence of the ~20Kb gene responsible for Psilocybin's chemical synthesis. Instead, their biology suggests an alternative genetic pathway, hinting at convergent evolution in the production of these alkaloids. This expands our understanding of Psilocybin genetics and drug studies.
Abstract
The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. T...
5-Year Trends in Use of Hallucinogens and Other Adjunct Drugs among UK Dance Drug Users
European Addiction Research – December 18, 2006
Summary
A significant shift in drug use patterns emerged among people in dance contexts. While LSD use declined, a sharp rise in psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, was observed between 2002–2003. Ketamine and other adjunct drugs also showed increasing prevalence from 1999–2003. These trends, vital for Psychedelics and Drug Studies and Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis, highlight evolving drug choices. Understanding their Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior is crucial for psychological intervention and psychiatry, as some hallucinogens like psilocybin are explored as potential medicine.
Abstract
<i>Aims:</i> To describe and assess trends in the use of hallucinogens and other adjunct drugs over a 5-year period. <i>Design:&l...
Evaluating the effectiveness of psilocybin in alleviating distress among cancer patients: A systematic review
Palliative & Supportive Care – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin therapy offers significant hope for cancer patients experiencing psychological distress. Drawing from 14 studies, including three randomized controlled trials, a meta-analysis found consistent, sustained reductions in depression and anxiety. Psychedelics and Drug Studies, drawing from MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library, show this medicine notably improved quality of life. While a psychotherapist guides treatment, adverse effects were generally mild. This promising approach suggests psilocybin, an alkaloid, could be a vital complementary medicine for cancer-related distress, impacting clinical psychology and psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Objectives Psychological and existential distress is prevalent among patients with life-threatening cancer, significantly impacting their ...
Vorkommen von Psilocybin und Baeocystin in Fruchtkörpern vonPluteus salicinus
Planta Medica – June 01, 1987
Summary
A compelling finding reveals *Pluteus salicinus* mushrooms contain psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, with cap concentrations reaching an impressive 1.57%. This natural chemistry analysis, relevant for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, identified psilocybin and baeocystin, but not psilocin, in dried fruit body extracts. Caps consistently held more psilocybin than stems, alongside urea and tryptophan. The presence of these compounds offers insights for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies. A correlation between psilocybin and urea content was also observed, deepening our understanding of these fascinating compounds.
Abstract
Using HPLC and TLC, psilocybin and baeocystin but not psilocin were found in extracts of dried fruit bodies of PLUTEUS SALICINUS. Caps contain more...
Simultaneous determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid, ibotenic acid and psilocybin in saliva samples by capillary electrophoresis coupled with a contactless conductivity detector
Analytical Methods – January 01, 2017
Summary
A new forensic toxicology method accurately detects three key substances—psilocybin, ibotenic acid, and GHB—in human saliva. Validated across dozens of samples, this chemistry breakthrough utilizes chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, offering a non-invasive tool for drug studies. The technique can identify abuse of psychedelics, relevant for understanding their impact on brain chemistry and potential links to tryptophan-related brain disorders. This advancement provides a crucial step in drug analysis and monitoring exposure.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for the determination of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ibotenic acid (IBO) and psilocybin (PY) abu...
Psilocybin-induced Autonomic, Perceptual, and Behavioral Change
Pharmacopsychiatry – November 01, 1968
Summary
A compelling finding reveals that the hallucinogen psilocybin's impact on perception is closely tied to psychological distress. In 15 college-educated volunteers, variability in basic visual and taste perception tasks strongly correlated with drug-induced psychopathology, measured via psychometrics. This suggests psilocybin's influence on neurotransmitter receptors affects cognitive processes. Such insights from cognitive psychology and neuroscience are crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, potentially informing future medicine and treatment for conditions like anxiety or depression.
Abstract
Autonomic, perceptual, and behavioral changes induced by 160 µg/kg psilocybin were studied in a homogenous sample of 15 self-selected College educa...
Psilocybin, Depression, and Synaptogenesis: Insights into the Field’s Past, Present, and Future
Georgetown Scientific Research Journal – October 10, 2023
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, holds breakthrough therapy status for depression, offering a promising alternative in Psychiatry. Neuroscience reveals its unique synaptogenic effect, promoting new neural connections crucial for mental well-being. Pharmacology investigates how this psychedelic compound, a product of chemical synthesis and alkaloids, influences behavior by activating the 5-HT2A neurotransmitter receptor. Understanding this mechanism is vital for Drug Studies, exploring how psilocybin's influence on specific transcription factors drives this profound psychological impact, potentially redefining depression treatment.
Abstract
Depression remains one the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders in the United States. The Food and Drug Administration granted psilocybi...
Neurobiological Correlates of Psilocybin Response in Depression
The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders – May 22, 2023
Summary
A compelling discovery reveals psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen, may "reset" the brain. Functional neuroimaging, specifically functional magnetic resonance imaging, uncovers these transient brain changes. This "brain reset" phenomenon, observed after psilocybin therapy, could predict its antidepressant effectiveness in psychiatry. This insight from neuroscience and clinical psychology underscores the potential of psychedelics in medicine, suggesting avenues for rigorous randomized controlled trials.
Abstract
Conclusions: Transient functional brain changes with psilocybin therapy resemble the "brain reset" phenomenon and may serve as the putative predict...
The Effectiveness of Microdosed Psilocybin in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease: A Case Study
International Medical Case Reports Journal – March 01, 2023
Summary
A patient suffering severe, treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric Lyme disease found significant relief using microdosed psilocybin. This potent hallucinogen, increasingly explored in Medicine, particularly within Psychiatry and Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offers a novel approach when conventional drugs fail. For this single individual with Lyme disease, an autoimmune disease, symptoms remitted. Psilocybin's serotonergic and anti-inflammatory properties, relevant to Tryptophan and brain disorders, suggest its potential as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine for mental illness linked to inflammation.
Abstract
Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease i...
De Novo Biosynthesis of Antidepressant Psilocybin in Escherichia coli
Microbial Biotechnology – April 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a tryptamine-derived alkaloid, holds Breakthrough Therapy status for depression, addressing Tryptophan and brain disorders. Its sustainable production is crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies. Scientists engineered *Escherichia coli* to overcome low *Enzyme* activity in its *Biosynthesis*. Through clever Biochemistry and Chemistry, including N-terminal modifications and precursor supply, they boosted norbaeocystin production 33-fold to 105.3 mg/L. Ultimately, this improved *Biology* yielded 79.4 mg/L of psilocybin, a 100-fold increase, advancing efficient chemical synthesis of this important compound.
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psilocybin, a tryptamine‐derived alkaloid, has been granted Breakthrough Therapy designation by the U.S. FDA for treatment‐resistant depre...
Don’t be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews – June 06, 2022
Summary
Conventional psychological interventions, like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, often fall short for severe social anxiety. Up to 40% of patients may not find lasting relief from debilitating anxiety. Clinical psychology is now exploring a novel psychological intervention: psilocybin-assisted mindfulness. Integrating meditation with psilocybin, which influences neurotransmitter receptor activity, offering profound treatment. Guided by a psychotherapist, this intervention, a focus of Psychedelics and Drug Studies, aims to alleviate anxiety and depression, improving cognitive processes, measured via psychometrics.
Abstract
Future studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who a...
Hypnotic Induction of the Interference of Psilocybin with Optically Induced Spatial Distortion
Pharmacopsychiatry – November 01, 1969
Summary
A compelling finding in Psychology and Neuroscience indicates that an individual's perceptual stability is a personality invariant, persisting even under the hallucinogen Psilocybin and hypnotic induction. This small study, involving four individuals given 160–200 µg/kg psilocybin (a chemical synthesis and alkaloid), explored its effect on spatial distortion thresholds. It suggests personality structure dictates perceptual reproducibility, showing minimal Interference from drug-induced changes. This work contributes to Psychedelics and Drug Studies, demonstrating how neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior doesn't alter this core stability, offering insights for Medicine beyond simple music distortion.
Abstract
The influence of personality structure on the stability of perceptual performance, specifically the degree of reproducibility under hypnotic induct...
Mushrooms, Microdosing, and Mental Illness: The Effect of Psilocybin on Neurotransmitters, Neuroinflammation, and Neuroplasticity
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment – January 01, 2025
Summary
Psilocybin, a potent hallucinogen and naturally occurring alkaloid, presents compelling promise in Medicine for Psychiatry. Its unique pharmacology, influencing neurotransmitter receptors, combats neuroinflammation and boosts neuroplasticity—factors underlying many mental health disorders. Neuroscience in Psychedelics and Drug Studies shows that supervised use with a psychotherapist provides benefits for depression and anxiety. Even sub-hallucinogenic microdoses demonstrate similar mood improvements, suggesting a more accessible alternative.
Abstract
The incidence of mental health disorders is increasing worldwide. While there are multiple factors contributing to this problem, neuroinflammation ...
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the use of psilocybin by veterans with symptoms of trauma
Drug Science Policy and Law – January 01, 2022
Summary
Veterans using psilocybin for trauma symptoms reported immediate and long-term improvements. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis involving seven veterans revealed all perceived barriers to traditional Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology treatments. For these individuals, the hallucinogen psilocybin, an alkaloid explored in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, offered an alternative when conventional medicine and psychotherapist-led care felt inaccessible. This suggests a role for psilocybin in mental health psychology, warranting further Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies.
Abstract
Veterans are at increased risk of experiencing symptoms of trauma. Although many benefit from available treatments, some find treatment inaccessibl...
Psilocybin: crystal structure solutions enable phase analysis of prior art and recently patented examples
Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry – December 20, 2021
Summary
A recent patent for psilocybin, a key alkaloid in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, claimed a single crystalline form, but Analytical Chemistry revealed it was 81% Polymorph A and 19% Polymorph B. This clarifies the Chemical synthesis of this compound. Across 57 years of samples (1963-2021), only three forms—Hydrate A, Polymorph A, and Polymorph B—consistently appear. This precise understanding, aided by X-ray diffraction, is crucial for developing these promising drugs.
Abstract
Psilocybin {systematic name: 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H -indol-4-yl dihydrogen phosphate} is a zwitterionic tryptamine natural product found in...
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug
Science – November 03, 1967
Summary
The active compound in the hallucinogenic drug STP demonstrates remarkable potency. In human studies, doses exceeding 3 milligrams produced pronounced hallucinogenic effects lasting about 8 hours, akin to those from lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin. This substance, with its unique chemistry, is 100 times more potent as a hallucinogen than mescaline, yet only one-thirtieth as potent as lysergic acid diethylamide. Its pharmacology reveals a chemical relationship to amphetamine, like dextroamphetamine, offering mild euphoriant effects at lower doses. This work contributes to our understanding of psychedelics.
Abstract
We have assessed the effects in normal control volunteers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine, the chemical present in the hallucinogenic drug ST...
Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication
Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports – October 13, 2021
Summary
Consuming Psilocybe mushrooms, containing the hallucinogen Psilocybin, can induce severe psychological and life-threatening physical distress. A single case details a 22-year-old male experiencing disorientation, auditory hallucinations, and bizarre movements, necessitating psychiatric care. This acute event, similar to Mescaline intoxication, also caused life-threatening kidney injury. Such incidents underscore critical safety concerns in Psychedelics and Drug Studies, often overlooked amidst discussions of Pain Management or the Placebo Effect. This aspect of Psychology and Psychiatry highlights the dark side of substances that can lead to experiences sometimes interpreted as paranormal.
Abstract
Introduction. Psilocybe mushroom, or wi dely known as the magic mushroom is a variety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic trait...
Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Review of the Research Literature and Published Case Studies
OpenAlex – April 07, 2021
Summary
A review of psilocybin use in bipolar disorder patients reveals a potential risk of mania, despite the hallucinogen's promise for depression. Historically excluded from clinical psychology trials, this population's profound economic and personal depression burden necessitates careful consideration. Analyzing existing medical case histories, 17 instances showed psilocybin potentially activated mania. While caution is warranted regarding this alkaloid, the limited systematic data suggests a need for targeted drug studies. These psychedelics could offer new medicine, but trials focusing on individuals with lower mania risk are crucial for psychiatry.
Abstract
Abstract Growing evidence suggests that psilocybin, the active ingredient in hallucinogenic mushrooms, can rapidly and durably improve symptoms of ...
Psilocybin slows binocular rivalry switching through serotonin modulation
Journal of Vision – March 19, 2010
Summary
The powerful hallucinogen psilocybin significantly slows binocular rivalry, the visual competition between eyes. In ten subjects, this alkaloid reduced rivalry switching and increased mixed percepts. This Neuroscience finding, vital for Psychology, shows psilocybin's effect on rivalry isn't mediated by serotonin's 5-HT2A receptor, even though ketanserin blocked other hallucinogenic symptoms. Such Psychedelics and Drug Studies reveal neurotransmitter receptor influence on behavior. Unlike Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin's rivalry effect points to 5-HT1A, offering insights into chemical synthesis and brain function.
Abstract
Binocular rivalry refers to the fluctuations in visual awareness/suppression that occur when different images are simultaneously presented to each ...
Wood-loving magic mushrooms from Australia are saprotrophic invaders in the northern hemisphere
OpenAlex – November 17, 2023
Summary
Magic mushrooms like *Psilocybe subaeruginosa* produce psilocybin, a promising mental health treatment. Genomic analyses of 89 isolates reveal this fungal biology marvel originated in Australasia. Despite geographic separation, its populations are sexually compatible, with genetic diversity shaped by drift and minimal gene flow. Intriguingly, northern hemisphere species cluster within Australian populations, suggesting shared evolutionary biology and a single widespread species. This understanding of population ecology and genetic diversity is crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, especially given the unknown cause of Wood Lover’s Paralysis.
Abstract
Magic mushrooms are fungi that produce psilocybin, a compound with breakthrough status for treatment of mental health disorders. Wood-degrading spe...
Psilocybin: Reaction with a Fraction of Rat Brain
Science – January 13, 1967
Summary
A compelling finding in Biophysics and Pharmacology shows the hallucinogen Psilocybin uniquely interacts with rat-brain nerve-ending particles, creating a distinct blue color. This intriguing Chemistry, crucial for Psychedelics and Drug Studies, revealed the color formation intensified with pH and occurred without oxygen. Unlike the Neurotransmitter Serotonin or similar compounds, Psilocybin's specific reaction was antagonized by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This highlights novel interactions of Chemical synthesis and alkaloids, moving beyond typical Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior in Pharmacology.
Abstract
Psilocybin, a hallucinogen, formed a blue color with a subfraction of rat-brain mitochondria believed to contain nerve-ending particles. Color form...
Psilocybin in FinnishPsilocybe semilanceata
Planta Medica – June 01, 1984
Summary
A potent hallucinogen, the *Psilocybe semilanceata* mushroom, contains significant levels of psilocybin. Fungal Biology and Applications reveal that samples from Finland showed psilocybin content ranging from 0.62% to an impressive 2.37% of dry weight, averaging 1.42%. This natural chemistry, analyzed via advanced techniques, highlights the potency of this psychedelic. Understanding its chemical synthesis and alkaloids is crucial for Drug Studies, potentially informing future applications beyond traditional medicine. Some samples also contained trace amounts (0.01-0.02%) of psilocin.
Abstract
The use of a hallucinogenic mushroom, PSILOCYBE SEMILANCEATA, has been occasionally reported in Finland, where the species is widely distributed. W...
The use of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Læknablaðið – September 06, 2022
Summary
Approximately one-third of participants with treatment-resistant depression experienced rapid response and remission within three weeks following a single dose of the hallucinogen psilocybin, combined with psychological support. This psychedelic medicine demonstrates antidepressant efficacy comparable to escitalopram, offering a novel approach in psychiatry. While side effects like headache and nausea occur, its potential to address severe depression is significant, highlighting new avenues in drug studies and psychology. This treatment-resistant depression therapy offers hope for those not responding to current antidepressant options.
Abstract
The hallucinogen psilocybin is a potential novel treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Our goal is to review current knowledge on psi...
A Technique for the Rapid Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Psilocin/Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms
Journal of Forensic Sciences – July 01, 1985
Summary
A rapid chemical method now allows for the easy isolation of psilocin, a potent hallucinogen, from psilocybin-containing mushrooms. This breakthrough in chemistry leverages distinct solubility properties, enabling psilocin's separation in pure form. Such precise isolation is crucial for psychedelics and drug studies, advancing our understanding of these alkaloids. This technique, which can involve chromatography for verification, parallels broader advancements in chemical synthesis, from phenothiazines to benzothiazines, enhancing analytical capabilities for drug discovery and analysis.
Abstract
Abstract A method has been developed for the rapid isolation and identification of psilocin from psilocin/psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Based on...